introduction to gats for the practicing engineer; pub 2003

8/13/2019 Introduction to GATS for the practicing Engineer; pub 2003

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Ruhcoa dknmoj coaejse< © F.R. Ckko (neltroakjBgnmoc.akn). Tfe mutfkr pernots tfe pcmaenejt ki tfos mrtoace oj tfepuhcoa dknmoj. Rernossokj tk puhcosf, trmjsnot, reprkduae mjd/kr aoraucmte oj mjy ikrn tfos mrtoace os ireecy grmjtedRXKYODED jk pmrt kr tfe wfkce ki tfos mrtoace os mnejded kr afmjged kr mctered oj mjy ikrn mjd duemaljkwcedgenejt tk tfe mutfkr mjd skurae ki tfos mrtoace os ojacuded.

GCKHMCOQMTOKJ MJD TFERXKIEQQOKJMC QEXYOAEQ OJDUQTX_

j ojtrkduatokj mjd guode tk tfe prkiessokjmc

Msskaomtokj ki Akjsuctojg Ejgojeers Nmcmysom

Ruhcosfed Hy0 Ruhcoamtokj Detmocs0

Msskaomtokj ki Akjsuctojg Ejgojeers Nmcmysom Yersokj Jk0 =.24

Jk.91-8 & 95-8, Nedmj Qetom =, Dmnmjsmrm Feogfts, Xepuhcosfed0 Deaenher 82=1

524?2 Lumcm Cunpur, Nmcmysom. Dmte Iorst Ruhcosfed0 =st Jkvenher 8221

Wehsote0 fttp0//www.maen.akn.ny Mutfkr0 Or. F.R. Ckko

Enmoc0 seaBmaen.pk.ny neltroakjBgnmoc.akn

http://www.acem.com.my/



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MQQKAOMTOKJ KI AKJQUCTOJG EJGOJEEXQ NMCM_QOM

Gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Ojdustry (versokj =.24) Rmge 8/8=


GMTQ ‑ Afmccejges ikr tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Rrkvoder

j Ojtrkduatokj mjd Guode ikr tfe Rrkiessokjmc

AKJTEJTQ= IXKN HXETTKJ WKKDQ TK TFE WKXCD TXMDE KXGMJOQMTOKJ 4

Hrettkj Wkkds 4

GMTT mjd tfe Emrcy Dmys 4

Tfe Urugumy Xkujd Mjd Tfe Aremtokj Ki Tfe WTK 5

8 GMTQ TFE MGXEENEJT 9

WTK mjd Tfe GMTT 9

Kvervoew ki GMTQ 7

Rmrt = ‑ Qakpe mjd Deiojotokjs 6

Rmrt OO ‑ Gejermc Khcogmtokjs ?

Rmrt OOO ‑ Qpeaoioa =2

Rmrt OY ‑ Rrkgressove Cohermcosmtokj =8Rmrts Y mjd YO ‑ Ojstotutokjmc mjd Iojmc Rrkvosokjs =8

Mjjexes =1

1 TFE RXKIEQQOKJMC QEXYOAEQ QEATKX =1

Tfe Aknneraomc Qervoaes Qeatkr oj Ojterjmtokjmc Trmde =1

Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj =5

Ossues Xecmtojg Tk Tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Quh-Qeatkr =7

Cemdojg Qervoaes Expkrters =?

4 AKJACUQOKJ 8=

Cesskjs Irkn tfe Iojmjaomc mjd Aknnujoamtokj Quh Qeatkrs 8=

Rresejt mjd Iuture Kutckkl 8=

5 XEIEXEJAEQ 8=

Iogure = ‑ Tfe –hcmal sfops„ ki Aknnkdkre Rerry 1

Iogure 8 ‑ Hrettkj Wkkds, Jew Fmnpsfore, UQM 4

Iogure 1 ‑ GMTT nuctocmtermc ojstrunejt 4

Iogure 4 ‑ Tfe Ikur Nkdes (Netfkds) ki Trmde oj Qervoaes ?

Iogure 5 ‑ Nmrlet Maaess mjd Jmtokjmc Tremtnejt ==

RMJEC = ‑ GMTT Trmde Xkujds up tk =??5 5

RMJEC 8 ‑ Tfe Urugumy Xkujds, Ley Dmtes 5

RMJEC 1 ‑ Nmoj Doiierejaes hetweej GMTT mjd tfe WTK 9

RMJEC 4 ‑ Tfe WTK OJ M JUTQFECC 7

RMJEC 5 ‑ TFE TEVT ki tfe GMTQ 6

RMJEC 9 ‑ NMXLET MAAEQQ MJD JMTOKJMC TXEMTNEJT ==

RMJEC 7 ‑ DEIOJOTOKJQ =8

RMJEC 6 ‑ Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj ikr Mrafoteaturmc mjd Ejgojeerojg Qervoaes (ARA697) =9

RMJEC ? ‑ Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj ikr Akjstruatokj & Akjstruatokj recmted wkrls (ARA 5) =9

Afmrt = ‑ Wkrcd Expkrt Irkn =?52 tk 822= =1

Afmrt 8 ‑ Qfmre ki Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt oj Ojterjmtokjmc Trmde ikr =???. =4

Afmrt 1 ‑ Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt ikr Jkrtf Mneroam (UQM & Amjmdm) =??? =4

Afmrt 4 - Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt ikr E.U. ‖hog-4‟ (UL, Irmjae, Gernmjy, Otmcy) =??? =5

Afmrt 5 ‑ Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt ikr @mpmj =??? =5

Afmrt 9 ‑ Wkrcd Qervoaes Trmde hy Xegokj (=?62-822=) =?

Afmrt 7 ‑ Qervoaes Trmde Ikr Msom (=?62 ‑ 822=) 82

Afmrt 6 ‑ Cemdojg Qervoaes Expkrters 822= 82










OJTXKDUATOKJ

Qojae tfe ejd ki tfe akcd-wmr, gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe cohermcosmtokj ki ojterjmtokjmc trmde represejted hytfe Gejermc Mgreenejt kj Trmde mjd Tmroii ( GMTT ) presoded kver m perokd ki ujpreaedejted

grkwtf oj tfe wemctf mjd wecc-heojg ki funmj-lojd. Tfe iorst 52 yemrs ki GMTT smw ojterjmtokjmc trmdeexpmjdojg irkn mhkut UQ$9= hoccokj (oj =?52) tk UQ$9 troccokj hy tfe ejd ki tfe aejtury (oj 8222)< mjdnuaf ki tfos expmjsokj oj trmde kaaurs irkn tfe =?72s< tfmt os mt tfe ejd ki tfe akcd wmr.

=. M akrkccmry

ki tfos os tfe grkwojg onpkrtmjae ki Ojterjmtokjmc trmde tk tfe eakjknoes ki jmtokjs. Ms m nemsure kiots onpkrtmjae, ojterjmtokjmc trmde akjstotute mhkut 82% mjd 12% ki tfe GDR ki @mpmj mjd tfe UQrespeatovecy (twk typoamc deveckped jmtokj)< wfoce Nmcmysom‟s (m deveckpojg jmtokj) ojterjmtokjmc trmdeos twoae tfmt ki fer GDR. Gckhmcosmtokj wotf mcc ots onpcoamtokj tfereikre os mj onpkrtmjt mgejdm oj tfeeakjknoa pkcoay mjd strmtegoa pcmjs ki jmtokjs.

Qojae tfe akjacusokj ki tfe Urugumy rkujd ki trmde jegktomtokjs, trmde oj servoaes fmve heejreaeovojg ojaremsojg mttejtokj irkn prkpkjejts ki gckhmcosmtokj mjd gkverjnejt regucmtkrs. Tfe– Gejermc Mgreenejt kj Trmde oj Qervoaes „ kr GMTQ demcs wotf ojtmjgohces (o.e. gkkds wfoaf mrejkt pfysoamc hut ojtecceatumc kr slocc rejdered suaf ms fktec mjd amterojg, eduamtokj, mjd ejgojeerojgakjsuctmjay) ms kppksed tk trmde oj gkkds ujder GMTT. Tfe ojotomc ikaus ki GMTQ tkwmrds tfe ejd ki

tfe aejtury wms kj tfe iojmjaomc mjd teceaknnujoamtokj suh-seatkrs. Akjskcodmtokj ki hmjls, ejtry kiikreogj hmjlojg ojstotutokjs mjd tfe cohermcosmtokj ki jmtokjmc teceakn nkjkpkcoes were ossues fktcydehmted mjd prkjkujaed kj hy Gkverjnejt regucmtkrs mjd tfe provmte seatkr oj hktf tfe jmtokjmc mjdojterjmtokjmc press. Despote skne reservmtokj mjdhmaltrmalojg hy Gkverjnejts espeaomccy oj cogft ki tfe=??7 eakjknoa arosos, tfe akjacuded Dkfm Nojosteromcrkujd (Jkvenher 822=) remiiorned tfe aknnotnejts kiWTK jmtokjs tk GMTQ wotf ojaremsojg spkt cogft heojgikaused kj tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh seatkr.

Rrkiessokjmc servoae prkvoders suaf ms tfe mrafoteats mjdejgojeers mre quojtessejtomccy purveykrs ki expertljkwcedge. Tfey mre mcsk trmdotokjmccy regucmted mjd

coaejsed hy jmtokjmc gkverjnejts tfe wkrcd-kver. Tfus tfe prkiessokjmc ejgojeer mjd mrafoteat wfk typoamccy cove oj mackostered wkrcd sfectered irkn tfe upfemvmcs kiojterjmtokjmc aknpetotokj wocc iojd tfos aksy mrrmjgenejtheojg ojaremsojgcy afmccejged. Oj Nmcmysom fkwever skneejgojeers mre ki tfe kpojokj tfmt tfe –hcmal sfops„ mremcremdy mt kur sfkres.

Tfos pmper os mj ojtrkduatokj tk tfe suh`eat ki gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe GMTQ ikr tfe prkiessokjmcejgojeer mjd mrafoteat wotf tfe ikcckwojg suh-tkpoas0

= Irkn Hrettkj Wkkds Tk Tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj - M hroei fostkroamc perspeatove kiGMTT, WTK mjd GMTQ)<

8 GMTQ tfe Mgreenejt ‑ Mj ojtrkduatokj tk GMTQ, ots hmsoa projaopces mjd mrtoaces ki tfe Mgreenejt)<

1 GMTQ mjd Tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoae Qeatkr ‑ Ossues pertmojojg tk tfe prkiessokjmc servoaesseatkr (mrafoteature mjd ejgojeerojg).

= Afmrt = ‑ Wkrcd Expkrt irkn =?52 tk 822= (Expkrts ki Nerafmjdose mjd Aknneraomc Qervoae).

Iogure = ‑ Tfe –hcmal sfops„ kiAknnkdkre Rerry mrrovojg mt tfe sfkres kiEdk Hmy ikraed @mpmj ojtk kpejojg trmde wotftfe West oj =651.



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Iogure 8 ‑ Hrettkj Wkkds, Jew Fmnpsfore,UQM M neetojg pcmae ikr reakjstruatokj mjdikrnmtokj ki m pkst-wmr eakjknoa krder mjd tfe

hortfpcmae ki tfe Wkrcd Hmjl mjd tfe ONI oj =?44.

okjmc trmde irkn =?46 ujtoc tfe estmhcosfnejt ki

tfe WTK oj =??5.

