introduction to anatomy & physiology characteristics of living things the sciences of anatomy...

Introduction To Introduction To Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things The Sciences of Anatomy & PhysiologyThe Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization Introduction to Organ SystemsIntroduction to Organ Systems Homeostasis & System IntegrationHomeostasis & System Integration Regions of the Human BodyRegions of the Human Body Sectional Planes & Anatomical DirectionsSectional Planes & Anatomical Directions Body CavitiesBody Cavities

IntroductionIntroduction

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

The Sciences of Anatomy & The Sciences of Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1.1. Describe the basic functions of living Describe the basic functions of living organismsorganisms

2.2. Define anatomy & physiology & list Define anatomy & physiology & list several subdisciplines of eachseveral subdisciplines of each

3.3. Identify the major levels of organization Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms from the simplest to in living organisms from the simplest to the most complex Identify the major the most complex Identify the major levels of organization in living levels of organization in living organisms from the simplest to the organisms from the simplest to the most complexmost complex

Characteristics Of Living Things

1. Ordered Structure2. Response to Stimuli3. Growth and Development4. Reproduction5. Movement6. Metabolic Activity

Ordered Structure

Responsiveness

Growth & Differentiation

Reproduction

First StepSecond Step

Movement

Metabolism& Excretion& Excretion

Metabolism The sum of all biochemical processes

within the human body.

• AnabolismAnabolism: : The The synthesissynthesis of complex organic of complex organic

compounds from simpler precursors.compounds from simpler precursors. Requires energy. Requires energy. EndergonicEndergonic

• CatabolismCatabolism:: The The breakdownbreakdown of complex organic of complex organic

compounds into simpler components.compounds into simpler components. Releases energy. Releases energy. ExergonicExergonic

Subdisciplines of Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy•Microscopic Anatomy•Gross Anatomy

Physiology•Cell Physiology•Special Physiology•Systemic Physiology•Pathological Physiology

Anatomical Disciplines

• Microscopic Anatomy: Cytology:

Study of cell structure.Ex: muscle cell.

Histology:Study of tissue structure.Ex: muscle tissue – muscle cells; satellite

cells; nerve cells; etc.


• Gross Anatomy: Surface Anatomy:

Study of general form & superficial markings.

Ex: tooth alignment, body contour, distribution of hair.

Regional Anatomy:Study of specific body areas.Ex: head; foot; abdomen; etc.


• Gross Anatomy: Systemic Anatomy:

Study of organ systems:Ex: cardiovascular system; urinary system;

respiratory system.

Developmental Anatomy:Study of form changes between

conception & physical maturityEx: embryonic development; fetal

development; sexual development.

Physiological Disciplines

• Cell Physiology:Study of chemical/molecular processes

within cells & chemical interaction between cells.

Ex: stem cell research; oncology research.

• Special Physiology:Study of the physiology of specific organs.

Ex: cardiac physiology; renal physiology; gastric physiology.

Physiological Disciplines

• Systemic Physiology:Study of the physiology of specific organ

systems.Ex: cardiovascular physiology;

respiratory physiology; reproductive physiology.

• Pathological Physiology:Study of the effects of diseases on organ

and/or organ system functions.Ex: tuberculosis; malaria; influenza; AIDS.

Levels Of OrganizationLevels Of Organization

SubatomicSubatomic AtomicAtomic MolecularMolecular OrganelleOrganelle CellularCellular

TissueTissue OrganOrgan Organ SystemOrgan System OrganismOrganism

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

• NucleusNucleus:: protons: protons: pp++

neutrons: neutrons: nn00

• Energy LevelsEnergy Levels:: electrons: electrons: ee--

orbitalsorbitals

Proton / positive charge / plus sign

Neutron / neutral charge/ no sign

Electron / negative charge / minus sign

Atomic Level:Atomic Level:Atoms are elements with Atoms are elements with specific propertiesspecific properties

Ex: C, H, O, N

Molecular Level:Molecular Level:Molecules are combinations of Molecules are combinations of atomsatoms

Ex: Actin

Organelle Level:Organelle Level:Organelles are made up of Organelles are made up of different moleculesdifferent molecules

Ex: Sarcomere

Myosin

Cellular Level:Cellular Level:Cells are composed of various Cells are composed of various organellesorganelles

Ex: Cardiocyte

Tissue Level:Tissue Level:Tissues are composed of Tissues are composed of several cell typesseveral cell types

Organ Level:Organ Level:Organs are composed of various Organs are composed of various tissue typestissue types

(Ch 5-19)

Organ System Level:Organ System Level:Organ systems are composed of Organ systems are composed of various organsvarious organs

(Ch 5-12) (Ch 13-19)

Organism Level:Organism Level:Organisms are composed of Organisms are composed of several organ systemsseveral organ systems

I sure hope this dude is planning on taking a break soon!!

