introduction - cse.hcmut.edu.vn
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction
Chapter 1
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Uses of Computer Networks
• Business Applications
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues
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Business Applications of Networks
A network with two clients and one server.3
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Business Applications of Networks (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies.4
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Home Network Applications
• Access to remote information
• Person-to-person communication
• Interactive entertainment
• Electronic commerce
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Home Network Applications (2)
In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.6
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Home Network Applications (3)
Some forms of e-commerce.7
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Mobile Network Users
Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.8
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Network Hardware
• Local Area Networks
• Metropolitan Area Networks
• Wide Area Networks
• Wireless Networks
• Home Networks
• Internetworks
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Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology
• Broadcast links
• Point-to-point links
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Broadcast Networks (2)
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.11
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Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks
(a) Bus
(b) Ring12
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Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.13
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Wide Area Networks
Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.14
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Wide Area Networks (2)
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.15
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Wireless Networks
Categories of wireless networks:
• System interconnection
• Wireless LANs
• Wireless WANs
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Wireless Networks (2)
(a) Bluetooth configuration
(b) Wireless LAN 17
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Wireless Networks (3)
(a) Individual mobile computers
(b) A flying LAN 18
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Home Network Categories
• Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
• Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
• Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
• Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
• Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
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Network Software
• Protocol Hierarchies
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols
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Network SoftwareProtocol Hierarchies
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.21
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Protocol Hierarchies (2)
The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.22
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Protocol Hierarchies (3)
Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.23
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Design Issues for the Layers
• Addressing
• Error Control
• Flow Control
• Multiplexing
• Routing
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Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services
Six different types of service.25
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Service Primitives
Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-
oriented service. 26
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Service Primitives (2)
Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a
connection-oriented network. 27
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Services to Protocols Relationship
The relationship between a service and a protocol.28
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Reference Models
• The OSI Reference Model
• The TCP/IP Reference Model
• A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
• A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
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Reference Models
The OSI
reference
model.
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Reference Models (2)
The TCP/IP reference model.31
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Reference Models (3)
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.32
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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Concepts central to the OSI model
• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols
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A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
Why OSI did not take over the world
• Bad timing
• Bad technology
• Bad implementations
• Bad politics
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Bad Timing
The apocalypse of the two elephants.35
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A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems:
• Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
• Not a general model
• Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
• No mention of physical and data link layers
• Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
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Hybrid Model
The hybrid reference model to be used in this book.37
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Example Networks
• The Internet
• Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
• Ethernet
• Wireless LANs: 802.11
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The ARPANET
(a) Structure of the telephone system.
(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system. 39
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The ARPANET (2)
The original ARPANET design.40
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The ARPANET (3)
Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972. 41
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NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.42
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Internet Usage
Traditional applications (1970 – 1990)
• News
• Remote login
• File transfer
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Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet.44
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ATM Virtual Circuits
A virtual circuit.45
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ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
An ATM cell.46
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The ATM Reference Model
The ATM reference model.47
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The ATM Reference Model (2)
The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.48
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Ethernet
Architecture of the original Ethernet.49
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Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station.
(b) Ad hoc networking.
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Wireless LANs (2)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.51
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Wireless LANs (3)
A multicell 802.11 network.52
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Network Standardization
• Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World
• Who’s Who in the International Standards World
• Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
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ITU
• Main sectors
• Radiocommunications
• Telecommunications Standardization
• Development
• Classes of Members
• National governments
• Sector members
• Associate members
• Regulatory agencies
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IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are
marked with *. The ones marked with are
hibernating. The one marked with † gave up. 55
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Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.
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