introduction to cabinetmaking modern cabinetmaking

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO CABINETMAKINGCABINETMAKING

Modern CabinetmakingModern Cabinetmaking

Introduction to Introduction to CabinetmakingCabinetmaking

Throughout history wood has been a Throughout history wood has been a mainstay in people’s homes. mainstay in people’s homes.

Wood has been used for any and all Wood has been used for any and all purposes from toilets, toilet seats, purposes from toilets, toilet seats, places to sit, places to eat, cabinets places to sit, places to eat, cabinets to put things in (clothes, food, dishes, to put things in (clothes, food, dishes, valuables, etc…) and we could go on valuables, etc…) and we could go on and on for countless other things.and on for countless other things.


Caveman found ways to use tools to Caveman found ways to use tools to make products to help them each make products to help them each day, probably even a stump to sit on day, probably even a stump to sit on rather than sit on the ground.rather than sit on the ground.


Early man made the greatest discovery Early man made the greatest discovery ever made for mankind. They learned ever made for mankind. They learned how to control fire.how to control fire.

FireFire Once they discovered what fire is, the Once they discovered what fire is, the

big problem was how to keep fire big problem was how to keep fire burning, since they had no way of burning, since they had no way of starting fire. starting fire.


From places where lightening had From places where lightening had started a fire, they discovered started a fire, they discovered charcoal. Charcoal not only burns charcoal. Charcoal not only burns hotter than flames, it can burn for hotter than flames, it can burn for days.days.


Once early man discovered the use for Once early man discovered the use for wood, and discovered charcoal can wood, and discovered charcoal can extend the life of fire, early man began extend the life of fire, early man began making handicrafts of animals, people, making handicrafts of animals, people, and to make totem poles to represent and to make totem poles to represent their gods.their gods.

Archeologist studying some of the Archeologist studying some of the earliest civilizations have unearth some earliest civilizations have unearth some wooden handicrafts dating back to 5000 wooden handicrafts dating back to 5000 BC.BC.


Some Indian handicrafts are around 5000 years old. Some Indian handicrafts are around 5000 years old.

Evidence of wood carvings and sculptures are found Evidence of wood carvings and sculptures are found from the Vedic age, some from the Vedic age, some 1500 BC1500 BC. A sculpture, . A sculpture, figure or figurine, may be formed out of wood by figure or figurine, may be formed out of wood by means of a cutting or carving tool. Woodcarving tools means of a cutting or carving tool. Woodcarving tools used during that time are carving knife, a gouge, the used during that time are carving knife, a gouge, the chisel, a mallet, v and u shape tools and of course chisel, a mallet, v and u shape tools and of course the grained or sanding tools. The scope of carving the grained or sanding tools. The scope of carving depends on the nature of the wood. Commonly used depends on the nature of the wood. Commonly used wood for carving includes chestnut, walnut, wood for carving includes chestnut, walnut, mahogany and teak. Hardwoods have a longer life mahogany and teak. Hardwoods have a longer life and luster. Soft woods are easier to carve. Natural and luster. Soft woods are easier to carve. Natural oils of walnut and linseed are used to polish the oils of walnut and linseed are used to polish the complete pieces to protect them from dust and complete pieces to protect them from dust and moisture. moisture.


Wood Carving of West BengalWood Carving of West Bengal The village community halls, also known The village community halls, also known

as chandimantaps, which were the centers as chandimantaps, which were the centers of rural culture dating back some 5,000 of rural culture dating back some 5,000 years BC. They had the best of wooden years BC. They had the best of wooden pillars, wooden bracket beams etc. made pillars, wooden bracket beams etc. made out of beautifully carved wood.out of beautifully carved wood.

Today they would be like the Indian Totem Today they would be like the Indian Totem polls. polls.


This an example of a wood carving This an example of a wood carving which dates back to 1500 BC.which dates back to 1500 BC.


Moving through history we can see Moving through history we can see the real beginnings of modern day the real beginnings of modern day wood carvings. wood carvings.

The real beginnings of modern The real beginnings of modern building began with the Phoenician building began with the Phoenician ships. After the Phoenicians were the ships. After the Phoenicians were the Egyptians, Indians, Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, Indians, Romans, Greeks, and French designers and builders and French designers and builders who started the early days of the who started the early days of the woodworking industry. woodworking industry.