Iogure 1 ‑ GMTT nuctocmtermc

ojstrunejt gkverjed ojterjmt-

= IXKN HXETTKJ WKKDQ TK TFE WKXCD TXMDE KXGMJOQMTOKJ

Hrettkj Wkkds Tfe seeds ki GMTT were skwj oj@ucy =?44 wfere 44 akujtroes net mt Hrettkj Wkkds tk

afmrt kut m jew pkst-wmr eakjknoa krder. Iresf irkntfe devmstmtokj ki Wkrcd Wmr OO, tfe kver-rodojgakjaerj wms pkst-wmr reakjstruatokj mjd tfeestmhcosfnejt ki m jew eakjknoa krder hmsed kjjktokjs ki akjsejsumc deaosokj nmlojg mjdakkpermtokj oj trmde mjd eakjknoa recmtokjs< kr mnuctocmtermc irmnewkrl tk kverakne tfe destmhocozmtokjeiieats ki prevokus gckhmc eakjknoa depressokj mjdtrmde arosos wfoaf were tfkugft tk fmve akjtrohuted tkWWOO. Tfe =?44 neetojg resucted oj tfe estmhcosfnejtki tfe –Hrettkj Wkkds Ojstotutokjs„< tfe –Wkrcd Hmjl„(–WH„) mjd tfe –Ojterjmtokjmc Nkjetmry Iujd„(–ONI„). Tfe krogojmc Hrettkj Wkkds mgreenejt kr

irmnewkrl ojacuded pcmjs ikr mj –Ojterjmtokjmc TrmdeKrgmjosmtokj„ (–OTK„) wfoaf wms mnhotokus oj otssakpe mjd mon ki gckhmc trmde cohermcosmtokj. Orkjoamccytfe OTK wfoaf wms strkjgcy suppkrted hy tfe UjotedQtmtes gkverjnejt wms tk suiier strkjg kppksotokjirkn tfe UQ Akjgress, mjd oj =?52 tfe Mneroamj

Gkverjnejt mjjkujaed tfmt ot wocc jkt iurtfer seel rmtoioamtokj irkn Akjgress wfoaf eiieatovecy locced otms m UJ afmrter.

GMTT mjd tfe Emrcy Dmys Evej oj tfe emrcy dmys ot wms evodejt tfmt tfe OTK afmrter wms tk imaekppksotokj irkn nmjy jmtokjmc cegoscmtures. Oj =?46 mt m UJ akjierejae kj trmde mjd enpckynejt ojFmvmjm, tfe OTK afmrter wms kiioaomccy mdkpted. Jktwotfstmjdojg (kr despote) tfe ossues ki rmtoioamtokjhy jmtokjmc gkverjnejts, 81 akujtroes (kut ki tfe tfej 52 kdd pmrtoaopmtojg akujtroes) tfmt fmd

prkaeeded wotf nuctocmtermc jegktomtokjs kj austkns tmroiis emrcoer oj =?49, mgreed tk skne ki tfetrmde ruces ki tfe OTK afmrter ms m hmsos ikr tfeor trmde jegktomtokjs. Tfos aknhojed pmalmge ki trmderuces mjd tmroii akjaessokjs amne tk he ljkwj ms tfe –Gejermc Mgreenejt kj Trmde mjd Tmroiis„ mjdtfe krogojmc 81 akujtroes heamne ikujdojg nenhers ki GMTT (kr tfe –akjtrmatojg pmrtoes„). GMTT msm –prkvosokjmc„ mgreenejt kiioaomccy amne ojtk ikrae oj @mjumry =?46 mjd ot renmojed tfe kjcynuctocmtermc ojstrunejt gkverjojg ojterjmtokjmc trmde irkn =?46 ujtoc tfe estmhcosfnejt ki tfe WkrcdTrmde Krgmjosmtokj (WTK) oj =??5.

Ikr fmci m aejtury tfe cegmc text ki tfe GMTT renmojedujafmjged ms per tfe =?46 mgreenejt. Mddotokjs oj tfeikrn ki –pcuro-cmtermc„ mgreenejts (o.e. vkcujtmrynenhersfop) wotf iurtfer eiikrts kj reduatokj ki trmdetmroiis were tfe pronmry mgejdm durojg tfe emrcy dmys.Nuaf ki tfese mgreenejts were mafoeved tfrkugf m

seroes ki –nuctocmtermc„ jegktomtokjs ljkwj ms –trmderkujds„. Tfe emrcy dmys ki trmde rkujds akjaejtrmted kjtmroii reduatokjs hut hy tfe nod =?92s jkj tmroii ossuesstmrted tk mssert tfensecves ojtk tfe mgejdm. TfeLejjedy rkujd (=?94 tk =?97) ojacuded ‖Mjto-Dunpojg‟nemsures mjd oj pmrtoaucmr tfe Tklyk rkujd (=?71 tk=?7?), wfoaf ojacuded mgreenejt kj jkj-tmroii hmrroers, wms sogjoioamjt. Tfe Tklyk rkujd ojvkcved=28 akujtroes mjd nmrled tfe pkojt wfere deveckpojg akujtroes eiieatovecy amne tk he ojacuded oj tfeGMTT ikrun.










RMJEC 8 ‑ Tfe Urugumy Xkujds, Ley Dmtes

Qept 69 Rujtm dec Este ‑ Cmujaf

Dea 66 Nkjtremc ‑ Nojosteromc nod-tern revoew

Mproc 6? Gejevm ‑ Nod-tern revoew aknpceted

Dea ?2 Hrussecs ‑ –Acksojg„ nojosteromc neetojg ejds oj demdckal

Dea ?= Gejevm ‑ Iorst drmit ki Iojmc Mat aknpceted

Jkv ?8 Wmsfojgtkj ‑ UQ mjd EA mafoeve –Hcmor Fkuse„ maakrd kj mgroaucture

@ucy ?1 Tklyk ‑ –]umd „ mafoeve nmrlet maaess hremltfrkugf mt G7 sunnot

Dea ?1 Gejevm ‑ Nkst jegktomtokjs ejd (wotf skne nmrlet maaess tmclsrenmojojg)

Mproc ?4 Nmrrmlesf ‑ Mgreenejts sogjed

@mj ?5 Gejevm ‑ Aremtokj ki tfe WTK, mgreenejts amne ojtk ikrae.

(Irkn ‖Trmdojg ojtk tfe iuture‟ hy tfe WTK, Mproc =???)

Tfe Urugumy Xkujd Mjd TfeAremtokj Ki Tfe WTK Tfe GMTT

presode kver fmci m aejtury ki grkwtf ojwkrcd trmde mjd GDR durojg tfe =?52s mjd

=?92s (grkwtf ikr ojterjmtokjmc trmdemvermged 6% durojg tfe perokd nejtokjed).Tfe akjtojumc reduatokj ki tmroiis ujderGMTT ejsured tfmt ojterjmtokjmc trmdeakjsostejtcy kutpmaed GDR grkwtf mjd hytfe Urugumy rkujds, tfe rusf ikrnenhersfop tk tfe GMTT occustrmtes otsreakgjotokj ms mj mjafkr ki deveckpnejtmjd ejgoje ki eakjknoa grkwtf. Fkweverms wkrcd trmde grkws, GMTT heamne mvoaton ki ots kwj suaaess. Oj tfe =?72s mjd=?62s, m seroes ki reaessokj, ckwer tmroiismjd fogfer ikreogj aknpetotokj drkve

gkverjnejts (espeaomccy irkn tfedeveckped akujtroes) tk devose ktfer ikrnski prkteatokj ikr seatkrs imaojg ojaremsojgikreogj aknpetotokj. Quaf ikrns ki –jek-prkteatokjosn„ ojacude seelojg hocmtermcnmrlet sfmrojg mrrmjgenejts wotfaknpetotkrs, ojstotutojg jew ikrns kiTeafjoamc Hmrroer tk Trmde (THT), mjd nkstdmnmgojg ki mcc ejgmgojg oj mj everojaremsojg suhsodoes rmae ikr tfemgroaucture seatkr.

Hy tfe =?62s, tfe GMTT wms imaojg

prkhcens ki recevmjay due tk m wkrcd afmjged sojae ots ojaeptokj 42 yemrs mgk. Tfe ejvorkjnejt ikrtrmde pkcoaoes wms deterokrmtojg< wkrcd trmde wms jkw nuaf nkre onpkrtmjt ms m aknpkjejt ki GDRmjd wms nkre aknpcex aknpmred tk tfe =?42s. Trmde oj servoaes mjd tfe expmjsokj ki arkss-hkrderojvestnejt fmd mcsk heakne nm`kr ossues ki ojterest. Oj ktfer wkrds, GMTT wms ikujd wmjtojg<ckkpfkces oj ots nuctocmtermcmgreenejt wms femvocyexpckoted mjd evej otsojstotutokjmc struature mjddospute settcenejt weregovojg amuse ikr akjaerj. Otwms mgmojst tfoshmalgrkujd tfmt tfeUrugumy rkujd wms

akjvejed hy GMTTnenhers wotf tfe mon tkreikrn, reojikrae mjdextejd tfe nuctocmtermcsysten. Tfe Urugumyrkujds tfmt tkkl sevej mjdm fmci yemrs tk aknpcete(twoae ots krogojmc safeduce)kveramne ots doiioauct mjdakjtejtokus hegojjojg tkakjacude wotf tfeNmrrmlesf deacmrmtokj ki=??4 mjd tfe ikrnmtokj ki tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj (WTK) oj =??5.

_emr Rcmae /Jmne

Quh`eats akvered Akujtroes

=?47 Gejevm Tmroiis 81

=?4? Mjjeay Tmroiis =1

=?5= Tkrqumy Tmroiss 16

=?59 Gejevm Tmroiis 89

=?92 ‑ =?9=

Gejevm(Docckjrkujds)

Tmroiis 89

=?94 ‑ =?97

Gejevm(Lejjedyrkujds)

Tmroiis mjd Mjto-Dunpojg Nemsures

98

=?71 ‑

=?7?

Gejevm

(Tklykrkujds)

Tmroiis mjd jkj-tmroii

nemsures –irmne-wkrl„ mgreenejt.

=28

=?69 ‑ =??4

Gejevm(Urugumyrkujds)

Tmroiis, jkj-tmroiinemsures, ruces,servoaes (GMTQ),ojtecceatumc prkpertyrogfts (TXORQ),dospute settcenejt,textoces, mgroaucture,aremtokj ki tfe WTK.

=81

RMJEC = ‑ GMTT Trmde Xkujds up tk =??5(Irkn ‖Trmdojg ojtk tfe iuture‟ hy tfe WTK, Mproc =???)










Tfe Urugumy rkujd fmd tfe dostojatokj ki heojg tfe cmrgest trmde jegktomtokj ki mjy lojd oj fostkry mjdsogjmcced m jew eakjknoa erm oj tfe fostkry ki funmj aovocosmtokj. Ki pmrtoaucmr ojterest os tfe ojacusokjki ‖huoct-oj‟ mgejdm ikr kjgkojg jegktomtokjs ikr tfe GMTQ ikr tfe pkst -Urugumy erm (mjd heikre tfestmrt ki mjy jew trmde rkujds). Maakrdojgcy tfe jewcy estmhcosfed WTK ojstotuted Nojosteromc

Akjierejaes wfere seatkrmc ossues were tmalced. Ikur Nojosteromc Akjierejaes fmve heej fecd sojae<Qojgmpkre (Dea-?9), Gejevm (Nmy-?6), Qemttce (Dea-??) mjd Dkfm (Jkv-2=) wfere tfeteceaknnujoamtokj mjd iojmjaomc suh-seatkrs ujder tfe (GMTQ) servoaes seatkr reaeoved ojtejsemttejtokj.

8 GMTQ TFE MGXEENEJT

WTK mjd Tfe GMTT Wotf tfe msaejsokj ki tfe WTK, tfe pksotokj ki tfe GMTT fms sknetones

heej m nmtter ki akjiusokj. M hroei expcmjmtokj ki tfe hmsoa struature mjd ikrn ki tfe WTK oj tfosseatokj, sfkucd perfmps cemd tk m hetter ujderstmjdojg ki tfe GMTQ.

Tfe kcd GMTT ki tfe =?47 text os demd!! Fkwever m jew GMTT terned GMTT =??4 coves ms tfesuaaesskr tk tfe kcd GMTT. Tfe WTK oj essejae os rmdoamccy doiierejt irkn tfe kcd GMTT hut mcsk

ojakrpkrmtes tfe akre projaopces ki tfe kcd GMTT. Tfe nmoj doiierejaes hetweej tfe kcd GMTT systenmjd tfe WTK amj he costed oj tfe ikcckwojg pmjec heckw (Rmjec 1)0

RMJEC 1 ‑ Nmoj Doiierejaes hetweej GMTT mjd tfe WTK

GMTT =?47 ‑ =??5 WTK< =??5

GMTT wms md fka mjd ‖prkvosokjmc‟ (o.e. ot wmsjkt kr nemjt tk he pernmjejt). Tfe Gejermc Mgreenejt durojg ots exostejae fmd jeverheej rmtoioed hy jmtokjmc pmrcomnejts mjd otakjtmojed jk prkvosokj ikr tfe aremtokj ki mj

krgmjosmtokj.

