introduction to information technology - binus...

Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd EditionTurban, Rainer & Potter© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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Introduction to Information Technology

2nd EditionTurban, Rainer & Potter

© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2:Information Technologies in Modern

Organizations

Prepared by:Roberta M. Roth, Ph.D.

University of Northern Iowa


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Chapter PreviewIn this chapter, we will study:

Foundation concepts of information systems in organizations.How information systems help organizations solve problems and seize opportunities.How information systems are managed in organizations.Career opportunities in Information Technology.


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Foundation Concepts

Information Infrastructure:The physical facilities, services, and management that support all organizational computing resources.

• Computer hardware• General-purpose software• Networks and communications facilities• Databases• Information management personnel


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Foundation Concepts (continued)

Information Infrastructure (continued)Defines integration, operation, documentation, maintenance, and management of computing resources.Defines how specific computing resources are arranged, operated, and managed.


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Foundation Concepts (continued)Information Architecture

High-level plan that details• The organization’s information requirements• The way these requirements are being

satisfied.Incorporates information requirements, existing and planned information infrastructure and software applications.Helps ensure that the organization’s IT meets the organization’s strategic business needs.


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Types of Information Systems

Transaction Processing SystemsSupport/perform routine business events.Collect, store, process, and disseminate basic business transaction data.Provide foundation data for many other systems.May be complex and sophisticated.Essential to business success today.


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Types of Information Systems, (continued)

Management Information SystemsSupport routine decision makingAccess, organize, summarize, and display information.Emphasize routine reporting on known and anticipated issues.Also, answer queries and forecast trends.


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Support SystemsOffice Automation – support for office workersDecision Support – support complex, non-routine managerial decision makers

• Executive Information Systems – support higher-level managers

• Group Support Systems – employ Groupwareto support people working in groups


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Intelligent SystemsBusiness applications of Artificial Intelligence

• Expert systems – capable of solving certain problems as well as human experts.

• Learning systems – can incorporate new information and update their knowledge.


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How Information Systems Support Organizations

First, consider how organizations are structured:

Typically by functional departmentsFrequently in a hierarchyMay be by project or in a matrix structure

Information Systems in an organization are developed to support the way the organization is structured.


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How Information Systems Support Organizations, (continued)

Information systems consist of numerous applications

An application is system developed for a specific purpose

Applications and systems can supportIndividuals / teamsDepartmentsPlants / divisionsEntire enterprise


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How Information Systems Support Organizations, (continued)

Information systems can also be interorganizational

Connect two or more organizations having a common interest or business need.Important in facilititating e-commerce.


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How Information Systems Support People in Organizations

IS support needed by people depends on their role in the organization.

Top managers make strategic decisionsMiddle managers make tactical decisionsLine managers make operations decisionsKnowledge workers create and integrate knowledgeClerical workers use and manipulate information


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How Information Systems Support People in Organizations, (continued)

Insert Figure 2.5 from textbook here


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How Information Resources are Managed in Organizations

Information resources encompass many things, including

Hardware (computers, servers, other devices)Software (development tools, languages, applications)Databases Networks (local area, wide area, Internet, intranet)ProceduresPhysical buildings.

Resources are very costly; proper management is essential.


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How Information Resources are Managed in Organizations

Responsibility for information resources shared by IS Department and end users.Organizations must determine who is responsible for planning, purchasing, developing, and maintaining information resources.Cooperation is essential.


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Role of the IS Department

Shifting from technical to managerial orientation.Increasing focus on adding strategic value to the organization.As IS is challenged to add strategic value, management of IS becomes more complex.Chief Information Officer (CIO) heads IS in many organizations.


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Ways to Ensure IS Department / End User Cooperation

Use of steering committeeJoint project teamsIS presence on executive committeeUse of service agreementsInformation Center Conflict resolution unit


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Career Opportunities in IT

Systems Analyst / DeveloperWebmaster / E-Commerce SpecialistBusiness AnalystProgrammerTelecomm / Network SpecialistDatabase Administrator / SpecialistSystem Operations Specialist


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Chapter Summary

Information Infrastructure comprised of all facilities, services, and management that supports all computing resources.Information Architecture details information requirements and how those requirements are being and will be satisfied.


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Chapter Summary (continued)

Information Systems are classified by type (TPS, MIS, Support, Intelligent).Information Systems are designed to support the organization’s structure.Information Systems provide support to all levels and types of personnel.Management of IS resources is joint responsibility of IS Dept. and end users.Many career options available in IS.


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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproductionor translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976United Stated Copyright Act without the express written permission of thecopyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should beaddressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thepurchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not fordistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors,omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

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