Introduction to CabinetmakingIntroduction to Cabinetmaking The Phoenicians were the boat The Phoenicians were the boat

building professionals of building professionals of woodworkers. Shipwrecks have been woodworkers. Shipwrecks have been discovered which date back to 100’s discovered which date back to 100’s of years BC. Theirs skills in boat of years BC. Theirs skills in boat building was extraordinairebuilding was extraordinaire


Example of Egyptian shipExample of Egyptian ship Cog ship dating back to Egypt Cog ship dating back to Egypt

1000 AD1000 AD


The real beginning of cabinet and The real beginning of cabinet and furniture building dates back to 16furniture building dates back to 16thth century medieval Europe, known as century medieval Europe, known as the Gothic era.the Gothic era.

Most cabinet and furniture of that era Most cabinet and furniture of that era was made to order by Kings for their was made to order by Kings for their many palaces and homes.many palaces and homes.

The pieces were extremely heavy, The pieces were extremely heavy, hand carved, and very elaborate. hand carved, and very elaborate.


Furniture from Henry VIII (Gothic era)Furniture from Henry VIII (Gothic era)


During the 17During the 17thth century the extremely century the extremely heavy bulky furniture made for only heavy bulky furniture made for only Kings was transitioned into a much Kings was transitioned into a much lighter version, known as Provincial lighter version, known as Provincial furniture. This furniture was known as furniture. This furniture was known as the renaissance period.the renaissance period.

In many cases the furniture designs In many cases the furniture designs you have today in your homes came you have today in your homes came from the designs of the renaissance from the designs of the renaissance period. period.


During the latter 1600’s and early During the latter 1600’s and early 1700’s Mary, Queen of England, and 1700’s Mary, Queen of England, and her husband, William introduced the her husband, William introduced the William and Mary furniture designs.William and Mary furniture designs.

Primarily the gate leg table and the Primarily the gate leg table and the highboy. highboy.

Their furniture designs had distinctive Their furniture designs had distinctive features such as, curved, decorative features such as, curved, decorative edges, and arch-like sections.edges, and arch-like sections.


William and Mary Gate Leg Table William and Mary Gate Leg Table William and Mary HighboyWilliam and Mary Highboy


During the 18During the 18thth century brought many century brought many refinements in design and joinery. refinements in design and joinery.

Queen Anne furniture designs were Queen Anne furniture designs were popular in both England and the popular in both England and the American Colonies.American Colonies.

Queen Anne furniture is best known Queen Anne furniture is best known for the Cabriole leg and carved for the Cabriole leg and carved surfaces. surfaces.


Queen Anne Cabriole LegQueen Anne Cabriole Leg Queen Anne Pedestal TableQueen Anne Pedestal Table


Thomas Chippendale designed and built Thomas Chippendale designed and built furniture during the 18furniture during the 18thth century. His century. His designs included highly-carved mahogany designs included highly-carved mahogany and walnut furniture. and walnut furniture.

Chippendale borrowed designs from the Chippendale borrowed designs from the Chinese and Queen Anne designs. Chinese and Queen Anne designs.

In 1754 he published a three volume set of In 1754 he published a three volume set of “Gentlemen and Cabinetmakers “Gentlemen and Cabinetmakers Directory.”Directory.”

He is best known for chair designs.He is best known for chair designs.


Thomas Chippendale Chair Thomas Chippendale Chair


Many designers followed during the Many designers followed during the 1818thth century including George century including George Hepplewhite. Hepplewhite was Hepplewhite. Hepplewhite was known for rounded fronts with known for rounded fronts with rounded drawers.rounded drawers.

Thomas Sheraton also is known for Thomas Sheraton also is known for his secretary cabinet. his secretary cabinet.

Introduction to CabinetmakingIntroduction to CabinetmakingGeorge Hepplewhite design showing rounded front George Hepplewhite design showing rounded front

and doorsand doors George Hepplewhite side cabinetGeorge Hepplewhite side cabinet

Introduction to CabinetmakingIntroduction to CabinetmakingThomas Sheraton design showing a Secretary Thomas Sheraton design showing a Secretary

bookcasebookcase SheratonSheraton


As you can see the 18As you can see the 18thth century century brought many new designs still being brought many new designs still being produced today.produced today.

The 18The 18thth century came to be called century came to be called the “Golden Age of Furniture”. the “Golden Age of Furniture”.

But what was happening in the But what was happening in the American Colonies during this time in American Colonies during this time in history? history?


From the time the earliest settles From the time the earliest settles arrived in America to around the mid arrived in America to around the mid 1600’s furniture was very crude. 1600’s furniture was very crude.

