introduction & evolution of integrated optics &...

Introduction & Evolution of Integrated Optics

& Applications

Integrated Optics Prof. Elias N. Glytsis

School of Electrical & Computer Engineering National Technical University of Athens

04/10/2017

FIRST TELEGRAPH

Samuel Morse (1837) Telegraph: Few bits per second!

2 Elias N. Glytsis, School of ECE, NTUA

FIRST TELEPHONE (1876)

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) Telephone: 4 KHz – 64Kb/sec

Portrait photo taken between 1914–1919


FIRST RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

Heinrich Hertz (1888) Guglielmo Marconi (1895)

Early Radio: 15KHz Bandwidth, 0.2-2MHz Carrier Frequency


• Early Radio – 15 KHz bandwidth on 0.5 – 2.0 MHz carrier

• TV – 6 MHz bandwidth on carrier up to 100 MHz – 2-20Mbps (SDTV and HDTV with MPEG-2/4)

• RADAR research (1940’s) – Frequencies up to the GHz domain (microwaves)

• Cell phones – 2.4 – 5 GHz

• Terrestrial and Satellite Communications – 18 GHz

FROM RADIO TO TV TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS


INVENTION OF LASER (1960)

T. Maimann (1960)

Schematic of first Ruby Laser



Ruby Rod Flash Lamp Laser Housing

T. Maimann (1960)

• Freespace Wavelength of 694 nm. What’s new? • ν = c/λ = 4.3 x 1014 Hz = 430 THz !!! (Carrier Frequency)


• If only ~1% of the bandwidth of this laser could be utilized for a communications system it would provide ~5 THz of bandwidth. That is enough for: – ~1 Million Analog video channels (6 MHz) – ~1 Billion Telephone Calls (5 KHz)



• Two Reasons: – No available electrical components to operate at these high

speeds. – No dependable transmission media for light (no optical “wires”)

• We’ve come a long way since then: – 40 Gb/sec electronics, optical fiber development

The emergence of the field of Photonics…


Difficult to Use


SILICA GLASSES ATTENUATION

From G. Lifante, Integrated Photonics Fundamentals, Wiley 2006


FIBER GLASS WAVEGUIDES (1966)

• Initially glass was very lossy at optical frequencies (about 1000dB/km) • C. Kao (1966) predicted that loss is due to impurities of glass (Nobel

Laureate 2009 - Physics) • Today silica (glass) fiber waveguides has losses 0.2dB/km (near theoretical

limit)

Dr. Charles Kao Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, Harlow, UK (1966)


K. C. Kao and G. A. Hockman, Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 113, pp. 1151-58, Jul. 1966.


OPTICAL FIBER ATTENUATION – OPTICAL AMPLIFIER GAIN


OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Laser

Modulator

Channel Detector

01010001110 1

101110001010


WDM Mux/Demux

EO/OE TDM Muxes/DeMuxes WDM Fiber Access Switch/Router

Optical Electrical

Router Router

Router Router

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics Boundary

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics (strength in processing) and optics (strength in transmission)

Prof. Rene Cruz, Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, University of California, Irvine


INTEGRATED OPTICS Introduction and Definitions Integrated Optics (IO) is the assembly of a combination of optical components to perform some function normally accomplished by several discrete elements. The components may include various sources of light such as a laser or a light emitting diode and devices for the processing and detection of light, all of which are joined on a common platform. The platform or substrate provides means of guiding the light as well as housing the wide variety of devices for controlling light. The complexity of the device typically is the result of these waveguides and the control devices for switching, steering, and impressing (or retrieving) information carried by the light. The concept of the integrated optical circuit (IOC) was first proposed by Stewart Miller of AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1969. There are a number of similar terms by which the concept is known, for example optical integrated circuits (OIC) , optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC), and integrated photonics. In the latter case, some of the devices incorporated on the chip may be electronic such as photo-sensitive transistors. The common denominator is the use of photons (light) rather than electrons as the carrier of the data which are to be manipulated on the substrate.


http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/


http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/�

Characteristic Integrated Electronics

Bulk Optics

Integrated Optics

Reliability x x Low Cost/Power x x

Rigidity x x High Uniformity x x

Batch Fabrication x x Compactness x x

x High Speed x x Very Large Bandwidth

x x

Parallel Processing x x EMI Immunity x x Optical Power

Density x

Available Lasers and Detectors

x x

Fiber Optic Interface x

INTEGRATED OPTICS ADVANTAGES


ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS ADVANTAGES Low Loss Electro-Optic Piezoelectric Photoelastic Photorefractive Examples: LiNbO3 and LiTaO3


INTEGRATED OPTICS FEATURES Features Based on Wave Optics: Use single-mode waveguides that guarantees micrometer confinement. Stable Alignment by Integration: All (or most) components are integrated into a single substrate. Control of Guided Wave: Easier control of guided waves by electro-optic effects, acousto-optic effects, photorefractive effects, etc. due to the tight confinement of light. Low Operating Voltage: Micrometer (optical wavelength) confinement permits small electrode gaps thus generating high electric fields with small voltages. Faster Operation: Smaller electrodes have smaller capacitance and can be switching and modulation faster. Larger Optical Power Density: Single-mode devices have micrometer dimensions thus making the optical power densities extremely high and enabling the utilization of nonlinear optical effects. Compact and Light: All components are packaged in a few square centimeters.


