A machine capable of following instruction to alter data in a desirable way and to perform at least some of these operations without human intervention.

A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.

Computer was used as an electronic device that allows inputting data and having it stored, processed, or otherwise manipulated quickly and efficiently.

The repetitive process of computation leads to people becoming bored in computing such as navigational table, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. People were doing these things everyday and this is the reason why people invented computers, that is to aid in numerous computation required everyday.

The Abacus The first computing aid that were used to

help them in their computation.

The Napier’s Bone An abacus created by John Napier for

calculation of products and quotients of numbers that was based on Arab mathematics and lattice multiplication used by Fibonacci writing in the Liber Abaci.

The Slide Rule Used primarily for multiplication and

division, and also for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction.

The Calculating Clock/ Schickard Calculator Consisted of a six-digit machine that could

add or subtract. Wilhelm Schickard developed it on 1623 in

Tübingen, Württemberg

The Pascaline The first calculator or adding machine to be

produced in any quantity and actually used. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.

designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644

The Step Reckoner The first calculator that could perform all

four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

invented by German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed 1694

The Difference Engine An automatic, mechanical calculator

designed to tabulate polynomial functions. By 1822 the English mathematician Charles

Babbage who is considered as Father of the Computer today was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room

The Hollerith's Tabulating Machine the electro-mechanical tabulator. On the tabulator's desk to the right is a press-

like device which would bring an array of pins into contact with a punch card.

The Mark I The first large-scale automatic digital

computer in the USA by Howard H. Aiken, built at IBM and shipped to Harvard in February 1944.

The Apple I An early personal computer. They were designed and hand-built by Steve

Wozniak

The PDP-12 A 12 bit machine introduced in 1969.

Applications included applied psychology, chemistry, patient monitoring, and industrial testing.

The IBM Personal Computer The original version and progenitor of the

IBM PC compatible hardware platform.

The Personal Computer any general-purpose computer whose size,

capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.

Netbooks A branch of subnotebooks, a rapidly

evolving category of small, lightweight, and inexpensive laptop computers suited for general computing and accessing Web-based applications; they are often marketed as "companion devices", i.e., to augment a user's other computer access.

Open A task that display a document window.

Close In a program that can be display more than one

document window, to remove a window from the display.

Copy A simple method of reproducing text or other data

from a source to a destination. Cut

To move one file in to another path or location.

Paste Used to join files horizontally (parallel merging) by

outputting lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines of each file specified, separated by tabs, to the standard output.

Rename To change the name of the file.

Delete To remove the files from the folder or into the

desktop. Web Browser

A software application used for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.

Directory A virtual container within a digital file system, in

which groups of computer files and other folders can be kept and organized.

 Web Page A document or resource of information that is

suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer screen.

Web Site A collection of related web pages, images, videos or

other digital assets that are addressed with a common domain name or IP address in an Internet Protocol-based network.

Computer Hardware The physical component of computer system

which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator’s desired functions. Hardware Components

Input Devices Input devices are things we use to put information INTO a computer.

Output DevicesOutput devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer.

Memory

Refers to devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.

Microprocessors

A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip).

Computer Software

The intangible part of the computer system. Operating System Software

A master control program for a computer that manages the computer’s internal functions and provides you with a means to control the computer’s operation.

Software Applications Computer software designed to help the user to perform a singular or multiple related specific tasks. Such programs are also called software applications, applications or apps.

Peopleware

Refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of computer software and hardware systems, including such issues as developer productivity, teamwork, group dynamics, the psychology of programming, project management, organizational factors, human interface design, and human-machine-interaction.

Microsoft Windows Operating system designed and

produced by Microsoft Corporation. Similar to other operating systems, Windows makes a computer system user-friendly by providing a graphical display and organizing information so that it can be easily accessed.

Parts of a Window:The Title Bar contains the name of the application or folder. It also contains the standard Windows 98 control buttons. Drag the title bar to move a window by holding down the left mouse button as you drag the window.

Control-Menu Icon allows you to minimize, maximize, restore, or close a window. Right click on the Control button to see the drop down list. Left click on the title bar to close the drop down menu.

Microsoft Windows

Parts of a Window:Menu Bar provides pull down menus to access Windows 98 commands.

Icons are graphic symbols used to represent an application or folder.

Control Buttons allow you to minimize, maximize, restore, or close a window.

Window Border is a frame around a window that allows you to resize a window. You can drag a window's border to resize a window.

Microsoft Windows

Ergonomics & Positioning The positioning of your body as well as

the physical layout of the work environment and equipment will significantly impact your overall efficiency of typing, your productivity and ultimately your long term health.

Typing Techniques

Movement vs. Stability Movement

should occur primarily at the finger joints, with some forward and backward movement of the hands to reach for keys.

Stability your whole body should be seated and supported

in the most stable position possible, with your feet rested securely on the floor, forearms supported on the desk (or preferably keyboard wrist support), hands held over base of keyboard with wrists in neutral position and fingers flexed over keys.

Typing Techniques

Touch Typing

Typing on a keyboard with no need for looking at fingers or keys and a trained 'finger-position' sense for the physical location of keys, is the basis for development of fast and accurate typing.

Typing Techniques

Getting Started

Some important rules to follow:

Don't look at the keyboard as you type.

When using the "shift" key to type a capital letter or punctuation symbol, always use the shift key on the opposite side of the keyboard.

Don't move your hand and other fingers any more than necessary to reach each key.

Be patient and practice often.

Types of Keyboard Wireless Keyboards

The wireless keyboards use three basic types of connections, viz. Bluetooth Keyboards Infrared (IR) Keyboards Radio Frequency Keyboards

Wired Keyboards The PS/2 and USB are the two wired

connections that connect the keyboards to your desktop computers.

Ergonomic Keyboards Specially designed as per the comfort of the

hands and wrist of the keyboard user.

Types of Keyboard (cont.) Compact Keyboard

Slim and usually do not have the numeric keypad that is present on the right side of the other keyboards.

Internet Keyboards The internet keyboards have hot-keys for

the home page of the web browser, inbox and the favorites menu on your computer

Multimedia and Gaming Keyboards Designed for the convenience of the gamers

and these types of keyboards provide the required controls on the keyboards like backlighting.

Types of Keyboard (cont.)Virtual Keyboards

The virtual keyboards are not actually physical keyboards, but they are simulated using software.

QWERTY keyboards The most used modern-day keyboard

layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters.

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