Early American cupboadEarly American cupboad Early American cabinetEarly American cabinet


The crude furniture made an improvement The crude furniture made an improvement and advanced to the American Colonial and advanced to the American Colonial Period. Period.

American Colonial period lasted from American Colonial period lasted from around 1620 to 1790. These designs were around 1620 to 1790. These designs were copies of European design with influence copies of European design with influence from American furniture.from American furniture.

American Colonial furniture included American Colonial furniture included chests, benches, and cupboards.chests, benches, and cupboards.

They also included tables, chairs, rockers, They also included tables, chairs, rockers, and cradles.and cradles.


American Colonial chair American Colonial Dining ChairsAmerican Colonial chair American Colonial Dining Chairs


The first American designer to adapt The first American designer to adapt European and Asian designs in European and Asian designs in America was Duncan Phyfe (1790-America was Duncan Phyfe (1790-1830).1830).

Phyfe introduced the Lyre-back chair Phyfe introduced the Lyre-back chair and the Pedastal table used today in and the Pedastal table used today in so many homes. so many homes.


Duncan Phyfe Lyre-back chair Duncan Phyfe pedestal dining table with lyre-back Duncan Phyfe Lyre-back chair Duncan Phyfe pedestal dining table with lyre-back

chairschairs

Furniture NeedsFurniture Needs Throughout history all furniture and cabinets, whether Throughout history all furniture and cabinets, whether

they a rock to sit on, or a stump to eat off of, or a split they a rock to sit on, or a stump to eat off of, or a split wooden shelf to put things on, wooden shelf to put things on, products were products were produced to fill a need, or to make someone’s life produced to fill a need, or to make someone’s life easier, or more comfortable.easier, or more comfortable.

We sit on chairs and sleep on beds supported on We sit on chairs and sleep on beds supported on wooden frames. We shop from store fixtures, work at wooden frames. We shop from store fixtures, work at desk, prepare food on counters, and put books on desk, prepare food on counters, and put books on shelves. shelves.

The majority of all these products throughout the ages The majority of all these products throughout the ages were made from various species of wood. were made from various species of wood.

The design, appearance, quality, and finish improved The design, appearance, quality, and finish improved over history depending on the availability of materials, over history depending on the availability of materials, tools, machines, and advances in the processes of tools, machines, and advances in the processes of cutting, shaping, assembly, sanding, and finishing cutting, shaping, assembly, sanding, and finishing processes. processes.

Furniture NeedsFurniture NeedsDesign DecisionsDesign Decisions

Think of yourself as a designer. Your Think of yourself as a designer. Your responsibility is to help people meet their responsibility is to help people meet their needs and wants for furniture and needs and wants for furniture and cabinets. How would you do that?cabinets. How would you do that?

Design decisions are made using the Design decisions are made using the decision making process keeping two decision making process keeping two things in mind, function and form.things in mind, function and form.

1. 1. FunctionFunction describes the reason for describes the reason for having the cabinet, chair, bookcase, china having the cabinet, chair, bookcase, china cabinet, etc… cabinet, etc…

2. 2. FormForm is the appearance of the cabinet is the appearance of the cabinet or furniture. or furniture.

Furniture NeedsFurniture Needs 7 7 steps to decision making to build a piece of steps to decision making to build a piece of

furniturefurniture 1. Step is establishing the 1. Step is establishing the “Needs and “Needs and

WantsWants.”.” 2. Step is the “2. Step is the “Form and FunctionForm and Function.”.” 3. Step is various “3. Step is various “Ideals.”Ideals.” 4. Step is the “4. Step is the “Variables and StandardsVariables and Standards.”.” 5. Step is to “5. Step is to “Sketch”Sketch” ideals on paper. ideals on paper. 6. Step is “6. Step is “Material ConsiderationsMaterial Considerations”” 7. Step is work out a set of “7. Step is work out a set of “Working Working

DrawingsDrawings.”.”

Furniture NeedsFurniture Needs

Today many of the designs come in standardize Today many of the designs come in standardize units. Such as, a dentist office, or library units. Such as, a dentist office, or library furniture, kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities, furniture, kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities,

etcetc……


Kitchen cabinet designKitchen cabinet design


Another design concept is ready-to-Another design concept is ready-to-assemble furniture or KD assemble furniture or KD (knockdown) furniture.(knockdown) furniture.

StopStop

Test—Introduction to CabinetmakingTest—Introduction to Cabinetmaking

Furniture NeedsFurniture NeedsMaterial DecisionsMaterial Decisions

Today there are many materials Today there are many materials available for producing cabinets and available for producing cabinets and fine furniture.fine furniture.

