introduction to high energy astrophysicsotranto/2014/slides/lipari/lipari... · 2014. 6. 14. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction toHigh Energy Astrophysics
Paolo Lipari: INFN Roma “La Sapienza”
XXVI SNFNSN OTRANTO 5-6 giugno 2014
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Sources of High Energy Particles in the universe
1. Cosmic Rays 2. Gamma Rays 3. Neutrinos
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Viktor HESS (1912)
The beginning of “High Energy Astrophysics” the discovery of Cosmic Rays
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First “hint”of the “high energy universe” (beginning of '900)
Existence of “Ionizing Radiation”
Discharge of an electroscope
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Effect grows with altitude(and has a maximum soon discovered by Kolhorster )
Source of ionizationis “extraterrrestrial”
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Primary Particle
Ground
“Secondaries”
(many absorbed in the atmosphere)
Some secondariesreach the ground
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Birth of
Particle Physics
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Carl Anderson “Wilson chamber”
march 15, 1933 Discovery of the “positron”
Carl Anderson and Viktor Hess share Nobel prize in 1936
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6 mmLead plate
63 MeV
23 MeV
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Cosmic Rays are charged particles
Most particles have POSITIVE electric charge:
Protons +ionized nuclei
LATITUDE effect
EAST-WEST effect
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LATITUDE EFFECT
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East-West effectMost Cosmic Rays havepositive electric charge
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Relativistic charged particles. [Latitude effect]
Mostly protons (+ ionized nuclei) [East-West effect]
Extraordinary energy (!) [Extensive Air Showers (electrodynamics) ](1015, 1016 eV) now: 1020eV
Pierre Auger Phys.Rev. 1939
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Relativistic charged particles. [Latitude effect]
Mostly protons (+ ionized nuclei) [East-West effect]
Extraordinary energy (!) [Extensive Air Showers (electrodynamics) ]
Power Law energy spectrum(nearly featureless)
(1015, 1016 eV) now: 1020eV
● Where are these relativistic particles coming from ? ● How are they produced ? ● Are they filling the universe (or are more “local”) ?
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Relativistic charged particles. [Latitude effect]
Mostly protons (+ ionized nuclei) [East-West effect]
99% nuclei
1% electrons
89% protons
10% Helium
1% Nuclei Z > 2
small quantities : positrons + anti-protons
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Power-Law
Energy spectra
Particle Flux: [cm2 s sr GeV]-1
[cm2 s sr GeV/nucleon]-1
Number of particles per [ unit of surface unit of time unit of solid angle unit of energy]
Esponent :
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from Tom Gaisser
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from Tom Gaisser
Flux *E2Knee
High Energy suppresionor “cutoff”
Ankle
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from Tom Gaisser
Knee
High Energy suppresionor “cutoff”
Ankle
electrons
positrons
anti-p
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Direct Measurementsof Cosmic Rays
Detectors on satellitesor stratospheric balloons
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Kinetic energy
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PAMELA
Proton/HeliumCR fluxes1 GV – 1.2 TV
Science in press(march 2011)
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Surprising and important result.
Broken power law fits to spectra. Break at same rigidity p/Z
p He
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Surprising and important result.
Broken power law fits to spectra. “Ankle” at same rigidity p/Z
p He
Structure
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CREAM (calorimeter on balloon) (5 flights in Antartica. Total of 156 days)
Cream 5 trajectory37 days 12/2009-01/2010
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SUNSPOTS: signals of solar activity.
Visible lightX-rays
Solar Modulations
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NeutronMonitors
Measure the flux of neutronsproduced by the evaporation of Air nuclei by primary cosmic rays
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Sunspotnumber
Neutron MonitorCounts
Time of BESS flights:
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BESS proton flux MEASUREMENTS
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p
e
PAMELA
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The SUN as a “laboratory” for CR Acceleration and Transport
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PAMELA: Solar Flare 13/dec/2006Ap.J 742 2 2011.
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AMS Launch May 16th 2011
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ExtragalacticParticle
Particle accelerated in the Milky Way
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“Bubble” of cosmic rays generated in the Milky Way and contained by the Galaxy magnetic field
Space extension and properties of this “CR bubble” remain very uncertain
Extragalacticcontribution
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GALACTICMAGNETIC FIELDS
“Regular Field”
“Random Field”(turbulent motions)
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“Regular Field”(along the spiral Arms) + “Random” (Turbulent) Field
EnergyDensity
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25-35 Kpc
0.5 Kpc
8 Kpc
B
Diffusion approximation
Maximum energy for containment
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Piece of extragalactic space: Non MilkyWay-like sources
Galaxy
Milky Way
AGN
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Injection of cosmic rays
Containment time
Different particles
Galactic Cosmic Rays
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Determination of the “confinement time” T(p/Z)
“Cosmic clock” (Beryllium-10)
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Nuclear Fragmentation (collisions with the Inter Stellar Medium)
Solar system
v
v
v
proton at rest
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(extended halo)
Column density
Escape faster at higher E
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Injection of cosmic rays
Containment time
LARGE PowerRequirement
Spectral Shape [Dynamics of acceleration process]
Source Identification
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Power Provided by SN is sufficient with a conversion efficiency of 15-20 % in relativistic particles
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The cosmic ray acceleratorsinject particles witha power law spectrumof approximately this form
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11th june 2008: Launch of GLAST
Gamma rayLargeAreaSpaceTelescope.
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NASA press release: 26th august 2008
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Enrico Fermi
ELECTRO-WEAK MASS SCALE
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The Idea of FERMI acceleration
Why a power law spectrum ?
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Origin of the power law spectrum:
Stochastic Process
Gradual acceleration madein many steps
= probability of stopping the iteration
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The iterative process results in apopulation of particles with a power law spectrumwith exponent:
Particles that come out of the accelerator
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Collision with Moving Plasma Cloudsin the Galaxy
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Ei
Ef
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MODIFICATION of the original FERMI Model(2nd order Fermi acceleration)
ACCELERATION at SHOCK FRONTS(1st order Fermi acceleration)
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Trinity Test (1945)
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CAS A(1667)
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“Fireball” of an Supernova explosion
Interstellar Gas
Strong Shock
Fermi 1st orderacceleration
SNR
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Unshocked material at restPiston
ShockFront
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Unshocked material at restPiston
ShockFront
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STRONG SHOCK
Unshocked material shocked material
Unshocked material at rest
Compression factor r
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For Strong Shocks
Universal exponent for the spectra of acceleration at strong shocks