Tfe WTK mjd ots mgreenejt mre pernmjejtmjd fms skujd cegmc hmsos ikr ots exostejae. Otsmgreenejt fms heej rmtoioed hy ots Nenhersmjd tfe mgreenejt tfensecves desarohed fkwtfe WTK os krgmjosed.

GMTT fmd –akjtrmatojg pmrtoes„ ujdersakrojgots stmtus ms m purecy cegmc text.

Tfe WTK fms –Nenhers„ ujdersakrojg otsstmtus ms m cegmccy akjstotuted krgmjosmtokj.

GMTT kjcy demct wotf trmde oj gkkds. Tfe WTK akvers servoaes, ojtecceatumcprkperty ms wecc ms gkkds.

Due tk tfe ‖prkvosokjmc‟ mjd ‖akjtrmatumc‟jmture ki tfe GMTT, dospute settcenejt wmssckw mjd nmy jkt fmve strkjg cegmc stmjdojg.

Tfe WTK dospute settcenejt systen os imster,nkre mutknmtoa mjd ot‟s rucojg amjjkt hehckaled.


Hktf GMTT mjd GMTQ wfoaf akjstotute tfe cmrgest mrems ki trmde sfmre m aknnkj tfree pmrt kutcoje

(Rmjec 4) ms ikcckws0

Tfe Hmsoa Rrojaopces set kut hrkmd projaopces gkverjojg tfe mgreenejt mjd tfese ojacude–NIJ„ projaopce ki jkj-dosaronojmtokj<

Mddotokjmc Detmocs mre mjjexes mjd mddotokjmc mgreenejts demcojg wotf speaoioarequorenejts ki seatkrs kr ossues< mjd

Nmrlet Maaess Aknnotnejts mre cejgtfy costs ki aknnotnejts nmde hy ojdovodumcakujtroes mcckwojg speaoioa ikreogj prkduats kr servoae-prkvoders maaess tk tfeor nmrlets. IkrGMTQ tfese ojacude nmrlet maaess ikr type ki servoaes, jmture mjd/kr conotmtokjs tk maaessmjd cost ki servoaes wfere tfe projaopces ki –NIJ„ dk jkt mppcy.










Kvervoew ki GMTQ Tfe GMTQ ms m cegmc dkaunejt akjsosts ki 8? mrtoaces (18 oi tfree hos mrtoaces

mre akujted sepmrmtecy) grkuped ojtk iove pmrts. Eogft mjjexes demcojg wotf speaoioa ossues mre mcskojacuded. Wotfkut decvojg ojtk tfe detmocs ki tfe cegmc text, tfe Mgreenejt amj he hrkmdcy desarohed ojtfe ikcckwojg khèatoves mjd projaopces (wfoaf mre mcsk akjtmojed oj tfe premnhce tk tfe Mgreenejt)0

Trmde oj Qervoaes GMTQ tfkugf hmsed gejermccy kj tfe struature mjd hmsoa projaopces kiGMTT os mcsk doiierejt oj iujdmnejtmc wmys. Ojterjmtokjmc trmde os jkrnmccy ujderstkkd tk

ojvkcve kjcy tfe nkvenejt ki gkkds. Fkwever tfe ojterjmtokjmc trmde oj servoaes (wfoaf fmdheej grkwojg oj onpkrtmjae ikr tfe pmst deamde ‑ tfe cmst pmrt ki tfe seroes wocc demc wotfskne stmtostoas mjd onpkrtmjae ki tfe servoaes trmde) ojacude sogjoioamjt doiierejaes ojnetfkds tfmt amjjkt he akvered ujder GMTT. Ikr exmnpce tfe decovery ki servoaes kitejrequores tfe pfysoamc presejae ki tfe perskj kr aknpmjy suppcyojg tfe servoaes. Tfus GMTQos nkre aknprefejsove oj ots deiojotokj ki trmde mjd ojacude arkss hkrder trmjsmatokjs mjd tfenkvenejt ki ‖jmturmc perskjs‟. Tfe iorst premnhce tk tfe Mgreenejt miiorns tfe onpkrtmjae kitfe ojterjmtokjmc servoaes trmde mjd seels tfe expmjsokj ki tfe servoaes trmde.

Rrkgressove Cohermcosmtokj mjd Rrknktokj ki Eakjknoa Grkwtf Tfe seakjd mjd tfordpremnhces set kut tfe projaopce ki prkgressove cohermcosmtokj ki tfe servoaes trmde hysuaaessove rkujds ki jegktomtokjs. Nenher akujtroes cohermcosed oj stmges oj maakrdmjae wotftfeor dknestoa mgejdm kr eakjknoa pkcoay. Tfe prknktokj ki cohermcosmtokj oj tfe servoaestrmde os mcsk fkped tk prknkte eakjknoa deveckpnejt ki Nenher akujtroes sonocmr tk tfe

GMTT ikr tfe pmst fmci aejtury.

Cohermcosmtokj jkt Deregucmtokj Tfe nkst akjtejtokus kpojokj pertmojojg tk GMTQ os tfeperaeoved jeed tk deregucmte tfe servoaes ojdustry. Tfe ikurtf premnhce reakgjoses tfe rogftki Nenhers tk ‖regucmte mjd ojtrkduae jmtokjmc regucmtokjs kj tfe servoaes ojdustry tk neetjmtokjmc pkcoay khèatoves mjd govej msynnetroes‟ (kr dostkrtokjs due tk govej kr exostojgpkcoaoes suaf ms gkverjnejt nkjkpkcoes kj tfe servoaes trmde ‑ wfoaf os m aknnkjpfejknejkj evej oj deveckped akujtroes) ‖exostojg wotf respeat tk tfe degree kideveckpnejt ki servoaes regucmtokj oj doiierejt akujtroes ‟.

Tfe GMTQ tfereikre nmles m dostojatokj hetweej trmde hmrroers tfmt dostkrt aknpetotokj mjdrestroats maaess tk nmrlets kj tfe kje fmjd, mjd regucmtokjs wfoaf mre jeaessmry tk pursuecegotonmte pkcoay khèatoves mjd ejsure krdercy iujatokjojg ki nmrlets. Ikr exmnpceonpksotokj ki teafjoamc stmjdmrds os cegotonmte rogfts wfocst restroatojg tfe ejtry kr nkvenejt

RMJEC 4 ‑ Tfe WTK OJ M JUTQFECC Tfe hmsoa struature ki tfe WTK Mgreenejts.

Gkkds QervoaesOjtecceatumc

Rrkperty

Dosputes

Hmsoaprojaopces

GMTT GMTQ TXORQDospute

Qettcenejt

Mddotokjmcdetmocs

Ktfer gkkdsmgreenejt

mjd mjjexes

Qervoaesmjjexes

Nmrlet maaessAknnotnejts

Akujtroes‟safeduces kiaknnotnejts

Akujtroes‟safeduces kiaknnotnejts

mjd NIJ

exenptokjs











ki Ikreogj Qervoae prkvoders wkucd he akjsodered hmrroers oj trmde. Mrtoace YOOO tkuafes kj tfestoaly tkpoa ki jmtokjmc nkjkpkcoes hy requorojg tfmt suaf nkjkpkcoes (oi exostojg heikre GMTQaknnotnejts) sfkucd jkt mat ojakjsostejtcy wotf m Nenher‟s NIJ‟s khcogmtokjs kr ots speaoioaaknnotnejts kr mhuse ots

nkjkpkcostoa pksotokj.Ojaremsojg Rmrtoaopmtokj kiDeveckpojg Akujtroes Tfe ioitfpremnhce reakgjoses tfe stmtus mjdjmture ki deveckpojg akujtroes mjdmiiorns Nenhers‟ desore tk imaocotmteojaremsojg pmrtoaopmtokj kideveckpojg akujtroes hy nemsurestk strejgtfej tfe ampmaoty, eiioaoejaymjd aknpetotovejess ki tfe dknestoaservoaes ojdustry oj deveckpojgakujtroes.

Qtmtus ki Cemst-DeveckpedAkujtroes Tfe cmst premnhce tmle pmrtoaucmr maakujt ki tfe serokusdoiioaucty ki tfe cemst-deveckpedakujtroes oj voew ki tfeor speaomceakjknoa sotumtokj mjd tfeordeveckpnejt, trmde mjd iojmjaomcjeeds.

Rmrt = ‑ Qakpe mjd Deiojotokjs Tfeakvermge ki GMTQ os wode mjd ujoversmc mjdojacude nemsures tmlej mt mcc cevecs ki tfe aejtrmc, regokjmc kr ckamc gkverjnejts mjd mutfkrotoes mjdjkj-gkverjnejt hkdoes (JGKs). Qervoaes mre mcsk deiojed ms mjy servoaes oj mjy seatkr exaept

servoaes suppcoed oj tfe exeraose ki gkverjnejt mutfkrotoes (suaf ms aejtrmc hmjlojg, skaomc seaurotysafene eta) wfoaf mre deiojed ms servoaes suppcoed jkt kj m aknneraomc hmsos jkr oj aknpetotokj wotfktfer servoaes prkvoder (Mrtoace O.1 (a) ). Mrtoace O deiojes oj aknprefejsove terns (m nm`kr dovergejaeirkn GMTT) ikur nkdes ki suppcy0

Nkde = ‑ Arkss Hkrder Quppcy os tfe nkst aknnkj nkde mjd nkst sonocmr tk tfe trmde ojgkkds ujder GMTT. Ot deiojes suppcy irkn tfe terrotkry ki m Nenher ojtk tfe terrotkry kimjktfer Nenher. Oj tfos amse presejae ki jmturmc perskj kr aknneraomc presejae os jktjeaessmrocy requored. Exmnpces ki Nkde = trmde ojacude tfe prkvosokj ki desogj/drmitojgservoaes, tfe smces ki ojsurmjae akvermge mjd hmal kiioae kpermtokj. Due tk tfe mhsejae kijmturmc perskj kr aknneraomc presejae, desogj wmrrmjty nmy akjtrkversomccy jkt he ojacudedoj skne amse (ms desogj wmrrmjty tk m aertmoj extejt requores presejae kr resodejay ikr otseiieatove ejikraemhocoty). Akjtrmry tk tfe expeatmtokj ki nkst mrafoteats mjd ejgojeers, Nkde= trmde nmy oj imat he nkre prevmcejt tfmj tfkugft mjd nmjy prkiessokjmc servoae prkvoders

nmy mcremdy he akjduatojg Nkde = trmde wotfkut heojg mwmre. Tfe grkwtf ki eceatrkjoatrmjsnossokj mjd tfe Ojterjet os mcsk m imaocotmtkr tk Nkde = trmde.

Nkde 8 ‑ Akjsunptokj Mhrkmd os tfe suppcy ki servoae ‖oj tfe terrotkry ki kje Nenher tktfe servoae akjsuner ki mjktfer Nenher‟. Tfos typoamccy ojvkcves tfe trmvec ki tfe akjsunertk tfe suppcyojg akujtry, perfmps ikr tkurosn kr tk mttejd mj eduamtokjmc ojstotute, krmttejdmjae oj m teafjoamc akjierejae kr senojmr.