Materials you may consider are solid Materials you may consider are solid lumber, veneer, manufactured panels, lumber, veneer, manufactured panels, plastic laminates, plastic, ceramic, plastic laminates, plastic, ceramic, and glass.and glass.

To assemble these materials you To assemble these materials you must decide on adhesives, must decide on adhesives, mechanical fasteners, or joinery.mechanical fasteners, or joinery.


Beyond deciding on what materials Beyond deciding on what materials you would need, you would have to you would need, you would have to decide on what tools and machinery decide on what tools and machinery are available.are available.

In the modern shop most machining In the modern shop most machining will take place on stationary power will take place on stationary power tools, such as, table saws, radial tools, such as, table saws, radial saws, planers, and shapers. saws, planers, and shapers.


Table Saw Radial Arm Saw Planer ShaperTable Saw Radial Arm Saw Planer Shaper


Along with the stationary power tools Along with the stationary power tools you need several varieties of hand you need several varieties of hand tools. Hand routers, router bits, tools. Hand routers, router bits, shaper cutters, drills and drill bits, shaper cutters, drills and drill bits, saw blades, chisels, screwdrivers, saw blades, chisels, screwdrivers, etc…etc…

Producing CabinetsProducing Cabinets

Building and producing furniture and Building and producing furniture and cabinets falls into two categories. cabinets falls into two categories.

The first category is (Custom The first category is (Custom furniture or cabinets.) furniture or cabinets.)

The second category is (Standard or The second category is (Standard or mass-produced.) mass-produced.)

Producing Furniture and Producing Furniture and CabinetsCabinets

Custom furniture and cabinets is the Custom furniture and cabinets is the art of producing only one cabinet or art of producing only one cabinet or piece of furniture and customizing it piece of furniture and customizing it to fit into a certain area, a particular to fit into a certain area, a particular or unique look, a certain color, or unique look, a certain color, design, or pattern.design, or pattern.

It is built to match the surrounding It is built to match the surrounding furniture in design and finish.furniture in design and finish.


Standard or Mass produced cabinets Standard or Mass produced cabinets and furniture are built in large and furniture are built in large quantities in a factory. quantities in a factory.

They may build 20 pieces or 1000 They may build 20 pieces or 1000 pieces at a time.pieces at a time.

They all will get the same finish, the They all will get the same finish, the same hardware, and look identical same hardware, and look identical when completed.when completed.


There are 3 processes that have to be There are 3 processes that have to be done when building cabinets or furniture.done when building cabinets or furniture.

1. Preprocessing—all the activities before 1. Preprocessing—all the activities before you begin cutting anything.you begin cutting anything.

2. Processing—activities involving bringing 2. Processing—activities involving bringing in the lumber and materials, cutting the in the lumber and materials, cutting the parts to shape, assembly, sanding, and parts to shape, assembly, sanding, and finishing the cabinet or furniture.finishing the cabinet or furniture.

Post processing—transporting, installing, Post processing—transporting, installing, and maintaining products. and maintaining products.

Producing Cabinets and Producing Cabinets and FurnitureFurniture

Throughout the entire process of deciding what to Throughout the entire process of deciding what to build, which materials to use, what tools and tooling to build, which materials to use, what tools and tooling to use, and what type of finish to put on the cabinets, the use, and what type of finish to put on the cabinets, the next question is what next question is what quality quality of product to makeof product to make..

Quality Quality is measured by how well the product meets is measured by how well the product meets the expectation and requirement of the consumer. the expectation and requirement of the consumer.

Poor quality means you probably will not get paid, or Poor quality means you probably will not get paid, or not get other orders, and the end result is out of not get other orders, and the end result is out of business.business.

Good quality means a satisfied customer, a happy Good quality means a satisfied customer, a happy consumer, and more orders from the customer or their consumer, and more orders from the customer or their neighbors and friends. neighbors and friends.

Business is good and you have a future. Business is good and you have a future.

Wood Characteristics'Wood Characteristics'

A tree is nature’s oldest and largest A tree is nature’s oldest and largest living self-supporting thing.living self-supporting thing.

Some trees live only about 20 years, Some trees live only about 20 years, where some trees, such as, the where some trees, such as, the Redwood in California can live 1000’s Redwood in California can live 1000’s of years and can grow 100’s feet tall of years and can grow 100’s feet tall and be 50 feet in diameter.and be 50 feet in diameter.

