IntroductionA skill tells you the purpose of the movement, E.g. “passing”.

A technique is the way of performing a skill, E.g. push pass, hit orreverse pass. The technique tells you “how” a pass was made.

In your jotter write down a skill from the following activities andthree different techniques. Explain why you would use each differenttechnique.

Easy and Complex SkillsOne of these skills is easier to perform.

A back flip is more difficult (complex)than balancing on one leg (easy).

In all activities you will find easy andcomplex skills.

In your jotter write down 5 different activities and give an example of a complex and easy skill from each activity.

Easy Skills Complex SkillsFew judgements to be made Many judgementsUndemanding DemandingLittle co-ordination needed Co-ordination vitalSimple movements Complicated movementsEasy environment (no opposition) Difficult environment

Complex skillsDecision making and coordination are essential to complex skills.

In your jotter write down an individual activity, a skill or technique from that activityand explain the importance of coordination in the chosen skill/technique. An example has been given for you.

Activity – Gymnastics Skill/Technique – CartwheelDuring the cartwheel the arms and legs must be perfectly coordinated to achieve the correct timing of hands touching the ground then legs within the skill.

In your jotter write down a team activity, a skill or technique from that activity and Explain the importance of decision making in the chosen skill/technique.

Activity – Hockey Skill/Technique – Reverse PassWhen using the reverse pass the player has very little time to decide when and whoto pass to. Making decisions quickly is a trait of skilful players.

Breaking Down SkillsA performance of a skill can be broken down into 3 parts. Preparation, Action and Recovery. E.g,

Preparation – Toss the ball into the air, and pull the racket back.Action – Lift up and throw the face of the racket to

make contact with the ball. (Throwing action)

Recovery - Follow through in the direction you wish theball to travel

In your jotter select 4 different activities and a skill/technique from each. Describein detail the preparation, action and recovery for each one.

Gradual Build UpGradual Build Up is a way of learning a skill progressively – “bit by bit”. Each partof the skill is introduced and mastered before another new part of the skill is introduced.

Gradual Build Up is used to learn new skills which might be dangerous or too Complex for a beginner. E.g.

Begin by attempting sitting dives from pool side.

Crouched dives from pool side.

Standing dives from pool side.

As technique improves divers may continue to increaseheight.

In your jotter write down 2 more skills which you may learn using gradual build up, for each skill write down at least 3 stages of learning.

Whole-Part-WholeLearning or developing skills using the whole-part-whole method involves practising the whole skill and then practice a part of it before putting it back intothe whole skill again.

Whole-part-whole is used to isolate and practice parts of a skill which are proving difficult to master, by breaking down the skill into parts it can make it easier to master.

Activity – Swimming Skill/Technique – Backstroke

Practise the whole stroke

Using a float practise “legs only”

Swim the full stoke again, noting any improvement

In your jotter write down an activity and a skill/technique. Describe the part of theskill which you found difficult to master. Explain how this affected the whole skill.Describe a practice you used to improve the problem part.

Learning SkillsSkills can be learned and practised using pressure dills, conditioned games, small sided games and co-operative practice.

Pressure can break skills down in a game situation. Practising under pressure will benefit overall performance.

In your jotter select an activity, skill and describe a pressure drill used to practise theskill. You may use a diagram to explain.

Placing conditions on performers during practise can help to improve skills in the overall game. E.g. During a passing practise in Football players are only allowed one touch.

In your jotter write down another example of a conditioned practise/game. Explainhow this will effect the overall performance.

Learning SkillsIn your jotter describe a practice where you co-operated with others. Explain how this practice helped your overall performance.

In your jotter give 3 reasons why small sided games are used to practice skills.

Many practises allow performers to work on skills and an aspect of fitness together.E.g.

A gymnast who spends 30 minutes practising the splits, issimultaneously working on their suppleness.

In your jotter write down another example using a different activity, skill and aspect of fitness. Give one reason why people practice skills and an aspect of fitnesssimultaneously.

Internal/External FeedbackFeedback is information you receive on your performance. There are 2 main types of feedback INTERNAL and EXTERNAL.

Internal feedback is sometimes called “kinaesthetic”. The feedback comesfrom within the performer, this type lets the performer “feel” the movements.

In your jotter chose an activity and a skill/technique where you received internal feedback. How did the feedback effect the rest of the performance.

External feedback is feedback given from another. There are 3 main types:

WrittenVerbalVisual

In your jotter describe 3 occasions where you have received the above feedback.

Feedback + DemonstrationsFeedback can be useful when learning new skills/techniques. Feedback should begiven directly after the performer completes the skill/technique.

In your jotter explain why.

When giving feedback it is important that the right amount is given to the performer. Too much feedback is as unhelpful as too little.

In your jotter explain why.

Demonstrations can be given by the teacher, class mate or a video. They allow you to see the skill before you attempt it.

