introduction to gamma-ray bursts...2009/02/17 · lightning/thunder 1010 j atomic bomb 1014 j...
TRANSCRIPT
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最遠方宇宙の探求
戸谷 友則 京大・宇宙物理学教室
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人類の観測する最遠方の宇宙
The most distant galaxies, quasars, and GRBs (about 1 billion yrs after big-bang, 12 billion light yrs away)
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赤方偏移と宇宙膨張
赤方偏移 波長λobs = (1+z) λrest 宇宙の大きさ R = R0 / (1+z)宇宙マイクロ波背景放射 z=1100, 宇宙誕生後 40万年最遠方天体
銀河 z=6.96 (宇宙誕生後約10億年)クエーサー z=6.42ガンマ線バースト z=6.7
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宇宙の物質構成
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宇宙の密度揺らぎスペクトル
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暗黒物質による構造形成
矢作氏によるシミュレーション
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銀河と構造の形成
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The Hubble Deep Field
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遠方銀河の探索
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遠方銀河の探査: LBG と LAE
銀河間空間の中性水素の存在により、ライマンα (1216Å)、ライマン端(912Å)より短波長の光は吸収を受ける
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Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs)
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Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAEs)
ライマンα輝線をもつ狭帯域フィルターで輝線を検出最高赤方偏移銀河を見つける方法
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Lyman Alpha Emitters (2)
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Luminosity Function of LBGsKobayashi, TT, Nagashima ’09
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Luminosity Function of LAEsKobayashi, TT, Nagashima ’09
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宇宙の星形成史
?Pop. III stars?(金属量ゼロの星)@z=20? 30?
星形成率密度
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GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Sudden burst of gamma-rays from a random point in the sky
discovered around 1970, by a US satellite monitoring nuclear bomb tests in Soviet Union
typical time duration ~ 1-100 sec
typical gamma-ray energy ~ MeV
Flux ~ 1 photon cm-2 s-1
GAMMA-RAY FLUX VS. TIME
DURATION DISTRIBUTION
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Spatial Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Completely isotropic
Deficit of faint GRBs compared withexpectation in flat 3D space
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GRBs are cosmological!
A breakthrough in 1997, by discovery of “afterglows” in other wavebands than gamma-raysThe brightest explosion in the universe!
3×1054 erg = 3×1047 J(isotropic radiation assumed)
cosmological redshiftλobs/λrest = (1+z)
= 1.835!
THE FIRST-DISCOVERED X-RAY AFTERGLOW
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Various Energy Scales
lightning/thunder 1010 Jatomic bomb 1014 Jhydrogen bomb 1016 Jearthquake (Richter scale 8) 1017 Jrest mass energy (Mc2) for 1 kg 1017Jsolar flares 1022-25 Jenergy emitted by the Sun in 1 yr 1.3×1034 Jsupernova (explosion energy) 1044 Jrest mass energy of the Sun (2×1030 kg) 2×1047 Jlargest GRB (isotropic equivalent) 3×1047 J Importance of GRBs in Astronomy Priceless!
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Stellar Evolution andGRBs, Supernova, Hypernova
massive stars
Sun-like stars
dwarf stars
hypernovaGRBs
black holes
supernovaneutron stars
white dwarfs
brown dwarfs
EVOLUTION
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Another origin of GRBs?
short duration GRBs occurs with a long delay time from star formation
Not a core-collapse supernova!
Mergers of binary neutron stars or black holes?
DURATION DISTRIBUTION
short(merger?)
long(collapsar)
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High Redshift GRBs
GRB 050904 @ z=6.29すばる望遠鏡により日本チームが分光で z 確定
京大からは太田、戸谷Kawai+’06
中性水素による減衰翼(damping wing)の確認
「宇宙最電離」への示唆z=6.3 で宇宙はすでに電離
TT et al. ’06
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High Redshift GRBs
GRB 080913 @ z=6.7
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Reionization
宇宙の水素は誕生後40万年で電離状態から中性原子へ(晴れ上がり)
現在の宇宙でも水素が中性だとすると、銀河間空間の透明度は:
τ=nσl ~ 105!現在の宇宙の水素はほとんど電離されている
「宇宙の再電離」いつ?どうやって?初代銀河、星形成
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宇宙の電離史
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将来への展望
さらなる遠方天体の探求
James Webb Space Telescope Thirty Meter Telescope
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将来への展望
塵に隠された遠方天体の探索
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)