Introduction to ComputersAuthors: Dr. Ahmad Dalala Mohammad AlZou'bi Ahmad Abusalama Khaled Dijani Prepared by: Mohammad Al-Zo’ubi

Chapter One

In This Chapter General IT Concepts Computer Hardware Types of Software Information Networks The Use of Computer in our life

2

Computer Definition

A programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic and logical operations.

Computer

3

Types of ComputersTypes of ComputersMainframe used for Mainframe used for highly critical applications such as highly critical applications such as bulk data processingbulk data processing

DesktopDesktop

LaptopLaptop

PDAPDA(Personal Digital Assistants)(Personal Digital Assistants)

4

Computer System Computer System

Computer Hardware: Physical (tangible) parts of a computer and related devices.

Computer Software: Programs and applications (Intangible) that run on computer,

and tell the computer what to do.

5

Computer1.1. HardwareHardware

a. CPUi. ALUii. CU

b. Main Memoryi. RAMii. ROM

c. Storage Devicesi. Hard Driveii. Floppy Diskiii. CD/ DVDiv. Flash

d. Peripheral Devicesi. Input Devicesii. Output Devices

2.2. SoftwareSoftwarea. System Software

(Window XP, Windows 7)b. Applications Software

- Office (2003, 2007, 2010)- Adope Photoshop

Computer System Computer System

6

Computer System (Hardware)Computer System (Hardware)

7

Computer System (Software)Computer System (Software)

System SoftwareSystem Software Application SoftwareApplication Software

8

Input DevicesInput Devices Input Devices (Input the information to the computer)

MouseMouseKeyboardKeyboard

MicrophoneMicrophone ScannerScanner

9

Input DevicesInput Devices

Light PenLight Pen

TouchpadTouchpad

Input Devices (Input the information to the computer)

TrackballTrackball

Digital CameraDigital Camera

10

CPUCPU CPU (Central Processing Unit)

- This is the brain of the computer. It processes everything from basic instructions to complex functions.

- Two typical components of a CPU are:1. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs

arithmetic and logical operations.

2. The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

- The CPU can also be referred to "processor."

11

CPU SpeedCPU Speed CPU (Central Processing Unit)

- CPU speed is measured by the number of completed instruction cycles per second.

- CPU speeds range from 600 megahertz (MHz or million cycles per second) to 4 gigahertz (GHz or billion cycles per second).

12

The Functions of CPUThe Functions of CPU The Functions of the Central Processing Unit:

Performing calculations.

Controlling logic.

Immediate access memory.

Coordinating other function.

13

Main MemoryMain Memory RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)- A computer memory that can permanently store data

and applications within it.

- It holds the basic programs that make the computer ready to work.

- A memory device in which information can be accessed in any order.

- The results of your work are stored temporarily in RAM .- RAM is inexpensive. - RAM can be reused many times by your computer.- RAM is also volatile.

14

Memory SizeMemory Size Binary System

- What is a bit? Bit stands for Binary Digit. A Bit is the smallest unit of data that a computer

uses. A bit equals either 1 or 0. Bit = a value = have a value means 1 , or

don’t have a value means 0. A bit is like a switch

On means 1 Off means 0

Computer understands machine language.

Bit = 0 OR 1Byte = 8 bitsKilobyte = 1024 Bytes.Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes.Gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes.Terabyte = 1024 Gigabytes.15

Memory SizeMemory Size

Divide-------------------------------->

Bit Byte Kilo Byte KB

Mega Byte MB

Giga Byte GM

Tera Byte TB

8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024

<-----------------------------Multiply

 

16

ExampleExample- How many ???? 10 Bytes (----------) Bits 10 Megabytes (----------) Kilobytes 15 Megabytes (----------) Bits

17

Storage DevicesStorage Devices Hard Drive

- The hard drive stores all your data. - A typical hard drive is only slightly larger than your

hand, - It can hold over 100 GB of data.- There are 2 types of hard drive:

Internal hard drive External hard drive

18

Storage DevicesStorage Devices Internal hard drive

External hard drive

- An external hard drive sits outside the main computer tower.

- The external hard drive is connected to the computer via a high-speed interface cable.

- It allows the user to back up or store important information separate from the main internal hard drive.19

Storage DevicesStorage Devices CD / DVD

- A type of optical disk capable of storing large amounts of data

USB Flash- A data storage device that consists of flash memory

with an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.

- USB flash drives are removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk.

20

Storage DevicesStorage Devices Zip Disk- A computer hardware device that stores data.

- It holds around 100 megabytes of data.

- A soft magnetic disk. - Floppy Disk is portable.- Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks.- have less storage capacity.

Floppy Disk

21

Output DevicesOutput Devices

MonitorMonitor

Output Devices (output the information from the computer)

PlotterPlotter

PrinterPrinter

22

Computer SoftwareComputer Software Software

- Programs and applications (Invisible) that run on computer, and tell the computer what to do.

There are 2 types of Software:1. System Software- The software that provide the basic functions of the computer to run.- System software is Operating Systems.- Examples (Windows XP, Windows 7, Mac, Unix, MS-Dos)

2. Application Software- The software that is written for specific reason.- Examples (Office 2007, Photoshop, 3D Max)

23

Computer Software Computer Software System SoftwareSystem Software

CompanyCompany ExampleExampleMicrosoft windows XP, Vista, and windows 7

Many developers Unix-like

Microsoft DOS

Apple Mac OS

24

Computer Software Computer Software Applications SoftwareApplications Software

SoftwareSoftware FunctionFunction ExampleExampleAccounting Software

Tracking credits, debits, and other accounting data

Microsoft ERP

Web Browsing Viewing contents of web sites MicrosoftInternet Explorer

Desktop Publishing

Creating newsletters, magazines, and other documents suitable for printing

Microsoft Publisher

Presentation Creating slide show and other speaker aids

Microsoft PowerPoint

25

Computer Software Computer Software Applications SoftwareApplications Software

SoftwareSoftware FunctionFunction ExampleExampleWord Processing Writing letters, reports and

other documentsMicrosoft Word

Spread Sheet Carrying out financial, engineering, and other calculations.

Microsoft Excel

Database Storing informations such as sales, customer addresess, and inventory.

Microsoft AccessOracle

Email Sending, receiving, and storing electroinc emails.

Microsoft Outlook

26

Network DefinitionNetwork Definition Network

- A group of interconnected (via cable and/or wireless) computers and peripherals that is capable of sharing software and hardware resources between many users.

27

Types of NetworksTypes of Networks LAN (Local Area Network)

- A communications network that serves users within a confined geographical area, for example (across a room, building, or a cluster of buildings).

28

Types of NetworksTypes of Networks MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

- A communications network that covers a geographic area such as a town, city or suburb

29

Types of NetworksTypes of Networks WAN (Wide Area Network)

- A long-distance communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as a state or country.

30

The Benefits of the Networks The Benefits of the Networks Hardware Sharing- Share expensive hardware such as printer and plotter.

Better Communication- Enable communication programs such as email and instant

messaging.

Application Sharing- Run applications on server instead of installing them on

computer individually.

Shared Knowledge- Share important files and information between users.

31

Computers in our lifeComputers in our life E- Mail E- Commerce E- Government E- Learning Education Personal Use

32