Introduction to Body Introduction to Body SystemsSystems

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemSkeletal & Muscular SystemsSkeletal & Muscular SystemsNervous & Endocrine SystemsNervous & Endocrine SystemsCardiovascular Cardiovascular & Lymphatic & Lymphatic

SystemsSystemsRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemDigestive & Urinary SystemsDigestive & Urinary SystemsReproductive SystemReproductive System


1.1. List 11 organ system divisions of List 11 organ system divisions of the human bodythe human body

2.2. Identify the major component Identify the major component organs of each organ systemorgans of each organ system

3.3. Discuss the major functions of Discuss the major functions of each organ systemeach organ system

Body System OverviewBody System Overview

Major System OrgansMajor System Organs

Primary System FunctionsPrimary System Functions

Ch 5

SKIN

IntegumentaryIntegumentarySystemSystem

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemPROTECTION Against

Environmental Hazards; Helps Control Body Temperature

SkeletalSkeletalSystemSystem

Ch 6

BONES

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System SUPPORT;

Protects Tissues; Stores Minerals; Forms

Blood;

LOCOMOTION

MuscularMuscularSystemSystem

Ch 7

MUSCLES

Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMovement;

Support; Produces Heat

NervousNervousSystemSystem

Ch 8 – 9

Nervous SystemNervous SystemImmediate

RESPONSE

To Stimuli; COORDINATES

Other Organ Systems

EndocrineEndocrineSystemSystem

Ch 10

Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemDirects Long-term Responses Of Other Organ

Systems

COORDINATION & CONTROL

Ch 11 – 13

CardiovascularCardiovascularSystemSystem

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System TRANSPORT

Of Cells & Dissolved Materials: Nutrients,

Wastes, Gases

Ch 14

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System& Immunity& Immunity

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemH2O

REGULATION

&

IMMUNITY

RespiratoryRespiratorySystemSystem

Ch 15

Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemGAS

EXCHANGE btw Air &

Blood

DigestiveDigestiveSystemSystem

Ch 16 – 17

Digestive SystemDigestive SystemFood PROCESSING

&

ABSORPTION Of Nutrients

UrinaryUrinarySystemSystem

Ch 18

Urinary SystemUrinary SystemEXCRETION

Of Waste, Excess H2O, &

Salts

Ch 19

ReproductiveReproductiveSystemSystem

Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemPERPETUATION OF THE

SPECIES

Produces Sex Cells (Sperm) &

Hormones

♂

Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemPERPETUATION OF THE

SPECIES

Produces Sex Cells (Eggs) &

Hormones

♀

System IntegrationSystem Integration

So until next time, Adios amoebas!

Homeostasis Homeostasis & System Integration& System Integration

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback


1.1. Explain the concept of Explain the concept of homeostasis and its significance homeostasis and its significance to living thingsto living things

2.2. Describe how positive and Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulationhomeostatic regulation

HomeostasisHomeostasis

The steady-state physiological The steady-state physiological condition of a bodycondition of a body

The automatic tendency to The automatic tendency to maintain constant internal maintain constant internal conditions despite changes in the conditions despite changes in the external environmentexternal environment Maintained by feedback mechanisms – Maintained by feedback mechanisms –

especially especially feedback inhibitionfeedback inhibition

Homeostasis:Homeostasis:A Regulatory ProcessA Regulatory Process

Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Mechanism & HomeostasisMechanism & Homeostasis

BLOOD

C6H12O6

diet

fast

Pancreas

β Cells

Pancreas

α Cells

insulin

glucagon

LIVER

GLYCOGEN

Control of Blood Sugar

Regulatory MechanismsRegulatory Mechanisms

• Negative feedbackNegative feedback Feedback inhibitionFeedback inhibition: increasing : increasing

amounts of an end product in a amounts of an end product in a chemical synthesis pathway causes chemical synthesis pathway causes the reaction to the reaction to slow down or stopslow down or stop

• Positive feedbackPositive feedback Increasing amounts of an end product Increasing amounts of an end product

in a chemical synthesis pathway in a chemical synthesis pathway causes the reaction to causes the reaction to speed upspeed up

Negative Negative FeedbackFeedback An anabolic An anabolic

biosynthetic biosynthetic pathway produces pathway produces a chemical product.a chemical product.

