introduction fisio

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Chapter 1Lecture

PowerPoint

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology• Anatomy – study of structure

(Greek – “a cutting up”)

• Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

“Structure dictates function.”

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism


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1.3: Levels of OrganizationChemical

• Atoms– made up of

subatomic particles

• Molecules– 2 or more atoms

• Macromolecules– small molecules

joined together

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1.3: Levels of OrganizationCellular

• Macromolecules combine to form cells

• Basic structural and functional unit of the body

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1.3: Levels of OrganizationTissue

• Group of cells working together to perform a function

• 4 basic types– epithelial (epi)– connective tissue (CT)– muscle (mm)– nerve (n)

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1.3: Levels of OrganizationOrgan

• 2 or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape

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1.3: Levels of OrganizationSystems

• Related organs with a common function

• 11 systems

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Organ Systems Integumentary system


• Components– skin– hair – glands

• Functions– protection– regulates body

temperature– eliminates waste– vitamin D– sensations

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Organ SystemsSkeletal system


• Components– Bones– Joints– Cartilage

• Functions– Support– Protection– Body movement– Produces blood cells– Stores minerals & fats

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Organ Systems


Muscular system

• Components– skeletal muscles

• Functions– body movement– posture– generates heat

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Organ SystemsNervous system


• Components– brain– spinal cord– nerves– special sense organs

• Functions– action potentials

(nerve impulses)– detects, interprets, and

responds to changes in environment

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Organ SystemsEndocrine system


• Components– hormone-producing

glands and cells

• Functions– regulates body

activities

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Organ SystemsCardiovascular system


• Components– blood – heart– blood vessels

• Functions– pumps blood

– carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away

– regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H2O

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Organ Systems


Lymphatic system

• Components– lymph fluid & vessels– spleen– thymus– lymph nodes– tonsils

• Functions– transports dietary

lipids– protection

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Organ SystemsRespiratory system


• Components– lungs– pharynx– larynx– trachea– bronchial tree

• Functions– exchange of gases– acid-base balance– sound production

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Organ Systems


Digestive system

• Components– mouth– pharynx– esophagus– stomach– small intestines– large intestines– salivary glands– liver– gallbladder– pancreas

• Functions– breakdown of food– absorption of food– eliminates wastes

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Organ Systems


Urinary system

• Components– kidneys– ureters– urinary bladder– urethra

• Functions– eliminates waste– regulates blood

composition & volume– acid-base balance

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Organ SystemsReproductive system


• Components– ovaries– testes– associated structures

• Functions– produce gametes– hormone regulation of

reproduction

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1.3: Levels of OrganizationOrganism

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

•Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized

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Characteristics of Life Continued

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:• Water• Food• Oxygen• Heat• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature

• Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

• Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

• “physiological normal”• dynamic• involves maintaining

the volume and composition of body fluids– intracellular (ICF)– extracellular (ECF)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms


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• components– receptor

• monitors changes• input to control

center

– control center• evaluates input and

generates output

– effector• receives output from

control center• produces a response

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Homeostatic Control MechanismsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• continually disrupted by internal and external environments

• balance regulated by– nervous

• action potentials• rapid

– endocrine• hormones• slow

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ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

too high

too low

Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.

ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.

ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.

StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.

EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.


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• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms


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Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Reduces the actions of the effectors

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation


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Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Produces more instability in the body

• Produces more chaos in the body

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

• Considered to be the uncommon loop

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth


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Animation:Positive and Negative Feedback

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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

• Body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleuralcavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

(b)


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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum

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Thoracic Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Plane ofsection

Spinal cord

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricleof heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardiumAnterior

Azygos v.

Right atriumof heart

Right ventricleof heart

Fibrous pericardium


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Abdominal Serous Membranes

Vertebra

Right kidney

Pancreas

LargeintestineLiver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Plane ofsection

Leftkidney

Spinal cord

Spleen

Rib

Small intestine

Large intestine

Stomach

Anterior

Visceral peritoneum

Costal cartilage

Aorta

Inferiorvena cava


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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system


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Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior versus Posterior• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)• Superficial versus Deep• Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontalplane

A section along a transverseplane

A section along themedian plane

Transverse(horizontal)plane

Frontal(coronal)plane

Parasagittalplane

Median(midsagittal)plane


© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Body Sections

42(a) (b) (c)


a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Other Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)


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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

• Regions (9)

• Quadrants (4)

Righthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

(a)

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

(b)


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Body Regions

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial(arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Genital(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral(chest)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Umbilical(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital(back of head)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar(front of knee)

Vertebral(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.

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