introduction to nearly zero energy buildings · 2013-07-11 · titelmasterformat durch klicken...
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IEA HPP Annex 40
Heat pump concepts for Nearly Zero Energy
Buildings (NZEB)
Introduction to
Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Project outline IEA HPP Annex 40
Carsten Wemhoener,
University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil
Kick-off meeting, Rapperswil, July 2, 2012
IEA HPP Annex 40 N 9
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Paradigms
90% autarky strived
Extremely good envelope
(passive house level)
Optimised renewable
production
Water/waste water system
CHP plant as back-up
Predictive control to optimise
generation and storage
Systems
84 m2 BIPV / 55 m2 ST
Biomass (rape oil) CHP
Cooking by electricity / back-up liquid (bio)gas for cooking
Rain water collection and waste water treatment
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery
http://www.neuemonterosahuette.ch
source: Tonatiuh Ambrosetti
Preface – Net zero energy self-sufficient building at 2883 m
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Framework and political targets
Definition of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)
Outline of an IEA HPP Annex 40 on Heat Pump Concepts for NZEBs
Objectives and Scope
Tasks
Links to other projects
State and participants
Outline of the presentation
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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EU strategy: 20-20-20 until 2020
20% renewable energy shares
Heat pumps are renewable
20% energy efficiency
New buildings shall reach Nearly Zero by 2020
20% reduced CO2-emissions
Heat pumps in Nearly Zero Buildings are an
economical way to cut CO2 emissions
USA (DOE) /Canada
All new residential (commercial) buildings shall be Net Zero by 2020 (2030)
All buildings shall be Net Zero by 2050
Japan
Heat pumps and high performance buildings are considered as key technologies to
mitigate climate change
source: Dieryckx
Framework – Political targets and strategies
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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High performance buildings
Much research has been done
on the building envelope
Low energy and passive houses are well
established on the market with strongly
growing market shares
Low energy houses are becoming the
current building standard
System integration into the building
Less research has been spent on:
System technologies adapted to NZEB
Multifunctional building technology to
cover different needs
Building integration of system technology
NZEB are rather in the P&D Phase
About 300 NZEB worldwide, mostly to
demonstrate net zero or plus energy balance
Market state of low energy buildings
5
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Example: Concept Plus energy building
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Plus energy building technology
Mechanical ventilation with
heat recovery
Ground-to-air HX for air
preheating
Ground-coupled heat pump
for space heating and DHW
Solar thermal system for
heat production
Grid-connected PV system
Battery for storage
(self-consumption)
Electric hybrid vehicle
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
source: IGS
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Political targets indicate:
Next step will be Nearly or Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)
DEFINITION “Nearly Zero Energy Building”
Means a building that has a very high energy performance
Nearly or very low energy amount should be covered to a very significant extent by
energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby
=>Presently no common definition of NZEB, neither in policy nor in the market
NZEB Definition
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Timeline of EPBD recast for NZEBs
source: Jakobs
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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energy consumption
en
erg
y s
up
ply
Principle of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs)
• Calculation/Balancing time:
Monthly or annual calculation
• Energy/Emissions:
Delivered energy, primary energy,
embodied energy, CO2-emissions
• Energy production:
Renewable production on-site vs.
import of good locations
(e.g. Southern Spain)
• System boundary:
Heat generation, including auxiliaries
including appliances, materials
(LCA)
• Load mismatch/grid interaction:
Grid-connected PV
Avoid additional stress for the grid
based on Voss / Lollini
energy efficiency
passive approaches
renew
able
energ
y g
enera
tion
Missing items for thorough definition
NZEB Definition
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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System boundary around the building
76 m2 of solar thermal collector
200 m3 seasonal storage in the house
Solar system cost less than 10% of total cost
Results of year-round measurement
In February ≈ 80°C in the storage
Second building is currently constructed with
reduced collector area and storage tank
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NZEB Definition – Balance
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
source: Sartori et al.
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System boundary around the building
76 m2 of solar thermal collector
200 m3 seasonal storage in the house
Solar system cost less than 10% of total cost
Results of year-round measurement
In February ≈ 80°C in the storage
Second building is currently constructed with
reduced collector area and storage tank
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NZEB Definition – On-site and «nearby»
source: Marszal, Bourrelle et al.
