introduction to international relations human rights and humanitarian intervention jaechun kim

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Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

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Page 1: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Introduction to International Rela-tions

Human Rights and Hu-manitarian Intervention

Jaechun Kim

Page 2: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

The fundamental problem of Humanitarian Inter-vention in IR:

Human Rights Sovereign Rights

 Restrictionists vs. Counter-restrictionists

Pluralist international society theory vs. Solidarist international society theory

These two different schools present different solu-tions to the dilemma…

Page 3: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Restrictionists intervention violates the cardinal norm of international relation – principle of sovereignty… Protecting sovereignty is more important..invoke Article 2 of UN Charter (principle of non-inter-vention)

 Counter-restrictionists

we should give priority to protection of HR… there is legal right of unilateral and collective humani-tarian intervention…Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and many other resolutions…

 

Page 4: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Major rationales for approving humanitarian intervention (Case of solidarist theory of intl society; case of counter-restrictionists)

Growing consensus on common humanity Is this view right, though?

Protection of H R is becoming a major concern of intl community…unilateralism is OK when inter-vening…

In some cases, not intervening is simply morally wrong…

 

Page 5: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

The responsibility to protect (R2P or RtoP) – a United Na-tions initiative established in 2005. It consists of an emerging norm, or set of principles, based on the idea that sovereignty is not a right, but a responsibility.

R2P focuses on preventing and halting four crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing, which it places under the generic umbrella term of, Mass Atroc-ity Crimes.

The Responsibility to Protect has three “pillars”.A state has a responsibility to protect its population from mass atroci-ties; The international community has a responsibility to assist the state to fulfill its primary responsibility; If the state fails to protect its citizens from mass atrocities and peace-ful measures have failed, the international community has the re-sponsibility to intervene through coercive measures such as economic sanctions. Military intervention is considered the last resort.

In the international community R2P is a norm, not a law.

Page 6: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Rationales for disapproving HI

Primary motive of HI hardly is humanitarian (realist ar-gument…) There is good reason to be suspicious about the mo-tives…

States should not risk the lives of their soldiers on humanitarian grounds… (morality can’t be the founda-tion for states’ foreign policy)…Both interventionism and non-interventionism has thin foundation in realism..

 

Page 7: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Problem of abuseLigitimization of HI will lead to the abuse of interven-tion… because of the subjective nature of human rights… HI will be the tools of intervention for strong countries…

Selectivity in response… States apply HI selectively… Northern Iraq (1993), KOSOVO, Somalia (1992), North Korea; Rwanda, East Timor, Sudan… Myan-mar, maybe Pakistan…

No consensus on what principles should govern a doctrine of HI..Rule-consequentialism: intl society will be better off if we can uphold the principle of sovereignty instead of allowing HI in the absence of consensus.

Page 8: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Two cases of intervention during the Cold War

Tanzania’s intervention (?) in Idi Amin’ Uganda

Vietnamese intervention (?) in Pol Pot’s Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)

 

They all claimed that they were acting in self-defense. Why?

Good intentions don’t necessarily result in good results….

 

Page 9: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Non-humanitarian Motives:

Humanitarian outcomes:

Vietnam’s intervention in Cambodia in De-cember 1978 and Tanzania’s intervention in Uganda 1979

Humanitarian Motives, non-humanitarian

outcomes:

The UN intervention in Somalia from May 1993 to February 1995

Non-humanitarian Mo-tives and outcomes:

Soviet intervention in Afghanistan

in 1979

Humanitarian

motivation

Non-humanitarian

outcomes

Humanitarian

outcomes

Non-humanitarian

motivation

Humanitarian Motives and outcomes:

The international intervention in

Northern Iraq in April 1991

Page 10: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Big question here is then: When (on what occasions) can intervention justi-fied?

 

Which means justify the cause? Does it always have to be military intervention? What about non-forcible humanitarian intervention?

Page 11: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Case Study: Intervention in KOSOVO

Issue at stake – Serbia’s Milosevic regime killing

Kosovo Albanians…

US-led NATO intervention (1999)

Objectives of intervention?

National Interests? – Strengthening of NATO to contain Rus-

sia; Prevention of refugee problem..

Humanitarian concern? Milosevic killed 20,000 Bosnians al-

ready…

Little bit of both!!

Page 12: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim
Page 13: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Criticisms and Rebuttals

UN Security Council did not sanction the aerial bombing – Violation of Intl Law!! Russia and China UN SC resolution was not feasible due to objection from Russia and China; Unilateral action was inevitable…

Aerial bombing was in violation of principle of sovereignty… Intl law stipulates that use of force can be justified only in case of self de-fense! We don’t have to observe sovereign rights of repressive regime…

Page 14: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Was it successful?

Maybe too little and too late…or too

much and too soon?

Aerial bombing was not the right means

of intervention…

The role of public opinion

Kosovo, Somalia, Northern Iraq…

Page 15: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

East Timor

HistoryWest Timor was colonized by Dutch and East Timor was colonized by Portuguese

West Timor became a part of Indonesia after WWII, and in 1974 Portuguese gave up East Timor. Then East Timor de-clared independence.

Indonesia forcibly took over East Timor

Indonesian rule in East Timor was often marked by extreme violence and brutality; estimates of the number of East Timorese who died during the occupation vary from 60,000 to 200,000

East Timor finally became an independent state in 1999…

Selectivity issue here…the US hands-off approach…

Page 16: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim
Page 17: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Darfur Crisis

• Ethnic clash• Non-Arabs or black people• vs. Arabs

• Competition for resources (farmers vs. herdsmen)

• Special treatment given by the gov. to Arab tribes

• Rebellion against the gov.

• Gov. retaliated…

• Janjaweeds!

• Independent South Sudan

Page 18: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim
Page 19: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Humanitarian intervention in North Korea?

Is there humanitarian crisis in North Korea?

What are the intentions of the US and the West?Security interests of the US (during the Bush administration – Regime change in North Korea?

Genuine humanitarian purpose?

What are the proper means to deal with the situation?

Double standard of the WestSaudi Arabia

Pakistan

East Timor…

Sudan…

Page 20: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

Non-forcible humanitarian intervention?

Walzer – military intervention acts as short-term palliative… should pay close attention to the underlying causes of the human rights problems…

Page 21: Introduction to International Relations Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention Jaechun Kim

What justify humanitarian intervention?

When there are two distinct peoples and one side try to crush the other…

When genocide is taking place…

When people actually want to be rescued…

When rescue will reliably halt the suffering…

And the intervention must be proportional to the sufferings endured…