Introduction to Introduction to EnergyEnergy

Introduction to TransportationIntroduction to Transportation

ObjectivesObjectivesAfter completing this lecture, you will be able to:After completing this lecture, you will be able to:

1. State what Energy is1. State what Energy is2. State the two types of energy2. State the two types of energy3. State the 6 different forms of energy and 3. State the 6 different forms of energy and

examples of eachexamples of each4. State what the Law of Thermodynamics 4. State what the Law of Thermodynamics

isis5. State what entropy is5. State what entropy is6. State the three ways heat travels and 6. State the three ways heat travels and

explain eachexplain each

ObjectivesObjectives7. State what the differences between 7. State what the differences between

renewable, nonrenewable, and renewable, nonrenewable, and inexhaustible areinexhaustible are

8. What is the history of human effort to 8. What is the history of human effort to shift the burden of work from human to shift the burden of work from human to machinesmachines

9. State the modern conversion systems9. State the modern conversion systems

What is Energy?What is Energy?We all use energy but what is energy?We all use energy but what is energy?

Answer:Answer:

Energy is the ability to do work. In order to Energy is the ability to do work. In order to get a complete understanding of what get a complete understanding of what energy is, we need to understand what energy is, we need to understand what work is. Work is that which causes change. work is. Work is that which causes change. Work is that which involves change, Work is that which involves change, support, or movement. Some examples support, or movement. Some examples are: the sun heats up the earth, wind blows are: the sun heats up the earth, wind blows trees, water moves down stream not up.trees, water moves down stream not up.

What is a Design Energy What is a Design Energy System?System?

Since energy is all around us and Since energy is all around us and made up of systems our entire world made up of systems our entire world is made up of systems. Those systems is made up of systems. Those systems are are inputsinputs, , processesprocesses, , outputsoutputs, and , and feedbackfeedback. .

InputsInputs are defined as resources. are defined as resources. The The inputs are people, material, inputs are people, material, knowledge, capital (tools, buildings, knowledge, capital (tools, buildings, equipment), finance, and time equipment), finance, and time

What is a Design Energy What is a Design Energy System?System?

ProcessesProcesses are the work required to give are the work required to give a value to what is produced. a value to what is produced. The The processes are moving people or cargoprocesses are moving people or cargo

OutputsOutputs are the new location of people are the new location of people and cargo. They are produced in terms and cargo. They are produced in terms of wanted and unintended outputsof wanted and unintended outputs

FeedbackFeedback is any signal or information is any signal or information that might adjust the process or initiate that might adjust the process or initiate it to improve the processit to improve the process

What are the two types of What are the two types of Energy?Energy?

There are two types of energy and it usually used There are two types of energy and it usually used for motion classification.for motion classification.

Potential Energy and Kinetic EnergyPotential Energy and Kinetic Energy

What is Potential Energy?What is Potential Energy?

Answer:Answer:

Potential EnergyPotential Energy is energy that is waiting to do is energy that is waiting to do work. It is at rest, in storage, inactivework. It is at rest, in storage, inactive

What are the two types of What are the two types of Energy?Energy?

What is Kinetic Energy?What is Kinetic Energy?

Answer:Answer:

Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy is the ability of objects is the ability of objects that are moving to do work. Any body in that are moving to do work. Any body in motion has kinetic energymotion has kinetic energy

What are 6 forms of Energy?What are 6 forms of Energy?

Light Energy- energy traveling through Light Energy- energy traveling through space as a wave motion. This energy space as a wave motion. This energy travels through space and the earths travels through space and the earths atmosphere at 186,000 miles per secondatmosphere at 186,000 miles per second

Heat (thermal) energy- energy that will Heat (thermal) energy- energy that will cause the temperatures of objects to risecause the temperatures of objects to rise

Mechanical Energy- energy dealing with Mechanical Energy- energy dealing with both the work output and input of both the work output and input of machinesmachines

What are 6 forms of Energy?What are 6 forms of Energy?

Chemical Energy- usually stored energy that Chemical Energy- usually stored energy that can be released as any of the other forms of can be released as any of the other forms of energy (ex. A battery stores chemicals and energy (ex. A battery stores chemicals and releases it as electrical energy)releases it as electrical energy)

Electrical Energy- when negatively charged Electrical Energy- when negatively charged particles are attracted to positively charged particles are attracted to positively charged particles. Negative particles are called particles. Negative particles are called electrons and positive particles are protons.electrons and positive particles are protons.

