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TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
Learning outcome 1- Critical understanding of gender theories
◦ The influence of philosophy on the rational man
◦ Man and emotion
◦ Representations of the body
◦ Television programmes, characters (we looked at these a few weeks ago)
◦ Example: Prime Ministers Question Time and Masculinity
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Plato
Did not discriminate between men and women
◦ Rational: think with their heads
◦ Courageous: think with their hearts
◦ Appetitive: think with their stomachs
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Reason and Emotion
Rationalist model still underlies rational thought styles
Descartes – mastery of reason over passion
Spinoza – rational control over passion and using this for transformation
Spinoza – described pity as womanish
Ideal is masculine
Essence of man- Spinoza – thinking being
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Descartes Mind/Body dualism
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Criticism of Mind/Body Dualism
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Spinoza
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Mind, body and Zen
Intuition associated with female
thought styles
Female minds more intuitive and
less rational than male minds
Man of Reason still influences
contemporary society
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle
maintenance – expansion of
reason
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Body, masculinity and emotion
Cartesian rationalism teaches men to estrange themselves from bodies
◦ And from emotional selves
Treat bodies as objects - ‘man enough to take it’
Wary of others (Kant)
Emotion as sign of weakness and threat to male identity
Men cry for a reason! Women crying are out of control
Cultural emotional displays
Appropriate or not? (football and men crying: Daily Mail article) - Men crying
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Differences in representation
Nixon – male and female bodies represented
differently
Masculine-masculine gaze
Also female gaze
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Physical appearance
Central to contemporary representations of
masculinity
Male bodies objectified
◦ Can threaten masculinity
Muscles are focused upon (Kilbourne 2003) (e.g.
Fitness videos)
Face, body shape, clothing are signifiers
Explosion of beauty products
Hyper masculine physiques (see the examples in
this film)
Also waif like body image/eating disorders
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Body Maintenance
Body maintenance
◦ Informed by knowledge
◦ Machines to be worked on
Focus on lad characteristics
more recently
Laddish rejection of body
maintenance (Nuts, Zoo)
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PMQ
Institutionalised Masculinity
Verbal aggression, competitiveness,
performance, war metaphors
PMQ radio reporting and heated moments
in parliament
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Summary
The man of reason and the place of
emotion
Dissociation from body
Appropriateness of men crying
The male body objectified
The male body as machine
Example: Prime Minsters Question Time
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References
Edwards, T. (1997). Men in the Mirror. Men’s
Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer Society,
London, Continuum.
Nixon, S. (1997). Exhibiting Masculinity In S.
Hall (ed.) Representation: Cultural
Representations and Signifying Practices.
London, Sage.
Pirsig, R. (1999) Zen and the Art of Motorcycle
Maintenance. London, Vintage.
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