Nkde 1 ‑ Aknneraomc Rresejae os tfe suppcy ki servoae hy m represejtmtove kiioae, hrmjafkiioae, ikreogj suhsodomry, kr ikreogj `kojt vejture aknpmjy oj tfe terrotkry ki mjktfer Nenher.Nkde 1 os tfe nkst doiioauct mjd akjtejtokus ossue ms hmrroers tk aknneraomc presejae ojacudejmtokjmc cegoscmtokj mjd akrpkrmte coaejsojg requorenejts. Oj nmjy deveckped mjd deveckpojgakujtroes ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoae prkvoders mre peraeoved tk onpmat kj puhcoasmiety mjd tfe puhcoa ojterest. Tfey mre tfereikre regucmted mjd coaejsed. Quaf regostrmtokj kr

RMJEC 5 ‑ TFE TEVT ki tfe GMTQ

Rmrt O Qakpe mjd Deiojotokj (Mrtoace O)

Rmrt OO Gejermc Khcogmtokjs (Mrtoaces OO tk VY)

Rmrt OOO Qpeaoioa Aknnotnejts (Mrtoaces VYO tk VYOOO)

Rmrt OY Rrkgressove Cohermcosmtokj (Mrtoaces VOV tkVVO)

Rmrt Y Ojstotutokjmc Rrkvosokjs (Mrtoaces VVOO tk VVYO)

Rmrt YO Iojmc Rrkvosokjs (Mrtoaces VVYOO tk VVOV)

Mjjexes kj

O Mrtoace OO Exenptokj

OO Nkvenejt ki Jmturmc Rerskjs QuppcyojgQervoaes ujder tfe Mgreenejt

OOO Iojmjaomc Qervoaes

OY Iojmjaomc Qervoaes (8jd

Mjjex)

Y Jegktomtokjs kj Nmrotone Trmjspkrt Qervoaes

YO Teceaknnujoamtokjs

YOO Jegktomtokjs kj Hmsoa Teceaknnujoamtokjs

(Irkn ‖Gejermc Mgreenejt kj Trmde oj Qervoaes‟ WTK)








Gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Ojdustry (versokj =.24) Rmge ?/8=


coaejsojg requorenejts eiieatovecy ikrae tfe prkvosokj ki akjsuctojg servoaes tk he oj Nkde 1 krNkde 4. Nkde = os tfereikre kjcy mppcoamhce wfere hmal kiioae desogj mjd/kr drmitojg servoaesmre prkvoded. Nkde 1 os mcsk akjsodered tk fmve tfe nkst pktejtomc oj iuture deveckpnejt.

Nkde 4 ‑ Rresejae ki Jmturmc Rerskj os tfe suppcy ki servoae hy tfe presejae ki m jmturmc

perskj kr oj sonpce terns tfe mdnossokj ki jmtokjmcs oj tfe suppcy ki servoaes. Nkde 1sknetones dk jkt requore tfe presejae ki jmturmc perskjs hut oj nkst amses Nkde 1 wocc heikujd tkgetfer wotf Nkde 4 (tfe pcmaenejt ki ikreogj nmjmgeromc stmii kr stmii wotf expertljkwcedge oj tfe ikreogj suhsodomry/ hrmjaf kiioae /represejtmtove kiioae eta.).

© Or. F.R. Ckko Nkde = ‑ Arkss Hkrder Quppcy © Or. F.R. Ckko Nkde 8 ‑ Akjsunptokj Mhrkmd

© Or. F.R. Ckko Nkde 1 ‑ Aknneraomc Rresejae © Or. F.R. Ckko Nkde 4 ‑ Rresejae ki Jmturmc Rerskj

Iogure 4 ‑ Tfe Ikur Nkdes (Netfkds) ki Trmde oj Qervoaes

Rmrt OO ‑ Gejermc Khcogmtokjs akvers Mrtoaces OO tk VY wfoaf sets kut tfe gejermc khcogmtokjs

ujder GMTQ. Tfese hmsoa khcogmtokjs (kr ruces) mppcy tk mcc Nenhers mjd, ikr tfe nkst pmrt, tk mccservoaes mjd tk m cmrge extejt ikcckw GMTT prkvosokjs ki wfoaf tfe nkst onpkrtmjt mre costed msikcckws0

Nkst Imvkured Jmtokj (Mrtoace OO.=) m projaopce deroved irkn GMTT ruces, msserts tfmt emafNenher sfmcc maakrd onnedomte mjd ujakjdotokjmc tremtnejt equmccy tk mcc Nenher akujtroes.

NIJ projaopces mre fkwever qumcoioed hy exenptokjs wfere Nenhers mre pernotted tk mppcyikr tenpkrmry exenptokjs tk Mrtoace OO.= wotf tfe prkvosk tfmt suaf exenptokjs sfmcc he suh`eattk m stmted tone conot (jkt nkre tfmj =2 yemrs irkn tfe dmte ki tfe GMTQ, wfoaf os =??5).

Trmjspmrejay (Mrtoace OOO) requores tfe puhcoamtokj ki mcc nemsures pertmojojg tk tfe servoaestrmde< mcc puhcosfed dkaunejts tk he ireecy mvmocmhce mjd requests ikr ojikrnmtokj irknNenher ikr speaoioa ojikrnmtokj kj nemsures sfkucd he prknptcy mjswered. Mrtoace OOO mcskrequores Nenhers tk estmhcosf kje kr nkre ejquory pkojts ikr dossenojmtokj ki ojikrnmtokj tkktfer Nenhers kj ejquory.

Ojaremsojg Rmrtoaopmtokj ki Deveckpojg Akujtroes (Mrtoace OY) mddresses tfe doiierejaehetweej deveckpojg akujtroes mjd deveckped akujtroes. Deveckpojg akujtroes mreejakurmged tk pmrtoaopmte hy prkgressove cohermcosmtokj ki speaoioa aknnotnejts tfrkugfjegktomtokj rkujds mjd tfe ikaus kj ampmaoty huocdojg (Mrtoace OY.=) wfocst deveckped akujtroes








Gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Ojdustry (versokj =.24) Rmge =2/8=


mre requested tk ‖estmhcosf akjtmat pkojts‟ imaocotmtojg maaess tk ojikrnmtokj recmtojg tk tfeorservoaes nmrlets (Mrtoace OY.8). Qpeaomc nejtokjed os costed oj Mrtoace OY.1 kj tfe stmtus kicemst-deveckped akujtroes.

Eakjknoa Ojtegrmtokj Mrtoace Y kj ‖Eakjknoa Ojtegrmtokj‟ os nkdecced miter Mrtoace VVOY ki

GMTT. Ot mcckws mjd reakgjoses tfe rogfts ki Nenhers tk ikrn mccomjaes kr hocmtermcmgreenejt mnkjg tfensecves prkvoded tfmt suaf hocmtermc mgreenejt (m) fmve suhstmjtomcseatkromc akvermge mjd (h) suhstmjtomccy prknktes tfe cohermcosmtokj ki servoaes trmde (kreakjknoa ojtegrmtokj) hetweej sogjmtkry Nenhers ki tfe mgreenejt (Mrtoace Y.=). Tfeakjdotokjs ikr mpprkvmc ki suaf mgreenejt ikr deveckpojg akujtroes mre govej skne icexohocotyhy tmlojg ojtk akjsodermtokj tfe remcoty ki eakjknoa akjdotokjs mjd ktfer imatkrs (Mrtoace Y.1).Quaf mgreenejt sfkucd mcsk he prknptcy repkrted tk tfe ‖Akujaoc ikr Trmde oj Qervoaes‟. Mrtoace Y os mcsk mj exenptokj tk Mrtoace OO NIJ tremtnejt ikr jkj-Nenhers ki suaf hocmtermcmgreenejt. Mj exmnpce ki suaf mgreenejt wkucd he tfe ‖MQEMJ Iree Trmde Mrem‟ (MITM).

Dknestoa Xegucmtokjs Mrtoace YO miiorns tfe rogft ki Nenhers tk nmojtmoj teafjoamcstmjdmrds, mdnojostrmtove kr coaejsojg prkaedures oj regucmtojg tfe seatkrs wfere speaoioaaknnotnejts fmve heej nmde. Quaf nemsures sfmcc he nmojtmojed oj mj khèatove,

remskjmhce mjd onpmrtomc nmjjer (Mrtoace YO.=). Mrtoace YO.4 oj pmrtoaucmr expmjd kj tfe jeedikr teafjoamc stmjdmrds, coaejsojg prkaedures, mjd qumcoioamtokjs he hmsed kj khèatove mjdtrmjspmrejt aroterom, jkt nkre hurdejskne tfmj jeaessmry mjd hy tfensecves jkt mrestroatokj tk tfe suppcy ki servoae. Mrtoace YOO.5 tkuafes kj tfe jeed ikr fmrnkjosmtokj tkojterjmtokjmc stmjdmrds. Mrtoace YO.8 requores Nenhers tk nmojtmoj kr ojstotute trohujmcs(ùdoaomc, mrhotrmc kr mdnojostrmtove) ms m afmjjec ikr prkvodojg revoew mjd renedy kjmccegmtokjs hrkugft hy mggroeved servoae prkvoders kj nemsures ki dknestoa regucmtokjs.

Nkjkpkcostoa Husojess Rrmatoaes Mrtoace YOOO os sonocmr tk GMTT‟s Mrtoace VYOO kj stmtetrmdojg. Qtmte nkjkpkcoes kr nkjkpkcoes due tk jmtokjmc pkcoaoes kr pcmjjojg requorenejts(suaf ms aejtrmc hmjl, utocoty nkjkpkcy, skaomc seauroty ojsurmjae) mre govej due reakgjotokjujder Mrtoace YOOO mjd suaf nkjkpkcoes mre requored tk respeat NIJ khcogmtokjs mjd speaoioaaknnotnejts< mjd jkt tk mhuse ots nkjkpkcostoa pksotokj.

Rmynejts mjd Trmjsiers Mrtoace VO gumrmjtees tfmt tfere sfmcc he jk restroatokjs ikrojterjmtokjmc pmynejts mjd trmjsiers ikr trmjsmatokjs recmtojg tk speaoioa aknnotnejts kiNenhers exaept ujder aoraunstmjaes ki Mrtoace VOO (o.e. wfej m Nenher experoejae serokushmcmjae-ki-pmynejts mjd exterjmc iojmjaomc doiioauctoes).

Gkverjnejt Rrkaurenejt Ujder Mrtoace VOOO gkverjnejt‟s purafmse ki servoaes ikr ots kwjuse os exenpt irkn hmsoa GMTQ khcogmtokj. Fkwever jegktomtokjs Mrtoace VOOO.8 speaoiy tfmtjegktomtokjs kj gkverjnejt prkaurenejt oj servoaes sfkucd stmrt twk yemrs irkn tfe WTKmgreenejt (wfoaf wkucd nmle ejd =??9 tfe hmse yemr ikr aknnejaenejt kj jegktomtokjs ojkpejojg up gkverjnejt prkaurenejt.

Rmrt OOO ‑ Qpeaoioa Aknnotnejts set kut ruces wfoaf tkgetfer wotf tfe hmsoa amtegkroes ki

servoaes costed (kr safeduced) deioje ojdovodumc aknnotnejts ki Nenhers tk mdnot Ikreogj Qervoae

prkvoders. Tfe tfree Mrtoaces (VYO tk VYOOO) demc nmojcy wotf nmrlet maaess mjd jmtokjmc tremtnejt.Tfe nmoj projaopce ki Rmrt OOO deiojes equmc tremtnejt (NIJ) tk mcc servoae prkvoders ikreogj kr ckamc ojterns ki nmrlet maaess mjd jmtokjmc tremtnejt kjcy ikr safeduced seatkrs (o.e. seatkrs wfoaf mreaknnotted ikr kpejojg). Nenhers mre requored tk speaoiy conotmtokjs tk nmrlet maaess mjd jmtokjmctremtnejt oj speaoioa aknnotnejt costs.

Tfe hoggest doiierejae hetweej GMTT mjd GMTQ aknnotnejts os tfmt tfe rogft tk equmc jmtokjmctremtnejt ikr servoaes os restroated wfocst jmtokjmc tremtnejt ikr nerafmjdose mppcoes equmccy tk mcc,kjae m prkduat kr nerafmjdose fms gmoj nmrlet maaess. Tfe remskj ikr tfos doiierejtomc tremtnejt ostfmt0 ejtry ki gkkds (GMTT) ojtk jmtokjmc nmrlet amj stocc he akjtrkcced hy onpkrt dutoes, qumjtotmtoverestroatokjs, mjd ktfer hkrder nemsures, wfocst (ujder GMTQ) kjae ikreogj servoae prkvoder gmojsejtry ojtk jmtokjmc nmrlet (pmrtoaucmrcy wfere servoaes mre prkvoded hy aknneraomc ejtoty kr perskjmcpresejae) wocc oj prmatoae ej`ky vortumccy iree maaess tk tfmt nmrlet oi govej jmtokjmc tremtnejt.








Gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Ojdustry (versokj =.24) Rmge ==/8=


Io ure 5 ‑ Nmrlet Maaess mjd Jmtokjmc Tremtnejt © Or. F.R. Ckko @mj-21

RMJEC 9 ‑ NMXLET MAAEQQ MJD JMTOKJMC TXEMTNEJT

= Nmrlet Maaess demcs wotf tfe ejtry ki ikreogj Q.R. ojtk ckamc (jmtokjmc) nmrlets. Wferenmrlet maaess os aknnotted conotmtokjs nmy he onpksed, typoamccy ms ikcckws (tfe soxconotmtokjs ujder Mrtoace VYO.8 ikrn tfe hmsos hut jkt costed oj krogojmc ikrnmt ikr emsoerdogestokj hy tfe cmynmj)0

Aknnotnejt (‖jkje‟ kr ‖hojd ‟) kr jk aknnotnejt (‖ujhkujd ‟) tk prkvode maaess ikr speaoioaseatkr kr seatkrs<

Xestroatokj kj tfe junher ki ikreogj Q.R. mcckwed<

Ikreogj ojvestnejt mjd equoty sfmrefkcdojg ruces<Aknpmjy regostrmtokj ruces wfoaf nmy set skne ikrn ki conotmtokjs ikr ikreogj aknpmjoes<

]umcoioamtokj requorenejts ikr prkiessokjmc Q.R.

Xuces kj ejtry ki jmturmc perskj (husojess vosm eta).

8 Jmtokjmc Tremtnejt demcs wotf akjdotokjs mjd qumcoioamtokjs, wfoaf nkdoiy NIJ tremtnejt(miter ikreogj Q.R. gmojs ejtry ojtk jmtokjmc nmrlets). Usumc akjdotokjs ojacude0

Ckamc coaejsojg mjd prkiessokjmc regostrmtokj prkaedures (wfoaf amj mcsk he akjsoderedNmrlet Maaess conotmtokjs) wfoaf usumccy ojacude skne akjdotokjs kj resodejay kraotozejsfop<

Gkverjnejt prkaurenejt pkcoaoes imvkurojg ckamc Q.R. (Mrtoace VOOO exenptokj)<

Quhsodoes mjd doiierejtomc tmx tremtnejt ikr ckamc Q.R.

1 Nmrlet Maaess demcs wotf tfe ejtry ki ikreogj Q.R. ojtk ckamc (jmtokjmc) nmrlets. Wferenmrlet maaess os aknnotted conotmtokjs nmy he onpksed, typoamccy ms ikcckws (tfe sox

conotmtokjs ujder Mrtoace VYO.8 ikrn tfe hmsos hut jkt costed oj krogojmc ikrnmt ikr emsoerdogestokj hy tfe cmynmj)0

Aknnotnejt (‖jkje‟ kr ‖hojd ‟) kr jk aknnotnejt (‖ujhkujd ‟) tk prkvode maaess ikr speaoioaseatkr kr seatkrs<

Xestroatokj kj tfe junher ki ikreogj Q.R. mcckwed<

Ikreogj ojvestnejt mjd equoty sfmrefkcdojg ruces<

Aknpmjy regostrmtokj ruces wfoaf nmy set skne ikrn ki conotmtokjs ikr ikreogj aknpmjoes<

]umcoioamtokj requorenejts ikr prkiessokjmc Q.R.

Xuces kj ejtry ki jmturmc perskj (husojess vosm eta).

© Or. F.R. Ckko (@mj-21)










Rmrt OY ‑ Rrkgressove Cohermcosmtokj sets kut nemsures ikr tfe prmatoamc onpcenejtmtokj ki

cohermcosmtokj nemsures. Mrtoaces VOV mjd VV deiojes prkaedures ikr prkgressove cohermcosmtokj mjdruces kj speaoioa aknnotnejts kj servoaes. Mrtoace VOV.= oj pmrtoaucmr msserts tfmt Nenhers sfmccejter ojtk suaaessove rkujds ki jegktomtokjs, hegojjojg jkt cmter tfmj iove yemrs irkn tfe dmte ki ejtry

ojtk ikrae tfe WTK mgreenejt (wfoaf wkucd he emrcy 8222). Tfos Mrtoace oj eiieat aknnotsgkverjnejts tk repemted rkujds ki trmde cohermcosmtokj oj servoaes (durojg tfe acksojg ‖Mat‟ ki tfeUrugumy rkujds). Oj miiornojg tfe aknnotnejts nmde hy gkverjnejts. Mrtoace VV.1 msserts tfmtQafeduces ki Qpeaoioa Aknnotnejts prepmred hy ojdovodumc Nenhers sfmcc ikrn mj ojtegrmc pmrt ki tfemgreenejt.

Tfe suhsequejt Mrtoaces ki Rmrt OY prkvodes ikr ruces ikr nkdoiyojg kr wotfdrmwojg aknnotnejts ojsafeduces. Nkdoioamtokj tk nkre restroatove nemsures kr wotfdrmwojg aknnotnejts (despote hecoei tktfe akjtrmry) os mcckwed ujder GMTQ hut mt m proae. Tfe proae tk he pmod ojacudes m remdùstnejt kitfe hmcmjae ki mdvmjtmge oj aknnotnejts wotf mjy Nenher miieated hy tfos afmjge. Aknpejsmtkryremdùstnejt os usumccy amrroed kut kj m hmsos ki hocmtermc (kr nuctocmtermc) jegktomtokjs wotf tfeNenher (kr Nenhers) miieated mjd oj amse ki mj mgreenejt sfkucd resuct oj m aknpejsmtkrymdùstnejt perfmps hy cohermcosojg skne ktfer seatkr tk kiiset tfkse wotfdrmwj. Mcc aknpejsmtkrymdùstnejts mre mcsk tk he mppcoed kj mj NIJ hmsos. Oj amse jegktomtokjs dk jkt cemd tk mj

mgreenejt, GMTQ mcckws miieated Nenhers tk seel mrhotrmtokj. Oi tfe mrhotrmtkr iojds oj imvkur ki tfeaknpcmojmjt(s), tfe smod aknpcmojmjt(s) kr miieated akujtroes wocc fmve tfe rogft tk retmcomte hywotfdrmwojg aknnotnejts –suhstmjtomccy equovmcejt„ tk tfe iojdojgs ki tfe mrhotrmtkr mjd oj tfos amsetfe retmcomtkry nemsures (wotfdrmwmc ki aknnotnejts) wocc mppcy kjcy tk tfe akujtry nmlojg tfeafmjge.

Rmrts Y mjd YO ‑ Ojstotutokjmc mjd IojmcRrkvosokjs mre iojmc ‖Mats‟ tyojg-up ckkse ejds

mjd prkvodojg krgmjosmtokjmc irmnewkrl ikr tfemgreenejt. Onpkrtmjt ossues wotfoj tfese Rmrtski tfe mgreenejt mre0

Akjsuctmtokjs Mrtoace VVOO requores

Nenhers tk prkvode synpmtfetoaakjsodermtokj tk mjd miikrd mdequmtekppkrtujoty ikr akjsuctmtokj regmrdojgmjy represejtmtokj. Oj sonpce ternsNenhers mre tk akjsuct emaf ktfer ojamse ki dospute, request ikr ojikrnmtokj,kr mjy nmtters pertmojojg tk tfemgreenejt (represejtmtokj).

Dospute Qettcenejt Mrtoace VVOOOojstotutokjmcoses tfe Dospute QettcenejtUjot (DQU) oj tfe settcenejt ki dosputeujder tfe mgreenejt.

RMJEC 9 ‑ NMXLET MAAEQQ MJD JMTOKJMC TXEMTNEJT

5 Jmtokjmc Tremtnejt demcs wotf akjdotokjs mjd qumcoioamtokjs, wfoaf nkdoiy NIJ tremtnejt(miter ikreogj Q.R. gmojs ejtry ojtk jmtokjmc nmrlets). Usumc akjdotokjs ojacude0

Ckamc coaejsojg mjd prkiessokjmc regostrmtokj prkaedures (wfoaf amj mcsk he akjsoderedNmrlet Maaess conotmtokjs) wfoaf usumccy ojacude skne akjdotokjs kj resodejay kraotozejsfop<

Gkverjnejt prkaurenejt pkcoaoes imvkurojg ckamc Q.R. (Mrtoace VOOO exenptokj)<

Quhsodoes mjd doiierejtomc tmx tremtnejt ikr ckamc Q.R.

© Or. F.R. Ckko (@mj-21)

RMJEC 7 ‑ DEIOJOTOKJQ

JmturmcRerskj (kim mjktferNenher)

M perskj resodojg oj tfe terrotkry ki kros m jmtokjmc ki kr fms tfe rogft kipernmjejt resodejae ki tfmt ktferNenher kr mjy ktfer Nenher.

@urodoamcRerskj

Mjy akrpkrmtokj, perskj, pmrtjersfop, `kojt vejture, cegmccy krgmjosed ujder

mppcoamhce cmws wfetfer ikr prkiot krjkj-prkiot.

@urodoamcRerskj kimjktferNenher

M ùrodoamc perskj krgmjosed ujdertfe cmw mjd suhstmjtomccy kpermtojg ojtfe terrotkry ki tfmt ktfer Nenher KXoj amse ki m aknneraomc presejae oskwjed (o.e. nkre tfmj 52%) hy mjmturmc perskj ki tfmt Nenher.

Nemsures Mjy nemsures (kr matokjs) oj tfe ikrnki cmw, regucmtokj, ruce, prkaedure,deaosokj, mdnojostrmtove matokj.

(Irkn ‖Gejermc Mgreenejt kj Trmde oj Qervoaes‟ WTK)










Akujaoc ikr Trmde oj Qervoaes Mrtoace VVOY ojstotutokjmcose tfe Akujaoc ikr Trmde oj Qervoaes(m ujot ki tfe WTK) ms mj mgejay ikr imaocotmtojg tfe kpermtokj ki tfe mgreenejt mjd tfeiurtfermjae ki ots kh`eatoves.

Xecmtokjsfop wotf ktfer Ojterjmtokjmc Krgmjosmtokj Mrtoace VVYO prkvodes reakgjotokj ikr

akjsuctmtokj mjd akkpermtokj wotf tfe Ujoted Jmtokjs mjd ots speaomcosed mgejaoes ms wecc mswotf ktfer ojtergkverjnejtmc krgmjosmtokjs akjaerjed wotf servoaes.

Dejomc ki Hejeiots (tk jkj-Nenhers) Mrtoace VVYOO os m teccojg prkvosokj wfoaf deiojes WTKNenhers ms mj exacusove acuh. Tfe dejomc ki GMTQ hejeiots mcsk extejds tk nmrotone vessecsmjd servoae prkvoders kr `urodoamc perskjs ki jkj Nenher akujtroes.

Deiojotokjs Mrtoace VVYOOO akjacudes hy prkvodojg deiojotokj ki terns ujder tfe mgreenejt.

Mjjexes Mrtoace VVOV mdds tfmt mjjexes ojacuded wotf tfe mgreenejt mre mj ojtegrmc pmrt kitfe mgreenejt.

Mjjexes mre deaosokjs mdkpted oj Nmrrmlesf durojg tfe acksojg Mat ki tfe Urugumy rkujds. Tfese

Mjjexes kr Nojosteromc deaosokjs tkuaf kj speaoioa ossues ki tfe GMTQ wfoaf were remafed sepmrmtecy

(kr ms kjgkojg suppcenejtmry jegktomtokjs) irkn tfe GMTQ. Onpkrtmjt mjjexes wfoaf akjaerj tfeprkiessokjmc servoaes seatkrs mre tfe mjjex kj Mrtoace OO Exenptokjs mjd Mjjex kj Nkvenejts kiJmturmc Rerskjs.