What are 6 forms of Energy?What are 6 forms of Energy?

Nuclear energy- released when certain Nuclear energy- released when certain types of atoms are split. The release can types of atoms are split. The release can be swift as in the explosion of an atomic be swift as in the explosion of an atomic or hydrogen bomb or slowed to produce or hydrogen bomb or slowed to produce huge amounts of heat with a very small huge amounts of heat with a very small quantity of material.quantity of material.

What are the Laws of What are the Laws of Thermodynamics?Thermodynamics?

The Laws of Thermodynamics are:The Laws of Thermodynamics are:

First, energy cannot be destroyed, it can be First, energy cannot be destroyed, it can be changed from one form to another but it changed from one form to another but it will always existwill always exist

Second, once energy is used it loses its Second, once energy is used it loses its ability to do work even though it is not ability to do work even though it is not destroyed. destroyed.

What are the Laws of What are the Laws of Thermodynamics?Thermodynamics?

For example a person on a swing uses For example a person on a swing uses energy to pump the swing. Eventually energy to pump the swing. Eventually the swing will stop when no more energy the swing will stop when no more energy is put into making it continue to swing. is put into making it continue to swing. Friction and wind resistance bring it to a Friction and wind resistance bring it to a stop.stop.

What is Entropy?What is Entropy?What is Entropy?What is Entropy?

Answer: Answer:

The principle of entropy is that eventually The principle of entropy is that eventually all energy, as it is used, becomes so all energy, as it is used, becomes so scattered that is loses its ability to do scattered that is loses its ability to do work.work.

What is Entropy?What is Entropy?Example, you boil water to power a small Example, you boil water to power a small steam engine using a flame. Once you steam engine using a flame. Once you take the flame away the steam cools. take the flame away the steam cools. The water is still hot but it lost its energy The water is still hot but it lost its energy to power the engine. to power the engine.

Three Ways Heat TravelsThree Ways Heat TravelsThere are three ways heat travels and we There are three ways heat travels and we

all use some form of them everyday.all use some form of them everyday.

Convection, Conduction, and RadiationConvection, Conduction, and Radiation

Convection is movement of heat within Convection is movement of heat within liquids or gases. The heat circulates liquids or gases. The heat circulates around until all the material is the same around until all the material is the same temperaturetemperature

Three Ways Heat TravelsThree Ways Heat TravelsConduction is heat produced my molecular Conduction is heat produced my molecular

action. Warm molecules move around action. Warm molecules move around bumping into cooler molecules. This bumping into cooler molecules. This continues to happen until all the molecules continues to happen until all the molecules are the same temperature. We see it most are the same temperature. We see it most in how an automobile engine is cooled and in how an automobile engine is cooled and how we cook our food.how we cook our food.

Radiation is heat produced through waves of Radiation is heat produced through waves of energy such as light. Particles are bundles energy such as light. Particles are bundles of energy that give off their heat energy of energy that give off their heat energy upon striking a surface they cannot pass upon striking a surface they cannot pass through.through.

Renewable, Non-Renewable, and Renewable, Non-Renewable, and InexhaustibleInexhaustible

First, what is the difference between a renewable First, what is the difference between a renewable energy resource, non-renewable energy energy resource, non-renewable energy resource, and an inexhaustible energy resource?resource, and an inexhaustible energy resource?

Answer:Answer:

A renewable energy resource is a resource that A renewable energy resource is a resource that can be replenished meaning once it is used up can be replenished meaning once it is used up there will be another one that can be used. there will be another one that can be used. Example is trees, once we cut one down we can Example is trees, once we cut one down we can plant another one and keep the cycle going.plant another one and keep the cycle going.

Renewable, Non-Renewable, and Renewable, Non-Renewable, and InexhaustibleInexhaustible

A Non-Renewable energy resource is A Non-Renewable energy resource is energy that once it is used up there is energy that once it is used up there is no more. Oil is an example, once the oil no more. Oil is an example, once the oil runs out there is no more.runs out there is no more.

An Inexhaustible energy resource is one An Inexhaustible energy resource is one that will never run out. An example is that will never run out. An example is the energy from the sun, water, and the energy from the sun, water, and wind.wind.

