Introduction to Linguistics

Ms. Suha Jawabreh

Lecture # 7

-Manner of articulation: the various configurations produced by positioning the lips, tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways.

★Oral vs. Nasal ★Stops

★Fricatives ★Affricates

★Liquids ★Glides

Approximants

Review: Fricatives

Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that when they are produced, the air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing or a hushing sound .

English Fricatives Place of Articulation

Labio-dental dental Alveolar Alveo-palatal

Glottal

Voiceless f θ s ʃ h

Voiced v ð z ʒ

Review: Affricatesʧ and ʤ

-Affricates begin as stops (plosives) and end as fricatives.

-They start with the closure and hold phase of [t] and [d] but instead of a rapid release with plosion, the tongue moves to the position of the fricatives [ʃ] and [ʒ].

-So the stop (plosive) is followed immediately by fricative noise.

Review: Approximants

-There are four approximant consonants in English :

1 .The lateral sound [l ] Liquids

2 .The retroflex sound [r]

3 .Semivowels or glides [w] & [y]

The Glottal Stop -The glottal stop is produced by obstructing

the airflow in the glottis .

-The glottis is closed completely .

-The symbol in the IPA that represents this sound is [ ʔ ] .

-This sound is considered to be characteristic of Cockney (London) speech .

The flap -The flap is produced by the tongue tip being thrown

against the alveolar ridge for an instant .

-The symbol in the IPA that represents this sound is [ D] or [ ɾ ].

-This sound is considered to be characteristic of American English .

-Most Americans tend to flap the [t] and [d] consonants between vowels.

Vowels

-Vowels are produced with a relatively free flow of air .

-They are all typically voiced.

-Examples:

[i[ ,]u.]

How Are Vowels Described ? -To describe vowel sounds we consider : 1 .The height of the tongue. ( The vertical

distance between the surface of the tongue and the roof of the mouth).

2 .The backness or the frontness of the tongue. ( which part of the tongue is raised highest? The front or the back?)

3 .The shape or the position of the lips ( rounded, spread or neutral) .

English Front Vowels

The Vowel Quadrilateral

[i ]beat [ɪ ] bit

[e ]bait [ɛ ]bet[æ ]bat[ʌ ]but

[u ]boots[ʊ ]put

[o ]boat[ɔ ]bought

[ɒ ]pot[ə ]above

Diphthongs

-The combination of two vowels sounds is called a diphthong .

Examples :

[aɪ ]buy [ aʊ ]cow[ɔɪ] boy

Practice

Transcribe the following words using phonetic symbols :

1 .Lazy 8. about 2 .Mean 9. that

3 .Rude 10. chase4 .Should 11. point

5 .Number 6 .Child

7 .Fill