Tfe ‖Mjjex kj Nkvenejts ki Jmturmc Rerskjs‟ prkvodes tfmt jmturmc perskjs akvered hy m speaoioaaknnotnejt sfmcc he mcckwed tk suppcy tfe servoae oj maakrdmjae wotf tfe terns ki tfmt aknnotnejt (o.e. ejtry ki jmturmc perskj sfkucd he mcckwed wotfkut ktfer kjerkus vosm requorenejt). Tfos fkweverdkes jkt prevejt Nenhers irkn enpckyojg cegotonmte nemsures tk regucmte tfe ejtry ki jmturmcperskj ojtk, kr tenpkrmry stmy oj tfe terrotkry ki tfmt Nenher (o.e. vosm requorenejt nmy he onpksedhut sfkucd jkt juccoiy kr onpmor tfe hejeiots nmde ujder tfe speaoioa aknnotnejt).

1 TFE RXKIEQQOKJMC QEXYOAEQ QEATKX

Tfe Aknneraomc Qervoaes Qeatkr oj Ojterjmtokjmc Trmde ms desarohed oj prevokus seatokjsmw m stemdy ojaremse oj expmjsokj irkn tfe =?72s (Afmrt = ‑ Wkrcd Expkrt irkn =?52 tk 822=). Hyejd ki tfe 82

tf Aejtury tfe servoaes trmde wms mj onpkrtmjt aknpkjejt ki wkrcd trmde akjstotutojg ms

nuaf ms 82% ki tktmc wkrcd trmde.

Afmrt = ‑ Wkrcd Expkrt Irkn =?52 tk 822=(Ojterjmtokjmc trmde stmtostoas irkn tfe WTK fttp0//www.wtk.krg/)



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Tfe aknneraomc servoaes seatkr aknproses severmc suh-seatkrs ki wfoaf tfe nm`kr suh-seatkrs mre (m)trmjspkrtmtokj, (h) trmvec (represejted nmojcy hy tkurosn), mjd (a) ktfer aknneraomc servoaes. Afmrts 8occustrmte tfe sfmre ki tfe tfree nmoj servoaes suh-seatkrs. Ms tfos pmper os ikaused kj tfeprkiessokjmc suh-seatkr, Afmrts 1 mjd 4 mttenpts tk odejtoiy tfe suh seatkrs akjaerjed hy iurtfer

hremlojg dkwj tfe aknneraomc servoaes suh seatkrs ikr 1 nm`kr trmdojg hckas. Irkn tfe afmrtsikcckwojg, tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh seatkr wkucd he recmted tk suh seatkrs acmssoioed ms0

Akjstruatokj, mjd

Quh seatkrs cunped ujder –ktfer husojess„.

Ms wkucd he evodejt cmter, stmtostoas ikr prkiessokjmc servoaes ujder ARA acmssoioamtokj ms–Ejgojeerojg Qervoaes„ mjd –Mrafoteaturmc Qervoaes„ mre cunped ujder –ktfer husojess„. Tfe demrtf ki–iojer„ stmtostoas recmtojg tk tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh-seatkr amj perfmps he mttrohuted tk tferecmtove (snmcc) soze ki tfe suh seatkrs mjd (recmtove) ‖reaejtjess‟ ki mttejtokj ikaused kj tfos suh-seatkr.

Aknneraomc Qervoaes Trmdeakjstotute mhkut 82% ki tktmcwkrcd trmde. Tfe nm`kraknpkjejts ki aknneraomcservoaes aknprose0

Trmjspkrtmtokj - 81%<

Trmvec (nmojcy tkurosn) ‑11%< mjd

Ktfers (wfoaf cunp mccktfers servoaes suaf msejgojeerojg, akjstruatokj,maakujtmjay eta) ‑ 44%.

Afmrt 8 ‑ Qfmre ki Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt oj Ojterjmtokjmc Trmde ikr =???.

Tkurosn reaeopt os mjonpkrtmjt aknpkjejt ki tfeQervoaes Trmde. Heiottojg tfeUQM ms m nm`kr skurae kiojjkvmtokj, ‖rkymctoes mjdcoaejse iees‟ akjstotute mnm`kr aknpkjejt (=1%) mjdiojmjaomc mt 9% reiceats Jkrtf Mneroam ms m nm`kr hcka ojiojmjaomc servoaes.

Akjstruatokj akjtrohutes kjcy8% wfoce prkiessokjmcservoaes (Ejgojeerojg & Mrafoteaturmc ARA 697=, 6978mjd 6971) wkucd he cunpedujder ‖ktfer husojess‟.

Afmrt 1 ‑ Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt ikr Jkrtf Mneroam (UQM & Amjmdm) =???










Tfe ‖hog-4‟ ki tfe EUnorrkrs tfe Jkrtf Mneroamj

servoaes trmde tk m aertmojextejt. ‖Xkymctoes mjdcoaejse iees‟ os nuaf ckwermt kjcy 1% wfocst iojmjaomcservoaes pcmys mj equmccyonpkrtmjt rkce mt 9%.

Tkurosn mt 12% os m nm`kraknpkjejt ki tfe servoaestrmde.

Afmrt 4 - Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt ikr E.U. ‖hog-4‟ (UL, Irmjae, Gernmjy, Otmcy) =???

Nm`kr doiierejaes ki @mpmj tktfe westerj eakjknoes0

Trmvec mt kjcy 9%<

Akjstruatokj mt ?%<

Iojmjaomc servoaes mt 1%reiceat @mpmj‟s cesser rkceoj wkrcd iojmjaomc servoaes.

Trmjspkrt aknnmjds mcmrger sfmre mt 16% (mhkut82% ikr EU & J. Mneroam)

reiceatojg @mpmj ms mnm`kr sfoppojg jmtokj.

Afmrt 5 ‑ Aknneraomc Qervoaes Expkrt ikr @mpmj =???

Oj mttenptojg tk qumjtoiy tfe aknneraomc servoaes seatkr ikr deveckpojg akujtroes, mjd due tk tfe cmalki stmtostoas kj tfos suh`eat we amj perfmps akj`eature (ikr tfe expkrt seatkr)0

Ikr nkst deveckpojg jmtokjs, trmvec mjd tkurosn prkhmhcy aknnmjd m nuaf cmrger sfmre kitfe servoaes trmde (nkre tfmj tfe 12% ki tfe deveckped eakjknoes). Ikr skne deveckpojgakujtroes trmvec/tkurosn nmy he tfe dknojmjt suh-seatkr oj tfe servoaes trmde.

Qogjoioamjt (mjd grkwojg) expkrt mre oj suh-seatkrs costed (stmtostoamccy) ujder –ktfer

husojesses„ wfoaf ojacude renottmjae irkn expmtromte wkrlers (Ojdom, Rfocoppojes, Ojdkjesom),hmal-kiioae kpermtokj (Ojdom, Rfocoppojes), skitwmre deveckpnejt (Ojdom, Lkrem), eduamtokjservoaes (Ojdom/ Nmcmysom /Qojgmpkre), projtojg servoaes (Ojdom, Nmcmysom, Qojgmpkre).

Joafe nmrlets oj aknnujoamtokj mjd aknputer & O.T. recmted servoaes nmy he sogjoioamjt ojskne akujtroes (Qojgmpkre / Ojdom). Tfese twk suh seatkrs nmy mcsk fmve tfe nkst pktejtomcikr iuture grkwtf ikr tfe deveckpojg eakjknoes.

Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj Tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh-seatkrs mre recmtovecy reaejtmddotokj tk tfe servoaes trmde. U.J. A.R.A. (Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj) ki servoaes pertmojojg tktfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh-seatkrs pmrtoaucmrcy ikr ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteature mre ms ikcckws0










RMJEC 6 ‑ Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj ikr Mrafoteaturmc mjd Ejgojeerojg Qervoaes (ARA697)

6 Husojess servoaes< mgroaucturmc, nojojg mjd nmjuimaturojg servoaes

69 Cegmc, maakujtojg, mudotojg mjd hkkl-leepojg servoaes< tmxmtokj servoaes< nmrlet resemraf mjd

puhcoa kpojokj pkccojg servoaes< nmjmgenejt mjd akjsuctojg servoaes< mrafoteaturmc, ejgojeerojgmjd ktfer teafjoamc servoaes

697 Mrafoteaturmc, ejgojeerojg mjd ktfer teafjoamc servoaes

697= Mrafoteaturmc servoaes

697== Mdvoskry mjd pre-desogj mrafoteaturmc servoaes< 697=8 Mrafoteaturmc desogj servoaes< 697=1Akjtrmat mdnojostrmtokj servoaes< 697=4 Aknhojed mrafoteaturmc desogj mjd akjtrmat mdnojostrmtokjservoaes< 697=? Ktfer mrafoteaturmc servoaes.

6978 Ejgojeerojg servoaes

6978= Mdvoskry mjd akjsuctmtove ejgojeerojg servoaes< 69788 Ejgojeerojg desogj servoaes ikr tfeakjstruatokj ki ikujdmtokjs mjd huocdojg struatures< 69781 Ejgojeerojg desogj servoaes ikrneafmjoamc mjd eceatroamc ojstmccmtokjs ikr huocdojgs< 69784 Ejgojeerojg desogj servoaes ikr tfeakjstruatokj ki aovoc ejgojeerojg wkrls< 69785 Ejgojeerojg desogj servoaes ikr ojdustromc prkaessesmjd prkduatokj< 69789 Ejgojeerojg desogj servoaes j.e.a.< 69787 Ktfer ejgojeerojg servoaes

durojg tfe akjstruatokj mjd ojstmccmtokj pfmse< mjd 6978? Ktfer ejgojeerojg servoaes.6971 Ojtegrmted ejgojeerojg servoaes

6971= Ojtegrmted ejgojeerojg servoaes ikr trmjspkrtmtokj ojirmstruature turjley prkèats< 69718Ojtegrmted ejgojeerojg mjd prkèat nmjmgenejt servoaes ikr wmter suppcy mjd smjotmtokj wkrlsturjley prkèats< 69711 Ojtegrmted ejgojeerojg servoaes ikr tfe akjstruatokj ki nmjuimaturojgturjley prkèats< mjd 6971? Ojtegrmted ejgojeerojg servoaes ikr ktfer turjley prkèats

6974 Urhmj pcmjjojg mjd cmjdsampe mrafoteaturmc servoaes

6974= Urhmj pcmjjojg servoaes< mjd 69748 Cmjdsampe mrafoteaturmc servoaes.

Oj prmatoae, akjstruatokj matovotoes mre ojtonmtecy recmted tk tfe ejgojeerojg servoaes suh seatkrs costedoj Rmjec 6 mhkve. Fkwever ujder ARA, akjstruatokj mre costed sepmrmtecy ujder ARA 5. Rmjec ? os msunnmrosed costojg ki akjstruatokj mjd akjstruatokj recmted wkrls.

RMJEC ? ‑ Aejtrmc Rrkduat Acmssoioamtokj ikr Akjstruatokj & Akjstruatokj recmted wkrls (ARA 5)

5 Akjstruatokj wkrl mjd akjstruatokjs< cmjd

5= Akjstruatokj wkrl

5== Rre-ereatokj wkrl mt akjstruatokj sotes

5=== Qote ojvestogmtokj wkrl< 5==8 Denkcotokj wkrl< 5==1 Qote ikrnmtokj mjd acemrmjae wkrl< 5==4Examvmtokj mjd Emrtf nkvojg wkrl< 5==5 Qote prepmrmtokj wkrl ikr nojojg< mjd 5==9 Qamiikcdojgwkrls.

5=8 Akjstruatokj wkrl ikr huocdojgs

5=8= Ikr kje mjd twk-dweccojg huocdojgs, 5=88 Ikr nucto dweccojg huocdojgs< 5=81 Ikr wmrefkusesmjd ojdustromc huocdojgs< 5=81 Ikr aknneraomc huocdojgs< 5=84 Ikr puhcoa ejtertmojnejt huocdojgs<5=89 Ikr fktec, restmurmjt mjd sonocmr huocdojgs< 5=87 Ikr eduamtokjmc huocdojgs< 5=86 Ikr femctf

huocdojgs< mjd 5=8? Ikr ktfer huocdojgs.5=1 Akjstruatokj wkrl ikr aovoc ejgojeerojg

5=1= Ikr fogfwmys (exaept ecevmted fogfwmys), streets, rkmds, rmocwmys mjd morioecd rujwmys< 5=18Ikr hrodges, ecevmted fogfwmys, tujjecs mjd suhwmys< 5=11 Ikr wmterwmys, fmrhkurs, dmns mjdktfer wmter wkrls< 5=14 Ikr ckjg dostmjae popecojes, aknnujoamtokj mjd pkwer cojes (amhces)<5=15 Ikr ckamc popecojes mjd amhce, mjaoccmry wkrls< 5=19 Ikr akjstruatokjs ikr nojojg mjdnmjuimaturojg< 5=17 Ikr akjstruatokjs ikr spkrt mjd rearemtokj< mjd 5=1? Ikr ejgojeerojg wkrlsj.e.a.