Wood CharacteristicsWood Characteristics Cabinetmakers and furniture makers understand Cabinetmakers and furniture makers understand

the unique qualities of wood.the unique qualities of wood. Wood has natural beauty, strength, durability, Wood has natural beauty, strength, durability,

elasticity, and easy maintenance.elasticity, and easy maintenance. Wood has a natural beauty that cabinetmakers Wood has a natural beauty that cabinetmakers

and furniture makers enhance through shaping and furniture makers enhance through shaping and finishing of wood products.and finishing of wood products.

Wood varies in color and patterns that builders Wood varies in color and patterns that builders exploit to make unique pieces. exploit to make unique pieces.

The structural qualities of wood make it desirable The structural qualities of wood make it desirable for building, in fact, some wood pound for pound for building, in fact, some wood pound for pound is as strong as steel.is as strong as steel.

Wood CharacteristicsWood Characteristics Trees have a an extensive system of roots to Trees have a an extensive system of roots to

support the massive size of some trees. They support the massive size of some trees. They have one of two types of root systems.have one of two types of root systems.

Fibrous root system—these roots are primarily Fibrous root system—these roots are primarily spread out just under the ground surface. They spread out just under the ground surface. They may spread for 10 to 20 feet.may spread for 10 to 20 feet.

Tap root system—Almost all trees begin with a Tap root system—Almost all trees begin with a taproot. After 1 to 3 years some will continue to taproot. After 1 to 3 years some will continue to grow a taproot, while most will develop into a grow a taproot, while most will develop into a fibrous root system. Roots have two main fibrous root system. Roots have two main purposes, they draw nutrients from the soil, for purposes, they draw nutrients from the soil, for the tree to eat from, and they help make the tree the tree to eat from, and they help make the tree stand up.stand up.

Wood CharacteristicsWood Characteristics

Fibrous Root System Taproot SystemFibrous Root System Taproot System

Wood CharacteristicsWood Characteristics The trunk of the tree extends from the root system up the The trunk of the tree extends from the root system up the

crown of the tree. crown of the tree. The trunk’s primary job is to carry the nutrients absorbed The trunk’s primary job is to carry the nutrients absorbed

by the roots to the crown or leave system of the tree.by the roots to the crown or leave system of the tree. The trunk performs it’s job of carrying water and minerals The trunk performs it’s job of carrying water and minerals

to the crown through internal cells in the tree.to the crown through internal cells in the tree. The crown or leaves of the tree converts these nutrients to The crown or leaves of the tree converts these nutrients to

food. The conversion is called photosynthesis.food. The conversion is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the formation of carbohydrates (sugars) Photosynthesis is the formation of carbohydrates (sugars)

in the green tissues of plants exposed to light.in the green tissues of plants exposed to light. In order for photosynthesis to occur you need three things In order for photosynthesis to occur you need three things

present: sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.present: sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. The food is then carried to the various parts of the tree.The food is then carried to the various parts of the tree.


The Process of Photosynthesis The Process of Photosynthesis


Cross-section of tree Split-section of a treeCross-section of tree Split-section of a tree


The Inside StoryThe Inside Story

The The cambium cell layercambium cell layer is the growing part of the trunk. It annually produces new bark and is the growing part of the trunk. It annually produces new bark and new wood in response to hormones that pass down through the phloem with food from the new wood in response to hormones that pass down through the phloem with food from the leaves. These hormones, called “auxins”, stimulate growth in cells. Auxins are produced by leaves. These hormones, called “auxins”, stimulate growth in cells. Auxins are produced by leaf buds at the ends of branches as soon as they start growing in spring. leaf buds at the ends of branches as soon as they start growing in spring.

SapwoodSapwood is the tree’s pipeline for water moving up to the leaves. Sapwood is new wood. As is the tree’s pipeline for water moving up to the leaves. Sapwood is new wood. As newer rings of sapwood are laid down, inner cells lose their vitality and turn to heartwood. newer rings of sapwood are laid down, inner cells lose their vitality and turn to heartwood.

HeartwoodHeartwood is the central, supporting pillar of the tree. Although dead, it will not decay or lose is the central, supporting pillar of the tree. Although dead, it will not decay or lose strength while the outer layers are intact. A composite of hollow, needlelike cellulose fibers strength while the outer layers are intact. A composite of hollow, needlelike cellulose fibers bound together by a chemical glue called lignin, it is in many ways as strong as steel. A piece bound together by a chemical glue called lignin, it is in many ways as strong as steel. A piece 12" long and 1" by 2" in cross section set vertically can support a weight of twenty tons! 12" long and 1" by 2" in cross section set vertically can support a weight of twenty tons!