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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source: MINERGIE®
Zeroheatingenergy-house
Zeroheatenergy-house
Zerooperationalenergy-house
Zeroenergy-house
Zero-LCA-house + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+
energy heating
energy heating energy DHW electricity ventilation auxiliary electricity
energy heating energy DHW
auxiliary electricity electricity ventilation
electricity appliances
embodied energy
energy heating energy DHW electricity ventilation
electricity appliances
auxiliary electricity
energy heating
energy DHW
embodied energy
energy heating
electricity appliances
auxiliary electricity
energy DHW
electricity ventilation
NZEB Definition - Loads
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Certification requirements
Building envelope losses must not exceed 90% of legal requirement (≈ 50 kWh/(m2a))
Weighted delivered energy metric = 0 kWh/(m2a)
Weighted delivered energy must be compensated with on-site renewable generation
15 kWh/(m2a) storable biomass can be substracted
=> also concepts with solar thermal systems and wood heating possible
Embodied Energy < 50 kWh/(m2a)
On the way to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
In highly efficient buildings embodied energy
may be in the same size as operational energy
Currently relatively high limit, all certified buildings
are below the limit
0f6.3
EE/f
6.3
Q/f
6.3
MIN
outPV,inCV,genMIN
ndW,genMIN
rvdV,ndH,
Swiss MINERGIE-A® Label – Zero operation energy building
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
Already today, already plus energy,
already self-sufficient, residential/non-residential
Common interpretation is a “grid-connected house
with zero operational energy balance”
But
NZEB still in the P & D phase, often different systems installed
Focus is on new buildings
Many different concepts
(technical feasibility in focus, often economically not optimal)
Heat pumps in NZEB
Heat pumps already well-established, many NZEB use heat pumps
Heat pumps are a very promising system to link the sources and sinks efficiently
Heat source energy is renewable and heat pump can be operated CO2-free
Heat pumps can activate short-term storage option of electricity in the building thermal mass
Summary State Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Open questions
How is an NZEB reached most energy- and cost-effectively?
How are heat pumps integrated into building concepts for NZEBs in the best way?
Objectives
1. Optimisation of concepts for Nearly Zero Energy buildings (NZEB) with heat pumps
2. Evaluation of building- and system integration options favorable for NZEB
3. Requirements for further developments of current marketable heat pumps
to exploit specific performance opportunities in Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
(e.g. multi-source ability, capacity range, capacity control, temperature lift)
Scope
Residential buildings (focus on space heating, DHW, extensions ventilation, space cooling)
Small commercial buildings (focus on space cooling, ventilation, DHW lower demand)
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Objectives and Scope
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Integration options for plus energy house concept
Ground-to-air HX could
be replaced
by borehole HX
by HP (subcooling)
PV could serve as
heat source
(as PV/T)
=> ground coupling
(smaller, back-up)
solar regeneration can
reduce borehole HX
event. solar thermal
system can be
replaced
PV (cooling) and HP (subcooling) may be operated more efficiently
X
X X
Concept Plus energy house - Integration options for heat pump
C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
source: IGS
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Task 1: State-of-the-art technology and concepts
Classification of available envelope and system technology
and concepts to reach NZEB
Steps:
Survey/evaluation of existing technology and concepts
Suitability for new buildings and retrofit
Summary of most promising state-of-the-art concepts and technologies
Missing components and development needs for NZEB
Deliverables (as country reports)
Categorisation of concepts for NZEBs
Technology matrix of suitable building and system components
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 1: State-of-the-art analysis
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Task 2: Assessment, ranking and optimisation of concepts
Assess, improve and rank different
building envelope and
technology options
regarding the performance and cost
Steps
Detailed comparison/assessment
of technologies and concepts
Improvement of concepts regarding performance
and cost (e.g. by simulations)
Derivation of concept ranking and tools
Deliverables (as country reports)
Proven technology concepts for NZEB including performance and cost
Optimised building technology and integration
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 2: Assessment and optimisation
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Task 3: Technology development and field trial
Definition of requirements for product development
of heat pumps including the source and sink systems
Investigation of adapted prototype systems in lab- and field testing
Steps
Specific requirements for heat pumps in NZEB
Design options for further developments
e.g. multi-functionality, multi-source, capacity control,
temperature lifts, advanced controls
Efficient DHW solutions
Deliverables (as country reports)
Improved components and systems as prototypes
System concepts approved by field-monitoring
source: Pogharian, Candanedo, Athienitis
source: IVT
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 3: Technology development and field trial
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Task 4: Issues of broad introduction of NZEB:
Integration of buildings into the energy system
Load mismatch
Grid interaction
Needs for storage
Electric hybrid vehicle as decentralised power
storage
Heat pumps can store electrical grid surplus
as heating/cooling energy in the building thermal
mass (Est. potential DE: 1 TWh short-term)
Approaches
How can self-consumption be optimised?