DEVICE SIZE LIMITATIONS

Limitations due to the Finite Optical Wavelength: Optical wavelength is in the micrometers. Minimum Interaction Length in Terms of Optical Wavelengths: Several tenths or even thousandths of optical wavelengths may be needed for useful effects to occur at reasonable voltages for modulation and switching. Waveguide Scattering and Imperfection Losses: Losses in optical waveguides for integrated optics applications can be as low as 0.02dB/cm which are a lot higher than losses in optical fibers. Limitations in Density of Components: Bending losses can limit the architecture of an integrated optical circuit. However, new approaches such high refractive-index differences in waveguides, or Microelectro-mechanical Systems (MEMS), or Multiple-Mode Interference (MMI) regions, Photonic Bandgap and Plasmonic structures can alleviate some of these limitations.


MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR INTEGRATED OPTICS

From G. Lifante, Integrated Photonics Fundamentals, Wiley 2006


Overview on various materials applied in integrated optics and their corresponding transparency ranges

https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/aot.2015.4.issue-2/aot-2015-0016/aot-2015-0016.xml

INTEGRATED OPTICS MATERIALS & TRANSPARENCY RANGE


https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/aot.2015.4.issue-2/aot-2015-0016/aot-2015-0016.xml�











Basic waveguide geometries

Alexey Belyanin, Dept. of Physics, Texas A&M University


ELECTRO-OPTIC MACH-ZEHNDER MODULATOR


INTEGRATED OPTICS DEVICES

From H. P. Zappe, “Introduction to Semiconductor Integrated Optics”



WAVEGUIDE GRATING SPECTROMETER

CONCAVE GRATING SPECTROMETER – ROWLAND CIRCLE


CONCAVE GRATING SPECTROMETER – ROWLAND CIRCLE


ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING ROUTER FUNCTIONALITIES


ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING ROUTER


ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING ROUTER STAR COUPLER


POLARIZATION –INDEPENDENT ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING ROUTER


ARRAYED WAVEGUIDE GRATING ROUTER Example Fabricated Devices


DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR LASER WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL BEAM EXPANSION


WAVELENGTH – TUNABLE ELECTRO-OPTIC POLARIZATION CONVERTER


INTEGRATED OPTICAL SPECTRUM ANALYZER

OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS CHIP-TO-FIBER RIBBON



OPTICAL INTERCONNECTIONS INTER-CHIP & INTRA-CHIP


DEFORMABLE – MIRROR TUNABLE MQW VCSEL


ELECTRO-OPTIC, ACOUSTO-OPTIC DIGITAL CORRELATOR

Evanescent field sensors (substrate sensitized to a specific molecule)

Adsorbed molecules change the excitation angle of EM mode



Evanescent field sensors (cover sensitized to a specific molecule)

https://www.degruyter.com/viewimg/j/aot.2015.4.issue-2/aot-2015-0016/aot-2015-0016.xml?img=graphic/aot-2015-0016_fig16.jpg

https://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi8uLCc8tLPAhXCbhQKHatOBI0QFggcMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.443.3304%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&usg=AFQjCNGDbTsxY_HD9Lsxwq6tpbq_XrvRLQ


From Alcatel

COMMERCIAL DEVICES (ALCATEL)


FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE

Sagnac Effect

From Sagem Navigation – Safran Group


From Sagem Navigation – Safran Group

FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE PRODUCTS


PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WAVEGUIDES/CAVITIES

M. Florescu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA


Note T-intersections and tight bends, as in electric wires. You cannot achieve it in dielectric waveguides!


PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS

Lih Y. Lin, Integrated Optics & Nanophotonics, E539B, Univ. of Washington


L. Sweatlock, Plasmonics, Nanophotonics in Metal Structures, CalTech

J. Tien, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 95, 013504, (2009).

PLASMONIC WAVEGUIDES/COUPLERS


2014 Nobel Prize for Physics

Isamu Akasaki Hiroshi Amano Shuji Nakamura

"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”

http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2014/oct/07/isamu-akasaki-hiroshi-amano-and-shuji-nakamura-win-2014-nobel-prize-for-physics

http://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2014/oct/07/nobel-prize-physics-2014-stockholm-live


Silicon-Based Integrated Photonics

http://www.photonic-corp.com/im/photonic-chart-bars2.jpg

Chip-to-Chip Interconnect Applications

• Optical Backplane Interconnects for Data Centers

• Optically Based In-Flight Entertainment Systems

• Optical USB 3.0

USB 3.0 Cable Length Active Power Bandwidth

Electrical 3 Meters ~ 500 mW 5 Gbps

Optical 300 Meters ~ 200 mW Up to 10 GBps

http://www.photonic-corp.com/chip-to-chip-interconnect-applications.htm


Silicon-Based Integrated Photonics

On-Chip Interconnect Applications

• 3D Video Graphics Chip Processor

• OCDMA (Optical Code-division multiple-access) for Data Encryption

CDMA technologies have long been known for their multiple-access capability as well as for their capacity to provide enhanced security for data communications, as evidenced by their widespread use in wireless networks. Optical CDMA (OCDMA) has the potential to further improve both the transmission speed and the encryption capabilities of such technologies.

By harnessing on-chip optical interconnects linked by an ultra-high-bandwidth, high-speed optical bus, integrated photonics technology could mitigate heat dissipation while allowing for the integration of up to twice as many cores on a chip.

http://www.photonic-corp.com/on-chip-interconnect-applications.htm

http://www.photonic-corp.com/im/diagram-01-640b.gif


http://www.photonic-corp.com/on-chip-interconnect-applications.htm�

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