The The outer barkouter bark is the tree’s protection from the outside world. Continually renewed from is the tree’s protection from the outside world. Continually renewed from within, it helps keep out moisture in the rain, and prevents the tree from losing moisture when within, it helps keep out moisture in the rain, and prevents the tree from losing moisture when the air is dry. It insulates against cold and heat and wards off insect enemies. the air is dry. It insulates against cold and heat and wards off insect enemies.

The The inner bark,inner bark, or “phloem”, is pipeline through which food is passed to the rest of the tree. or “phloem”, is pipeline through which food is passed to the rest of the tree. It lives for only a short time, then dies and turns to cork to become part of the protective outer It lives for only a short time, then dies and turns to cork to become part of the protective outer bark. bark.

Wood CharacteristicsWood Characteristics Annual Growth RingsAnnual Growth Rings Showing the early wood and Showing the early wood and Latewood of how a tree growsLatewood of how a tree grows


Annual Growth Rings help us Annual Growth Rings help us determine the age of a tree. Count determine the age of a tree. Count the rings, that is how old the tree is.the rings, that is how old the tree is.

The oldest living tree on earth is this Swedish Spruce which dates back 9550 years The oldest living tree on earth is this Swedish Spruce which dates back 9550 years

old.old.


The oldest tree in the US is the Bristlecomb Pine The oldest tree in the US is the Bristlecomb Pine found in the Western US. This tree is about 5,000 found in the Western US. This tree is about 5,000 years old.years old.

Wood CharacteristicsWood CharacteristicsHow is a trees age determinedHow is a trees age determined

Mr. Wolffia using a increment borer to age-date an old sierra juniper on a steep 9,000 Mr. Wolffia using a increment borer to age-date an old sierra juniper on a steep 9,000 foot ridge of Pine Mountain in the San Gabriel Range of southern California. A small foot ridge of Pine Mountain in the San Gabriel Range of southern California. A small core of the wood is removed and the rings are painstakingly counted. This core of the wood is removed and the rings are painstakingly counted. This remarkable tree was approximately 1400 years old. remarkable tree was approximately 1400 years old.


Core taken from a tree to determine age, climate, Core taken from a tree to determine age, climate, forest fires, plenty of rain, or drought situations. forest fires, plenty of rain, or drought situations.

Wood CharacteristicsWood CharacteristicsTree IdentificationTree Identification

Trees are classified as either deciduous Trees are classified as either deciduous or coniferous.or coniferous.

Deciduous trees are broad-leaved trees, Deciduous trees are broad-leaved trees, which loose their leaves in the fall.which loose their leaves in the fall.

Hardwood trees are deciduous. Hardwood trees are deciduous. Deciduous means, loose their leaves in Deciduous means, loose their leaves in the fall.the fall.

Examples of hardwood trees are: Examples of hardwood trees are: maple, hickory, cherry, oaks, walnut, maple, hickory, cherry, oaks, walnut, mahogany, ash, poplar, etc…mahogany, ash, poplar, etc…


Hardwood TreeHardwood Tree Softwood TreeSoftwood Tree

Wood CharacteristicsWood CharacteristicsWood IdentificationWood Identification

Coniferous trees are softwood trees Coniferous trees are softwood trees known as evergreens. (green year known as evergreens. (green year round)round)

Softwood refers to coniferous trees, Softwood refers to coniferous trees, which means, needle bearing. which means, needle bearing.

Examples of softwood trees are: Examples of softwood trees are: yellow pine, redwoods, fraser firs, yellow pine, redwoods, fraser firs, douglas firs, white pines, cedars, etc…douglas firs, white pines, cedars, etc…

Wood CharacteristicsWood CharacteristicsWood IdentificationWood Identification

Appearance of wood—appearance of wood Appearance of wood—appearance of wood determines the decorative effect of the determines the decorative effect of the product. product.

Appearance includes color, grain pattern, Appearance includes color, grain pattern, surface texture, and natural defects.surface texture, and natural defects.

Color of wood is primarily brown. It can Color of wood is primarily brown. It can range from a light tan to a dark, reddish range from a light tan to a dark, reddish brown. brown.

The darkest colors are found in heartwood The darkest colors are found in heartwood where these materials are concentrated.where these materials are concentrated.

introduction to cabinetmaking modern cabinetmaking

Documents

used wood

discovered charcoal

cabinetmaking early

history wood

cabinetmaking caveman

evidence of wood carvings

wooden handicrafts

handicrafts of animals