Potentials of Smart (ICT) technologies:
User information by smart metering
Generation control by smart grids
Is a definition for a single buildings useful?
Decentralised concepts for groups of buildings
City quarters, smart cities
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 4: Specific questions for broad integration
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
source: Ebert et al.
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Task 4: Recommendations and guidelines
Derivation of recommendations based on
Task 2 and Task 3 results
Documentation of guidelines
and best practice examples
Steps
Derivation of Best Practice
Recommendations on design of integrated systems
Deliverables (as country reports)
Technical recommendations with practical links,
tools, checklists etc.
Best practice systems and concepts
Deliverables: final report, technical guidelines, concept overview, best practice systems etc.
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Task 4: Design and Best Practice
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Scope
Concepts and technologies for NZEB with heat pumps
Residential and small commercial buldings
All buildings services as needed
Steps
Task1: Ranking of concepts (new buildings and retrofit options)
Task 2: Optimisation of configuration (performance and cost)
design and control of integrated systems for NZEB
Task 3: Technology development (prototypes) and field evaluation
Task 4: Specific information on (seasonal) storage, DSM, grid interaction
Expected Deliverables
Technical recommendations and tools on design and layout of optimised NZEB
Best practice systems and concepts, prototype technologies, field results
Final report, technical guidelines, models and methods.
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Summary
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Joined HPP Annex 38 / SHC Task 44: Solar and heat pumps (2010 – 2013)
Objectives
Evaluation of the integration of solar thermal and heat pump systems
Residential buildings
Marketable system solutions and testing method
Connections
Modelling and simulations of heat pumps and solar
Integration of heat pumps
Partly multi-source heat pump operation
Differences
No NZEB boundary conditions, different designs
Restricted to the combination with solar thermal systems and residential buildings
Focus on space heating and DHW
Links to other projects – HPP Annex 38 / SHC Task 44
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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ECBCS Annex 52 / SHC Task 40: Towards net zero solar buildings (10/2008 – 9/2013)
Objectives
Comprehensive definition of NZEB
Calculation method and design tools for NZEB
Advanced building designs
Connections
Input for definition of NZEB, common framework for aspects to be covered
Input for calculation methods and design tools
Data base of realised NZEBs
Differences
No particular focus on heat pump evaluation in NZEB
Rather general evaluation of technical concepts
Little technology development
Links to other projects – ECBCS Annex 52 / SHC Task 40
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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ECES Implementing Agreement
Concluded Annex on storages in ultra low energy houses
Upcoming Annex on Storage integration in renewable energy networks
starting in September 2012
New Implementing Agreement ISGAN
Implementing Agreement for Smart grid technology
event. link to Task 4
Implementing Agreement DSM
Projects might also have a connection to Task 4 activities
Links to other projects – ECES, DSM, ENARD and ISGAN
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil
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Participating countries (state July 2012)
CH: Univ. Appl. Sc. Rapperswil, Univ. Appl. Sc. Northwestern Switzerland
JP: Uni Nagoya
NL: SEV
NO: SINTEF Energy Research, NZNU, COWI, Enova SF
Interested countries
AT: AIT, TU Graz
BE: Daikin Europe NV
CA: CanmetENERGY, Natural Ressources
DE: Fraunhofer ISE, Viessmann GmbH, Uni Stuttgart, Uni Nürnberg
FI: SULPU, Aalto University
FR: EDF
KR: Korean Institute of Energy Research (KIER)
SE: SP, SVEP
US: ORNL, NIST, University of Maryland
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Participating and interested countries
C. Wemhoener, HPP ExCo, Spring 2012, Stockholm
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Thank you for your attention!
IEA HPP Annex 40 – Heat pump concepts for NZEB
ECO TERRA NZEB IN COLD ClLIMATE, EASTMAN, CANADA
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C. Wemhoener, Kick-off meeting Annex 40, July 2012, Rapperswil