Automatic SkillsGolf players will practise the same shot many times trying tomake the shot automatic.

Once a skill is automatic the benefits are that:

The performer does not need to think about what needs to bedone to execute the skill.

The success rate will be high.

The performer can concentrate on other things. E.g. the nextmove.

In your jotter write down 2 problems which a performer might face when practisinga skill for too long.

In your jotter write down 2 ways which this can be avoided.

Centre of GravityThe centre of gravity for a human is located around the area of the naval. In many activities performers need to be maintain a static centre of gravity to remain stable. E.g. Activity – Gymnastics Skill - Handstand

In your jotter write down 3 different activities and a skill fromeach where the performer must maintain a static centre of gravity.

In other activities the centre of gravity is dynamic (alwaysMoving).E.g. Activity – Ice Skating Skill - Jumps

In your jotter write down 3 different activities and a skillFrom each where the performer must have a dynamic centreof gravity.

Centre of GravityPerformers can make themselves more stable in 5 ways.

The lower your centre of gravity the more stable you will be.

The larger the area of your base the more stable you will be

The heavier you are the more stable you are.

The closer your COG is to the centre of your base the morestable you will be.

Explain why stability is needed in each of the following activities.

The more you lean into an oncoming force the more stable you will be.

Transfer of WeightMany activities involve a transfer of weight from the back foot to the front. A transfer of weight in this direction adds more force, speed and distance into the movement. A long backward motion and follow through increases this.

Basketball players will transfer weight from their back foot to the front when they chest pass. This transfer of weight addsspeed to the pass.

In your jotter select any activity and passing as the skill, you may use Basketball. Explain in detail why fast passing maybe required in a game.

The striking and fielding games require a transfer ofweight from the back to front foot.

In your jotter, in detail explain why.

Transfer of Weight

In your jotter, describe in detail the transfer of weight which occurs during this performance.

In your jotter select a skill/technique from thisactivity. Describe how improving the weight transfer would improve the performance.

During a vault weightis transferred from the feet to the hands andthen back to the feet.

In your jotter writedown another activityand skill which has asimilar transfer of weight.

Levers - EquipmentMany activities require long or short levers. One example of a long lever is

and one example of a short lever is

Long levers are used to gain speed and distance. the longer the lever the greater the distance and speed of the lever at the end.

Longer levers are more difficult to control.

Short levers are easier to control, and can be used to teach skills to beginners.

In your jotter write down 2 examples of a long lever and 2 examples of a short lever.

Select one example from each and describe how the lever was used for effectiveperformance.

LeversParts of the human body can be used to act as long levers. E.g.

During a game of volleyball to serve and spike the arm canbe used as a lever. Straightening the arm to make a long lever adds distance and speed. When the ball is played withspeed it is difficult to return, players use this skill to try andwin points and the game.

In your jotter select another example of a skill when a part of the body is used to make a long lever.

Describe how you used this lever when performing the skill.

Describe the actions you took to maintain control when using the long lever.

Friction

In many activities friction can be an advantage, E.g.

A footballer will wear studs to increase the friction between his bootsand the ground, this will allow him to apply maximum force when turning or running.

In your jotter write down 2 more examples of friction helping performance.

In many activities friction can be a disadvantage, E.g.

A speed skater will ensure that the blades of their skates are as smooth and sharp as possible. Friction occurring between ice and skate will slow the competitor down.

In your jotter write down 2 more examples where friction could be a disadvantage.

ResistanceResistance is a force that slows down or opposes another force. Both air and watercreate resistance for athletes and competitors.

In your jotter select an activity where water is a resistance and why.

In your jotter select an activity where wind/air is a resistance and why.

Competitors try to gain vital second in races by reducing air and water resistance.One way to do this is by changing body shape. A STREAMLINED body shapewill encounter less resistance and therefore travel faster.

In you jotterexplain how acyclist can maketheir body shapemore streamlined.

In your jotterexplain how aswimmer can make their body shape more streamlined.

ResistanceChanging shape during a rotation will alter the speed of the skill.

In your jotter write down how this skill could be performed faster.

As well as changing shape to reduce DRAG and resistance, competitors will use other means to cut down air and water resistance. E.g The Helmet.

In your jotter write down 2 different pieces ofEquipment/clothing used by competitors to reduce resistance.

ForceIn many activities you use force to overcome resistance. the sprinter uses the staring blocks to push back against and travel forwards. If the blocks slipped the sprintercould not apply the same force .

In your jotter write down the activities below, the direction of the force and the direction of the movement.

In your jotter explain how resistance can be an advantage in an activity by allowing a performer to create a force.

ForceForce is used to overcome resistance. A swimmer uses the force from their arms legs to overcome the resistance of the water.

In your jotter write down another example of a competitor who uses force to overcome a resistance.