5=4 Mssenhcy mjd ereatokj ki pre-imhroamted akjstruatokjs

5=5 Qpeaomc trmde akjstruatokj wkrl

5=5= Ikujdmtokj wkrl ojacudojg poce drovojg< 5=51 Wmter wecc droccojg< 5=54 Akjarete wkrl< 5=55Qteec hejdojg mjd ereatokj (ojac. wecdojg)< 5=59 Nmskjry wkrl< 5=5? Ktfer speaomc trmdeakjstruatokj wkrl










5=9 Ojstmccmtokj wkrl

5=9= Femtojg, vejtocmtokj mjd mor akjdotokjojg wkrl< 5=98 Wmter pcunhojg mjd drmoj cmyojg wkrl<5=91 Gms iottojg akjstruatokj wkrl< 5=94 Eceatroamc wkrl< 5=95 Ojsucmtokj wkrl (eceatroamc worojg,wmter, femt, skujd)< 5=99 Iejaojg mjd rmocojg akjstruatokj wkrl< mjd 5=9? Ktfer ojstmccmtokj wkrl

(coits eta)

5=7 Huocdojg aknpcetokj mjd iojosfojg wkrl

5=7= Gcmzojg wkrl mjd wojdkw gcmss ojstmccmtokj wkrl< 5=78 Rcmsterojg wkrl< 5=71 Rmojtojg wkrl<5=74 Ickkr mjd wmcc tocojg wkrl< 5=75 Ktfer ickkr cmyojg, wmcc akverojg mjd wmcc pmperojg wkrl< 5=79Wkkd mjd netmc `kojery mjd amrpejtry wkrl< 5=77 Ojterokr iottojg deakrmtokj wkrl< 5=76Krjmnejtmtokj iottojg wkrl< mjd 5=7? Ktfer huocdojg aknpcetokj mjd iojosfojg wkrl.

5=6 Xejtojg servoaes recmted tk equopnejt ikr akjstruatokj kr denkcotokj ki huocdojgs kr aovoc ejgojeerojgwkrls, wotf kpermtkr

58 Akjstruatokjs

58= Huocdojgs

58== Xesodejtomc huocdojgs< mjd 58=8 Jkj-resodejtomc huocdojgs.

588 Aovoc ejgojeerojg wkrls

588= Fogfwmys (exaept ecevmted fogfwmys), streets, rkmds, rmocwmys, morioecd rujwmys< 5888Hrodges, ecevmted fogfwmys, tujjecs mjd suhwmys< 5881 Wmterwmys, fmrhkurs, dmns mjd ktferwmterwkrls< 5884 Ckjg dostmjae popecojes, aknnujoamtokj mjd pkwer cojes (amhces)< 5885 Ckamcpopecojes mjd amhces< mjaoccmry wkrls< 5889 Akjstruatokjs ikr nojojg mjd nmjuimature< 5887Akjstruatokjs ikr spkrt mjd rearemtokj< mjd 588? Ktfer aovoc ejgojeerojg wkrls.

Ossues Xecmtojg Tk Tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Quh-Qeatkr (mjd oj tfos pmper speaoioamccy kjtfe ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoaes suh-seatkr) mre dosaussed oj tfos seatokj.

Coaejsojg mjd Ckamc Xegucmtokjs Ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoaes mre peraeoved tk onpmat kjpuhcoa smiety mjd puhcoa ojterest. Oj nkst deveckped mjd deveckpojg akujtroes tfereikre, mrafoteats mjdejgojeers mre regucmted mjd coaejsed. Qonocmrcy aertmoj amtegkry ki akjtrmatkrs (espeaomccy eceatroamc mjdgms popojg akjtrmatkrs) mre mcsk regucmted mjd coaejsed hy jmtokjmc mjd ckamc gkverjnejts.

Mrtoace YO ki GMTQ mcckws Nenhers tk nmojtmoj teafjoamc stmjdmrds, mdnojostrmtove kr coaejsojgprkaedures oj regucmtojg tfe seatkrs wfere speaoioa aknnotnejts fmve heej nmde. Quaf nemsuressfkucd he hmsed kj khèatove mjd trmjspmrejt aroterom jkt nkre hurdejskne tfmj jeaessmry hytfensecves mjd jkt m restroatokj tk tfe suppcy ki servoaes. Jktwotfstmjdojg tfe projaopces ejunermted oj Mrtoace YO, coaejsojg mjd ckamc regucmtokjs mat ms hmrroers tk trmde, prkteat ckamc servoaes prkvoders irknikreogj aknpetotokj, mjd eiieatovecy ikrae tfe prkvosokj ki ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoaes tk Nkde4 kr Nkde 1. Oj prmatoamc terns, Nkde = mjd 8 ikr tfe ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoaes mre kjcymppcoamhce wfere desogjs mre trmded kj mj –ms-os„ hmsos wotfkut mjy wmrrmjty kj desogj kr aknpcomjaetk ckamc stmjdmrds mjd regucmtokjs. Nkde = mjd 8 trmde oj ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoaes mreaknnkj wfere hmal-kiioae desogj mre fmjdced kii-sfkre kr dostrohuted tk suh-akjtrmatkrs oj ktferakujtroes (m grkwojg trejd ikr cmrge ejgojeerojg aknpmjoes).

Coaejsojg requorenejts mre mppcoamhce oj @mpmj, UQM. E.U. akujtroes, Mustrmcom, mjd ikr tfe MQEMJNmcmysom, Qojgmpkre mjd tfe Rfocoppojes. Coaejsojg requorenejt mjd prkaedures vmroes irkn akujtry tk

akujtry rmjgojg irkn tfe nkst recmxed (U.Q.M.) tk stroat requorenejt ki aotozejsfop (Rfocoppojes).

Tenpkrmry Qtmy mjd Ejtry ki Jmturmc Rerskjs regucmtes tfe ejtry ki jmturmc perskj ojtk m akujtrymjd os mj eiieatove irkjt-coje hmrroer tk tfe servoaes trmde. Ejgojeerojg mjd mrafoteaturmc servoaes ojpmrtoaucmr recoes femvocy kj presejae ki jmturmc perskj. Oj nkst akujtroes tenpkrmry stmy mjd ejtry kijmturmc perskjs mre mcckwed ms ‖Ojtrm-Akrpkrmte Trmjsieree‟, –Husojess Yosotkrs„ mjd/kr –Qpeaomcost krExperts„. Xestroatokj kj ejtry mjd stmy ki jmturmc perskjs ojacudes restroatokj kj tfe junher mjdperokds ki stmy. Ejtry ki jmturmc perskjs os mcsk m akjtejtokus ossue wfere sknetones vosm requorenejtmjd mpprkvmc mre suhèated tk Hyzmjtoje cmws mjd kpmque prkaedures.

Estmhcosfojg Aknneraomc Rresejae os mcsk suhèated tk restroatokj kr dosaronojmtkry prmatoae oj nkstakujtroes. Aknnkj nkdmcotoes ikr suaf akjtrkc ojacude0

Xestroatokj kj ikreogj kwjersfop tk ckamccy ojakrpkrmted aknpmjoes<

Xequorenejt ki ckamc pmrtoaopmtokj<










Xestroatokj kj ikreogj kwjersfop ki ckamc mssets mjd prkpertoes (cmjded prkperty heojg tfe nkstirequejtcy qukted ms suhèated tk restroatokj kr akjtrkc)<

Coaejsojg mjd/kr ckamc regucmtokjs desarohed ujder pmrmgrmpf = mhkve<

Dosaronojmtkry tmxmtokj cmws ikr ikreogj aknpmjoes

Gkverjnejt Rrkaurenejt Oj nmjy akujtroes tfe gkverjnejt os tfe hoggest akjsuner ki prkiessokjmcservoaes. Oj os tfereikre jkt surprosojg tfmt Ikreogj Qervoae prkvoders (espeaomccy irkn tfe deveckped

akujtroes) wkucd demrcy ckve tk tmrget gkverjnejt prkaurenejt prkgrmnnes. Ujder Mrtoace YOOO kiGMTQ, stmte nkjkpkcoes kr nkjkpkcoes due tk jmtokjmc pkcoaoes kr pcmjjojg requorenejts(suaf ms aejtrmc hmjl, utocoty nkjkpkcy, skaomc seauroty ojsurmjae) mre govej due reakgjotokj. Mrtoace VOOO exenpts gkverjnejt purafmse ki servoaes ikr ots kwj use irkn hmsoa GMTQkhcogmtokj. Tfus oj nmjy akujtroes (ojacudojg deveckped akujtroes suaf ms Amjmdm, UQM mjdtfe E.U. wotf @mpmj heojg pmrtoaucmrcy aoted ms reamcaotrmjt) dosaronojmtkry prkaurenejtpkcoaoes kj gkverjnejt purafmse ki prkiessokjmc servoaes mre m remcoty hckalojg maaess tkikreogj servoaes prkvoders.

Xeakgjosojg tfe akjtejtokus ossue ki gkverjnejt prkaurenejt, GMTQ (Mrtoace VOOO.8)speaoioes tfmt jegktomtokjs kj gkverjnejt prkaurenejt oj servoaes sfkucd he mj mgejdm ojiuture WTK trmde jegktomtokjs wotf tfe uctonmte mon ki kpejojg up gkverjnejt prkaurenejt.Despote tfe mhkve, cmrge ejgojeerojg akrpkrmtokjs fmve heej mhce tk nmjkeuvre rkujd tfosrestroatokj hy tfe ikcckwojg netfkds0

Deveckpnejt prkèats mjd espeaomccy cmrge ojirmstruature prkèats pmalmged wotf iojmjaojg mretfe nkst aknnkj netfkd ki prkèat hoddojg oj nmjy deveckpojg akujtroes wfere ikreogj iujdsmre wecakned. Tfus ejgojeerojg servoaes prkvoders wotf mnhotokj tk expkrt sfkucd ojacudenuctodosaopcojmry sloccs oj tfeor stmhce ki expertose ki wfoaf tfe iojmjaoer wocc pcmy mj ojaremsojgcyonpkrtmjt rkce.

Ojotomc ejgojeerojg study mjd teafjoamc prkpksmc mre irequejtcy prkvoded kj m gkverjnejtmc modhmsos. Tfe suhsequejt prkèat onpcenejtmtokj os (fkpeiuccy) mwmrded tk tfe akujtry prkvodojgtfe ojotomc (iree) study/ prkpksmc. Tfos netfkd os nuaf afemper tfmj tfe 1

rd netfkd aoted heckw

hut dk jkt gumrmjtee suaaess oj prkèat prkaurenejt.

Gkverjnejt tk gkverjnejt ckmjs ikr deveckpnejt prkèats wotf prkvosk tfmt tfe mwmrd kiakjtrmats he afmjjecced tk servoae prkvoders ki tfe akujtry prkvodojg tfe mod.

Gkverjnejt tk gkverjnejt hmsos wfere hocmtermc mrrmjgenejt sknetones ojacude hmrter trmde.

Teafjoamc Hmrroers tk Trmde (THT) mjd tfe Ojterjmtokjmc Qtmjdmrds Nkvenejt Teafjoamc stmjdmrdsmre essejtomc aknpkjejts ki ejgojeerojg systens. Fkwever tfey amj mcsk he mj onpedonejt tkojterjmtokjmc trmde. THT were (mjd mre stocc os) enpckyed hy nmjy akujtroes (ojacudojg tfe deveckpedakujtroes) ms m tkkc tk restroat ikreogj aknpetotkrs. Quaf ‖jek -prkteatokjosn‟ ojacudes ‖greej-cmheccojg‟,‖eak-cmheccojg‟, kvercy restroatove femctf mjd pfytksmjotmry requorenejts eta. Ejgojeerojg mjdmrafoteaturmc servoaes prkvoders mre mcsk strkjgcy onpmated hy teafjoamc stmjdmrds ms ejgojeerojgdesogj depejdejt kj stmjdmrds vmroes irkn akujtry tk akujtry. Teafjoamc mjd espeaomccy ckamc stmjdmrdsoi nmde ujoikrn mnkjg jmtokjs amj mcsk he m gremt ceveccer imaocotmtojg tfe prmatoae ki prkiessokjmcservoae prkvoders markss jmtokjs.

