introduction to computers (l02) * hardware * software * programming languages * three phase of...
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Introduction to Computers (L02)
* Hardware* Software* Programming Languages* Three Phase of Program Development* Development and Design Steps* Algorithms* Flowchart Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Basic Hardware Units of a Computer
Central Processing Unit Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Input Control Output
Memory Second Storage Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Computer Software* Machine Language 11000000 000000000001* Assemble Language ADD 1, 2* High-Level Language Pascal, C, C++* System Software DOS, UNIX* Applications Microsoft Word Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Programming Languages (1) Operation: Input (get the data)
FORTRAN: READBASIC: INPUT, READ/DATACOBOL: READ, ACCEPTPascal: READ, READLNC: getchar(), gets(), scanf(), sscanf()C++: cin Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Programming Languages (2) Operation: Output (display the data)
FORTRAN: WRITE, PRINTBASIC: PRINT, PRINT/USINGCOBOL: WRITE, DISPLAYPascal: WRITE, WRITELNC: putchar(), puts(), printf(), sprintf()C++: cout Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Three Phase of Program DevelopmentProgram Life Cycle Phase
Maintenance(3)
Documentation(2)
Development and Design(1)
Time Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Development and Design StepsDevelopment & Design Steps
Test & Correct Solution
Code Solution Develop Solution
Analyse Problem Time Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Algorithms* Definition of AlgorithmAn algorithm is defined as a step-by-step sequence of instructions that must terminate and describes how the data is to be processed to produce the desired outputs
* Question for Developing an AlgorithmIn essence, an algorithm answers the question, What method will you use to solve this problem? Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Algorithm for Calculating the Average 1Step1: input a, b, and c.
Step2: calculate the average of a, b, and c.
Step 3: display the average.
step 4: stop. Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Algorithm for Calculating the Average 2Step1: input value and assign value to Ai, i = 1,2, 3, ...n.Step 2: if no more input value, go to step 3, otherwise go to step 1 Step3: calculate the average of Ai, i = 1,2, 3, ...n.Step 4: display the average.Step 5: stop. Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Flowchart Symbols (1)Symbol Name Description
Terminal Indicates the beginning or end of an algorithm
Input/Output Indicate an Input or Output operation
Process Indicates computation or data manipulation Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Flowchart Symbols (2)Symbol Name Description Flow Lines Used to connect the flowchart symbols and indicates the logic flow
Decision Indicates a decision point in the program
Loop Indicates the initial, final, and increment values of a loop Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Flowchart Symbols (3)Symbol Name Description Predefined Indicates a predefined Process Process, as in calling a sorting process
ConnectorIndicates an entry to, or exit from, another part of the flowchart Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Flowchart for Calculating the Average 1
Start
Input values for a, b, and c
Calculate the average
Display the average
End Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Flowchart for Calculating the Average 2
Start
Input values for Ai
End of Calculate the averageN input? YDisplay the average
End Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang
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Calculate the Average of 100 Numbers
Starti = 1 i=i+1 Input values for Ai
Calculate the averageN i=100? YDisplay the average
End Introduction to Computers and Programming Dr. Ming Zhang