Introduction to faults

Looking at a fault on seismic data

This seismic profile has one interpreted horizon marked as a yellow dashed line and a fault marked on with a black line.

Interpreted horizonInterpreted horizon

Fault

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A fault is defined by describing the direction and amount of movement.

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The only type of movement that can be seen on a seismic profile is a vertical displacement and so this is a dip-slip fault.The movement can be marked on with arrows and is called the throw.

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The south side of this fault is called the downthrow side.

The north side is called the upthrow side.

Downthrow Upthrow

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Downthrow Upthrow

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↼ Why is there no strike-slip movement seen?

Because the seismic is a 2 dimensional image of the sub-surface looking only from the side.

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The upthrow and downthrow are used as descriptors of the fault, they do not indicate the actual nature of the movement.For example the south side may have stayed still and the tectonic forces moved only the north side up, there are several other possibilities:

Downthrow Upthrow

Only the south side moved down, the north stayed still.

OR

Both sides have moved a bit, the movement on either side may not have been equal.

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OR EVEN

Both sides have moved many times, both up and down in successive periods of tectonic activity. Each time this happens the fault is re-activated.

The amount of displacement can be measured. In the field this would be in metres but here the seismic data is in TWT and so must be measured in msec.

Downthrow Upthrow

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The next slide shows how the throw is measured on an enlarged view.

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The throw is measured as a vertical distance.

100msec

Enlarged view of the fault

It is taken as the place where the horizon and the fault intersect.

The throw is 100msec.

Downthrow Upthrow

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100msec

On this seismic profile the seismic velocity at TWT 1000msec is 4200m/s.

Calculate the throw in metres using this seismic velocity and the distance, speed, time formula triangle.

Notice the scale bar at the top of the data. This is a far larger area than you would normally see in the field.

How many metres do you think 100msec represents on this data?

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Converting the throw to metres

The seismic velocity is 4200m/s.

The throw is 100msec TWT.

1. The units need to match. Convert 100msec TWT to one way time.

100 ÷ 2 = 50msec

2. Next convert 50msec to seconds

1 second = 1000msec 1 ÷ 1000 = 0.001 therefore 1msec = 0.001s 0.001 × 50 = 0.05 and so 50msec = 0.05s

3. Use the distance, speed, time formula triangle:

Put your finger over the number you want to calculate, which is distance:

speed = 4200m/stime = 0.05s4200 × 0.05 = 210m

At the yellow horizon the throw of the fault is 210m to the south.

100msec

Summary

This seismic profile has one interpreted horizon marked as a yellow dashed line and a fault marked on with a black line.

A fault is defined by describing the direction and amount of movement.

The only type of movement that can be seen on a seismic profile is a vertical displacement and so this is a dip-slip fault. The movement is called the throw and is marked on with arrows.

The south side of this fault is called the downthrow side.

The north side is called the upthrow side.

These names are used as descriptors of the fault, they do not indicate the actual nature of the movement, for example the south side may have stayed still and the tectonic forces moved only the north side up, there are several other possibilities.

The amount of displacement can be measured. In the field this would be in metres but here the seismic data is in TWT and so must be measured in msec.

Using seismic velocity the throw is calculated as 210m to the south at the interpreted horizon.

↼

↼Downthrow Upthrow

1 km

100msec

This seismic profile has one interpreted horizon marked with a dashed white line and a fault marked on with a black line.

A fault is defined by describing the direction and amount of movement.

The only type of movement that can be seen on a seismic profile is a vertical displacement and so this is a dip-slip fault. The movement is called the throw and is marked on with arrows.

The south side of this fault is called the downthrow side.

The north side is called the upthrow side.

These names are used as descriptors of the fault, they do not indicate the actual nature of the movement, for example the south side may have stayed still and the tectonic forces moved only the north side up, there are several other possibilities.

The amount of displacement can be measured. In the field this would be in metres but here the seismic data is in TWT and so must be measured in msec.

Using seismic velocity the throw is calculated as 210m to the south at the interpreted horizon.

↼

↼Downthrow Upthrow

100msec

1 km