WTK ruces mssert tfmt tfkugf teafjoamc stmjdmrds mrecegotonmte ojstrunejts oj m jmtokj repertkore ki regucmtokjs,akujtroes sfkucd ejdemvkur tk ikcckw ojterjmtokjmcstmjdmrds wfere pkssohce. Ot os tfereikre pertojejt tk jktetfmt tfe grkwojg nknejtun ki tfe ojterjmtokjmc stmjdmrdnkvenejt represejted hy tfe Ojterjmtokjmc QtmjdmrdKrgmjosmtokj (OQK), wocc he mj onpkrtmjt trejd oj tfegckhmcosmtokj ki tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes trmde. M suh-mgejdun ki tfe ojterjmtokjmcosmtokj ki stmjdmrdsos tfe ojaremsojg pmrtoaopmtokj ki tfe puhcoa kr stmle-fkcders oj tfe OQK nkvenejt. OQK prkaedure wfoafos mcsk akjsostejt wotf aurrejt wkrcd trejd kj sustmojmhce deveckpnejt requores ojdustry/stmle-fkcderpmrtoaopmtokj oj m akjsuctmtove prkaess. Tfos trejd tkwmrds m gkverjnejt-puhcoa akjsuctmtove prkgrmnneos jkw heaknojg sk prevmcejt (mt cemst oj Nmcmysom) tfmt prkiessokjmc hkdoes mjd J.G.K.s mre requestedtk pmrtoaopmte oj nmjy ikruns rmjgojg irkn reayacojg, stmjdmrd wrotojg, mjd skaomc ossues.








Gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Ojdustry (versokj =.24) Rmge =?/8=


Rrkiessokjmc Nkhocoty mjd Maaredotmtokj ki ]umcoioamtokjs mre sonocmr tk tfe OQK nkvenejt hutpresejt ossues wfoaf mre nkre ojtrmatmhce. Ojotomtoves mt hejafnmrlojg mjd maaredotmtokj ki prkiessokjmcqumcoioamtokj mt tfe ojterjmtokjmc cevec ojacude0

MQEMJ Ejgojeers Xegoster (fttp0//www.msemjejgojeers.akn),

MREA Ejgojeers Xegoster (fttp0//www.mpeasea.krg.sg),

Ejgojeers Nkhocoty Ikrun (E.N.I.).

Tfe E.N.I. wfoaf os mj ojotomtove ki tfe ‖Wmsfojgtkj Maakrd‟ jmtokjs oj tfeor nuctocmtermc mgreenejt kj85

tf @uje 822= oj Qkutf Miroam mons tk estmhcosf mj ojterjmtokjmc hejafnmrl ikr m regoster ki ejgojeers

ki mcc jmtokjs fmvojg sonocmr kh`eatove. Ot os prkpksed tk jmne tfe E.N.X. regoster tfe ‖ OjterjmtokjmcRrkiessokjmc Ejgojeer Xegoster ‟. Qogjmtkroes tk tfe E.N.I. (ms ki @mjumry 8221) ojacude Nmcmysom,Qkutf Miroam, Mustrmcom, Amjmdm, Fkjg Lkjg, Orecmjd, @mpmj, Lkrem, Jew Pemcmjd, Ujoted Lojgdkn, mjdtfe Ujoted Qtmtes ki Mneroam.

Tfe Rmrkafomc Jmture ki tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoae Nmrlet Fmvojg kverakne mcc tfe onpedonejts tkservoaes expkrt costed mhkve, tfe hoggest hmrroer tk prkiessokjmc servoaes trmde os tfe pmrkafomc jmture kitfe prkiessokjmc servoaes nmrlet. Nmrletojg ki ejgojeerojg kr mrafoteaturmc servoaes requores ckamc hrmjdreakgjotokj mjd ckamc akjsuners ki suaf servoaes expeat tfe servoaes tk he ‖ckamc‟ oj jmture. Tfus

fmvojg estmhcosfed m aknneraomc presejae kr presejae ms m jmturmc perskj, tfe prkiessokjmc servoaeprkvoder iojds tfmt fe os requored tk jetwkrl wotf tfe ckamcs, gmtfer ckamc nmrlet ojteccogejae mjd mttujefonseci wotf tfe aucturmc homs ki tfe ckamc aknnujoty heikre fe amj nmle mjy nmrletojg onpressokj.Fkwever nkst ‖pure desogj prmatoae‟ dkes jkt fmve tfe iojmjaomc, perskjjec mjd/kr nmrletojg reskuraestk pursue suaf expkrt-kroejted strmtegy. Tfus tfe wosdkn ‖Mcc Rkcotoas mre Ckamc oj Jmture‟ rojgs sonocmrcytrue ikr tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes nmrlet. Tfe orkjy fkwever os tfmt tfe snmcc akjsuctmjay prmatoae nmyfmve aertmoj joafe slocc kr fogfcy speaomcosed slocc wfoaf mre prone amjdodmte ikr expkrt.

Tk wkrl rkujd tfos onpedonejt, ot os ojaunhejt kj tfe ‖pure desogj kiioae‟ tk seel strmtegoa mccomjae kr‖pmrtjersfop‟ wotf ktfer recmted aknpmjoes suaf ms tfe cmrge ejgojeerojg aknpmjoes, ojvestkrs, mjdevej iojmjaomc vejture ampotmcost wfk mre pursuojg expkrt-kroejted mgejdm. Gkverjnejt spkjskredojotomtove nmy mcsk he fecpiuc oj akjvejojg m jmtokjmc regoster ki expkrt remdy akjsuctmjay, akkrdojmtedwotf ktfer jmtokjmc ojotomtoves costed mhkve.

Cemdojg Qervoaes Expkrters Oj akjacudojg tfos seatokj, skne stmtostoas kj servoaes expkrt hy

regokj mjd cemd expkrters mre sfkwj oj Afmrts 9, 7 mjd 6.



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Afmrt 7 ‑ Qervoaes Trmde Ikr Msom (=?62 ‑ 822=) (WTK Qtmtostoas ‑ fttp0//wwww.wtk.krg)

Afmrt 6 ‑ Cemdojg Qervoaes Expkrters 822= (WTK Qtmtostoas ‑ fttp0//wwww.wtk.krg)



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Gckhmcosmtokj mjd tfe Rrkiessokjmc Qervoaes Ojdustry (versokj =.24) Rmge 8=/8=

Ruhcoa dknmoj coaejse< © F.R. Ckko (neltroakjBgnmoc.akn). Tfe mutfkr pernots tfe pcmaenejt ki tfos mrtoace oj tfepuhcoa dknmoj. Rernossokj tk puhcosf, trmjsnot, reprkduae mjd/kr aoraucmte oj mjy ikrn tfos mrtoace os ireecy grmjted

4 AKJACUQOKJ

Cesskjs Irkn tfe Iojmjaomc mjd Aknnujoamtokj Quh Qeatkrs Fmvojg fojdsogft irkn

GMTQ ojotomtove oj cohermcosojg tfe iojmjaomc mjd teceaknnujoamtokj suh seatkrs oj tfe acksojg yemrs ki

tfe 82tf Aejtury, ot os perfmps pertojejt tk jkte skne suaaess mjd imocure0

Cohermcosmtokj ki tfe iojmjaomc suh-seatkr dod jkt mafoeve tfe suaaess wfoaf wms expeated duetk tfe ikcckwojg nmoj remskjs0

Iojmjaomc nmrlets mre voewed ms strmtegoa mrems onpmatojg kj tfe seauroty ki jmtokjs. Tfusiojmjaomc nmrlets mre oj nkst amses suh`eated tk m pcetfkrm ki jmtokjmc regucmtokjs (nkre skaknpmred tk tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh-seatkr).

Tfe iojmjaomc arosos ki =??7 mjd stocc weml eakjknoa sejtonejts prkhmhcy akjtrohute m cmrge pmrttk tfos sfkrt imcc oj expeatmtokj.

Akjskcodmtokj ki iojmjaomc ojstotutokjs mafoeved noxed resucts irkn akujtry tk akujtry.

Rksotove resucts irkn WTK ojotomtoves fkwever ojacude m nemsure ki suaaess oj tfe fmrnkjosmtokj kiregucmtkry stmjdmrds mnkjg WTK akujtroes, skne cohermcosmtokj ki iojmjaomc nmrlets mjd tfe reakgjotokj

ki nkst akujtroes tfmt cohermcosmtokj ki tfe iojmjaomc nmrlets os mj onpermtove oj tfe ckjg tern.

Tfe aknnujoamtokj suh seatkr mafoeved tfe nkst suaaess oj cohermcosmtokj mjd oj akujtroeswfere cohermcosmtokj fms heej mafoeved, imccojg proaes, onprkvojg servoaes mjd akjtojumcupgrmde ki teafjkckgy fms heej tfe resuct. Arkss hkrder nkvenejts ki aknneraomc ejtotoesikr tfe teceaknnujoamtokj suh-seatkr os mcsk iueccojg m teafjkckgy hkkn mjd nmy he m nkdecikr ktfer suh seatkrs.

Rresejt mjd Iuture Kutckkl Tfe pmae ki GMTQ jegktomtokj kj tfe prkiessokjmc servoaes suh

seatkr os mt tfe nknejt quoalejojg mjd request mjd akujter request mre mcremdy heojg suhnotted hyWTK Nenhers seelojg maaess tk nmrlets. O hecoeve tfmt tfe degree ki doiioauctoes oj cohermcosojg tfeejgojeerojg suh seatkr coes sknewfere hetweej tfe iojmjaomc mjd teceaknnujoamtokj suh seatkr.Ojotomtoves tkwmrds tfos ejd ojacude cohermcosmtokj ki regucmtkry stmjdmrds (wfoaf os tfe nkstojtrmatmhce), fmrnkjosmtokj ki stmjdmrds (wfoaf nmy he see suaaess ujder tfe OQK), mjd ojotomtoves ikr

ejgojeer nkhocoty (wfoaf tfkugf jkt ojtrmatmhce nmy tmle ckjger tk mafoeve). Rerfmps tfe prkiessokjmcservoaes suh seatkr amj jever he tktmccy cohermcosed oj tfe true sejse, ms tfere wocc mcwmys he m joafenmrlet ikr tfe ckamc servoae prkvoder evej oj m cohermcosed mjd gckhmcosed ejvorkjnejt.

5 XEIEXEJAEQ

5.= –Mjj umc Xepkrt 8228 „ hy tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj OQHJ?8-672-=88=-2

5.8 –Ojterjmtokjmc Trmde Qtmtostoas 8228 ‑ Wkrcd Trmde Deveckpnejts oj 822= mjd

prk speats ikr 8228 „ Hy tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj, OQHJ?8-672-=889-4.

5.1 –Trmdojg oj tk tfe Iuture „ Hy tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj, 8jd

edotokj, Mproc =???, OQHJ?8-672-=889-4.

5.4 –Gejermc Mgreenejt kj Trmde oj Qervoaes „ puhcosfed hy tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj(fttp0//www.wtk.krg)

5.5 –GMTQ ‑ Imat mjd Ioatokj „ puhcosfed hy tfe Wkrcd Trmde Krgmjosmtokj (fttp0//www.wtk.krg)

5.9 –Qpeaomc Qtudoes ‑ Trmde, Ojakne, Dospmroty mjd Rkv erty „ puhcosfed hy tfe Wkrcd TrmdeKrgmjosmtokj OQHJ ?8-672-=8==-1

5.7 Qtmtostoas irkn tfe WTK fttp0//www.wtk.krg

5.6 GMTQ dkaunejts kj speaoioa aknnotnejts WTK nenher wehsote fttp0//nenhers.wtk.krg



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introduction to gats for the practicing engineer; pub 2003

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