The product The product interacts interacts negativelynegatively with a with a catalytic enzyme in catalytic enzyme in the pathway.the pathway.

As As moremore product is product is produced, produced, synthesis of synthesis of product isproduct is reducedreduced..

NoteNote: : less product = less product =

more production more production of product.of product.

More product = More product = less production of less production of product.product.

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback An anabolic An anabolic

biosynthetic pathway biosynthetic pathway produces a chemical produces a chemical product.product.

The product interacts The product interacts positivelypositively with a with a catalytic enzyme in the catalytic enzyme in the pathway.pathway.

As more product is As more product is producedproduced, synthesis of , synthesis of product isproduct is increasedincreased..

NoteNote: : less product = less less product = less

production of production of product.product.

More product = More product = more production of more production of product.product.

Positive Feedback Positive Feedback Mechanism & HomeostasisMechanism & Homeostasis

Reference Frames & Reference Frames & Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology

Superficial Anatomy: Anatomical Superficial Anatomy: Anatomical Landmarks & Body RegionsLandmarks & Body Regions

Sectional Anatomy: Dissection Sectional Anatomy: Dissection Planes & Body SectionsPlanes & Body Sections

Body CavitiesBody CavitiesAnatomical Directions Anatomical Directions


1.1. Use anatomical terms to describeUse anatomical terms to describe body regionsbody regions

2.2. Use anatomical terms to describe Use anatomical terms to describe body sections & relative positionsbody sections & relative positions

3.3. Identify the major body cavities Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisionsand their subdivisions

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology

FacialFacialNasalNasalOralOralPectoralPectoralAbdominalAbdominalCarpalCarpalFemoralFemoralPelvicPelvicPubicPubicMammary Mammary

Many students already know:Many students already know:

faceface nosenose mouthmouth chestchest abdomen/stomachabdomen/stomach wristwrist thighthigh above genital regionabove genital region genital regiongenital region breast breast


CranialCranialBuccalBuccalMentalMentalCervicalCervicalThoracicThoracicAxillaryAxillaryBrachialBrachialAntebrachial Antebrachial

All students should know:All students should know:

top of headtop of head cheekcheek chinchin neckneck chestchest armpitarmpit upper armupper arm lower arm lower arm

Previous list…..+


DigitalDigitalPhalangealPhalangealDorsalDorsalLumbarLumbarGlutealGlutealCruralCruralSuralSuralTarsal Tarsal


fingers or toesfingers or toes finger or toe partsfinger or toe parts back (upper)back (upper) lower backlower back buttocksbuttocks lower leg (front)lower leg (front) lower leg (calf)lower leg (calf) ankle ankle

Previous list…..+


CephalicCephalicFrontalFrontal InguinalInguinalManualManualPalmarPalmarPedalPedalPlantarPlantarCalcaneal Calcaneal


headhead foreheadforehead groingroin handhand palmpalm footfoot solesole heelheel

Previous list…..+

Body RegionsBody RegionsA

nte

rio

r A

nat

om

ical

L

and

mar

ks

Note the Anatomical

Position

Body RegionsBody RegionsP

ost

erio

r A

nat

om

ical

L

and

mar

ks

Note the Anatomical

Position

Abdominalpelvic Abdominalpelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

Sectional AnatomySectional AnatomyS

ecti

on

al P

lan

es

Sagittal Planes:

Midsagittal (shown)

Parasagittal (not shown)

Coronal plane: usually referencing the head

Sectional AnatomySectional AnatomyS

ecti

on

al P

lan

es

Anatomical DirectionsAnatomical DirectionsA

nat

om

ical

Dir

ecti

on

s


nat

om

ical

Dir

ecti

on

sSuperficial

Deep


nat

om

ical

Dir

ecti

on

s

Visceral

Parietal


nat

om

ical

Dir

ecti

on

sCortical

Medullary

Body CavitiesBody CavitiesB

od

y C

avit

ies

Body Cavity Body Cavity RelationshipsRelationships

introduction to anatomy & physiology characteristics of living things the sciences of anatomy...

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