introduction to i.opa01001022.schoolwires.net/cms/lib6/pa01001022/...introduction to i.o.b i.o.b =...
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Introduction to I.O.B I.O.B = Indian Ocean Basin
Zone of Interaction
Oceans, deserts, grasslands
Served as meeting places for people of different backgrounds
Indian Ocean
First real ocean humans could cross w/o clinging to coastline
Where Africa and Eurasia came together
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A Sailor’s Ocean Ideal for early sailors
Most of waters are warm
Most major storms stay in south (few people)
Monsoon winds
Predictable cycles
Just had to “wait” for right time
W shape – across smaller bodies of water
3 circle pattern of travel and diffusion
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The Ocean ConnectsMedit. trade = E to W ( little variation in ecology)
Indian Ocean – connects variety of environments
Variety = stimulus to trade
Exotic & Unique goods
Human Diversity
Port Cities (waiting for next monsoon)
Cosmopolitan living
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People in Motion Spread of Austronesia Language (Madagascar)
Slave Trades & Labor Migrations
Brings ethnic diversity
Merchants
Religious teachers and missionaries
Import teachers (Hinduism SE Asia)
Arabic in Java and Polynesia
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I.O.B - Five things Connected Asia, Africa, India, Europe, and Middle
East
Fostered the spread of Islam
Trade Diasporas all over the world
There is not a single era w/o the Indian Ocean as a component
Central to World History and its development.
Lynda Schaffer -Southernization
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Trade in Sub-Saharan AfricaWest Africa
Camel domesticated c. 2nd-5th century C.E
Regular caravan trade across Sahara
Creation of three large empires
Ghana(700-c.1100)
Mali (1100-c.1400)
Songhay (c. 1300-c.1600)
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Sub Saharan Trade Empire Rose to power through trade – unlike other empires
that control land
Gold, slaves, cloth, ivory, ebony, pepper- North
Salt, Dates, Brass, Copper, Gold, Leather, Textiles, -south
2/3 of Gold used to finance trade in Eastern Hemisphere comes from Africa
Fusion of Islamic / African ideas
Strong patriarchs / groups of rulers
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Mali Malinke (founders)
Economic basis = agriculture
Juula (Merchants)
Sundiata (Sunjata) & oral tradition
Griots and the tale of the “Lion Prince”
Mansa (ruler) who divided up the world
Created social order / set up political institutions
Secured Travel / Punished crime severly
Mansa K. Musa
Muslim ruler that makes hajj in 1324, passes through Cairo
Contact w/ outer world brings changes
Ishak al-Sahili (Granada, Andalucía {Muslim Spain}) - 1321
Ibn Batuta 1304 - 1369
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***Ibn Batuta***• Muslim from N. Africa
• Trained as judge (Quran) in Shar’ia
Logged some 60,000-70,000 miles of travel, logging his journeys in journals
Illustrating the cultural unity of “Dar al-Islam”
Impressions of “places” are based upon gifts recieved
• One of his final trips is to Mali
• Scandalized by Muslims in Mali – where men and women are co-mingling
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Mali Development of cosmopolitan (multinational)
court
Polygamy was/is a common social practice
Major Trade cities include:
Jenne (Central Mali)
Timbuktu (W. Africa/Mali)
Relied heavily on “Book trade” and knowledge
80% of the population still rely on farming
Communal clearing of land
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Africa and I.O.B Numerous City-states grow up along Eastern coast
including:Mombasa, Mogadishu, and ZanzibarLater called the Swahili Coast “Lingua franca” or common tongue Sawahil al-sudan “shores of the blacks”
Trade in Gold (from inland): Great Zimbabwe -best known for its massive stone walls.
Indonesians settle Madagascar looking for economic opportunity.
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Muslim and Jewish traders Both formed important international trade
communities Joined by religion and ethnicity
Jews Dispersed as far away as China
Muslims Dominant force in Indian Ocean Trade
Gradual conversion of much of S.E Asia
Hajj (need for international travel)
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South Asia and I.O.B Delhi Sultanate (1206–1527). Loose collection of Indian states could not defend against
attacks. Destroyed temples and massacred thousands of
Hindus. Pay special tax in exchange for protection created
tension between Hindus / Muslims *** Sultan Raziya - 1236 - 1240 *** One of the few female sovereigns in the history of the
Islamic civilization
Indian Ocean trade dominated by Arabs 8th – 16th centuries
Displaced Hindu and Buddhist influence in S.E Asia
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South Asia and I.O.B Sultanate *destroyed* by Timur (1398)
Delhi is ultimately sacked and captured.
Despite multiple shortcomings - Delhi Sultanate Centralized its Bureaucracy (Sultan, Viziers, govs) Promoted and Expanded Trade Regulated Currency Overall prospered from I.OB. trade
Monsoon winds
Dhow (lateen sails)
Junks ships
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Chinese Trade China – by 1500 C.E. had the most advanced economy in
the world.
Highly developed internal markets
4th Century C.E. China took part in international trade.
Developed a powerful navy by the 12th century.
Radical theory – “Voyages of Zheng”
Believed to have reached Americas, Africa, and Australia
Controversial theory / rejected by many historians
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Important to Note: I.O.B was NOT controlled by one
central authority
series of smaller economical relationships.
Islam = uniting factor of all languages and ethnicities.
Ibn Battuta - Moroccan Muslim chronicled many prominent locations in I.O.B in Voyage.
India was the quest of most explorers by the end of the period.
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Hinduism / Buddhism Influenced by India (Trade) Cambodian Empires
(Khmer) and Indonesian Empires (Srivijayan) took hold of trade routes in S.E Asia for a time.
Angkor Wat and Borobudur.
Malacca - Connected I.O.B with China
Conquered by Portugal @ end of period in 1511.
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Angkor Wat Cambodia
(Khymer Palace)
Constructed c. 12th cent.
Dedicated to Hindu God Vishnu
C. 13th Century Converted to Buddhist temple.
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Borobudur Java Indonesia
9th cent. Buddhist shrine
Levels represent steps toward enlightenment.
Cultural Diffusion in Oceania.
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Islam in I.O.B Flourishing of Literacy
Not so much in India
City of Timbuktu - 150 schools - books $
Development of a “Common code of morality”
Standardization of Marriage and family
“Death-nail of Buddhism” in some regions
Technology and cultural continuities
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Transmission of Tech Papermaking (China)
Crops & Foodstuffs
Wheat, rice, sugarcane, bananas, oranges, lemons, limes, cotton*
Largest agricultural exchange in World History up to this time!
More food = more people.