Evolution of Energy ConversionsEvolution of Energy Conversions

The ways humans have used energy for The ways humans have used energy for their survival has changed dramatically their survival has changed dramatically over the years. Humans used to use over the years. Humans used to use rocks to throw before learning they could rocks to throw before learning they could shape the rocks into better weapons. shape the rocks into better weapons. Then using fire to heat the edges of Then using fire to heat the edges of stones and drop cold water onto them stones and drop cold water onto them breaking away the small chips until good breaking away the small chips until good edges were formed. edges were formed. From weapons humans were able to From weapons humans were able to develop crude but useful tools. With develop crude but useful tools. With these tools they were able to grow their these tools they were able to grow their food and kill more animalsfood and kill more animals

Evolution of Energy ConversionsEvolution of Energy Conversions

Then they tamed the wild animals which Then they tamed the wild animals which provided both a source of food and provided both a source of food and mechanical energy. This allowed them to mechanical energy. This allowed them to more easily work the soil and make better more easily work the soil and make better tools.tools.Humans then started to use the natural Humans then started to use the natural energy of the earth to help them. They used energy of the earth to help them. They used windmills which were attached to a vertical windmills which were attached to a vertical shaft which was attached to gears, belts, and shaft which was attached to gears, belts, and pulleys. pulleys. Later water power was used in the form of Later water power was used in the form of waterwheels. First there was the undershot waterwheels. First there was the undershot waterwheel which allowed the water to flow waterwheel which allowed the water to flow underneath it to power the wheel.underneath it to power the wheel.

Evolution of Energy ConversionsEvolution of Energy Conversions

Then came the overshot waterwheel which Then came the overshot waterwheel which was a huge improvement over the was a huge improvement over the undershot. It used the natural momentum undershot. It used the natural momentum of the water plus the extra weight of the of the water plus the extra weight of the water flowing downstream to give the water flowing downstream to give the wheel the extra power. It could work harder wheel the extra power. It could work harder and power heavier loads. and power heavier loads. Due to the overall lack of constant power Due to the overall lack of constant power from the waterwheels there came a water from the waterwheels there came a water turbine. It was much more efficient.turbine. It was much more efficient.Next humans began to use heat to produce Next humans began to use heat to produce motion energy. Heat engines contain the motion energy. Heat engines contain the energy of heat to make it do work.energy of heat to make it do work.

Evolution of Energy ConversionsEvolution of Energy Conversions

Next came the steam engine. Humans Next came the steam engine. Humans didn’t know how important this invention didn’t know how important this invention was because they had no real use for one was because they had no real use for one yet. It was used to pump water out of yet. It was used to pump water out of deep holes for miners but later adapted deep holes for miners but later adapted to boats, tractors, and locomotives. to boats, tractors, and locomotives.

Then came the invention of the internal Then came the invention of the internal combustion engine. This engine burns combustion engine. This engine burns fuel inside the engine rather than using fuel inside the engine rather than using steam. steam.

Modern Conversion SystemsModern Conversion Systems

Energy can be converted from one form to Energy can be converted from one form to another to make it more usable. Below another to make it more usable. Below are examples of the different ways are examples of the different ways energy gets converted:energy gets converted:

Mechanical to Electrical-Mechanical to Electrical- Ex. Generators Ex. Generators and alternatorsand alternators

Electrical to Mechanical-Electrical to Mechanical- Ex. Electric Ex. Electric motor used to turn a fan motor used to turn a fan

Chemical to Electrical-Chemical to Electrical- Ex. Batteries Ex. Batteries

Modern Conversion SystemsModern Conversion Systems

Electrical to Chemical-Electrical to Chemical- Ex. An Ex. An alternator produces electricity and stores alternator produces electricity and stores it in a batteryit in a battery

Light to Electrical-Light to Electrical- Ex. Solar Panels Ex. Solar Panels collecting, storing, and changing light into collecting, storing, and changing light into electricityelectricity

Molecular to Heat-Molecular to Heat- Ex. Boiling water Ex. Boiling water

Terms to KnowTerms to KnowDefine these terms and describe how Define these terms and describe how

they work. They will be on a quiz they work. They will be on a quiz next class.next class.

Undershot WaterwheelUndershot Waterwheel

Overshot WaterwheelOvershot Waterwheel

Internal Combustion EngineInternal Combustion Engine

WindmillWindmill