introduction to networking
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Networking
Mitchell OchiITS User ServicesMarch 13, 2007
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What are we covering?
• Definition of a Network• Network Addressing and Subnets• Overview of Basic Networking Equipment• Wireless Networking• Wired or Wireless Network?
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Definition of a Network
• What is a WAN?– WAN = Wide Area Network
• What is a LAN?– LAN = Local Area Network
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Definition of a Network
UH System Network
Leeward Network
ManoaNetwork
Maui Network
Windward Network
Hilo Network
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Definition of a Network
Manoa Network
Bldg. 37 Keller
Moore
HawaiiSinclair
Other LANs
Long-range telecommunications
link
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Network Addressing
• MAC address– “Physical” address given to network hardware– All networking hardware have a unique MAC address,
provided by the hardware manufacturer• IP address
– Used for TCP/IP networks– Each device within the network would need a unique IP
address– UH was given all 128.171.xx.xx addresses (this was
formerly known as a “Class B” network)
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Subnets
• A subnet (short for subnetwork) is a logical group of devices within a LAN
• Subnets are used to break up a LAN into smaller networks in an effort to manage them more efficiently
• Gateways/routers and a subnet mask would play critical roles in defining and using subnets
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Basic Networking Equipment
• Wired– Hub– Switch– Router– Cables
• Straight-through• Cross-Over• USOC
• Wireless– Access point– Wireless Adapter
• PC Card (laptops)• PCI Expansion Card
(desktops)• USB Adapter
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Hubs
• Relatively inexpensive• Comparatively “slow”• Not “intelligent”, merely acts as a repeater
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Hubs
Incoming data Repeated data
UplinkPorts
1 2 3 4
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Switches
• More costly than a hub• Comparatively “fast”• Has “intelligence”, which allows it to
determine which device a packet is intended for, and only forward the packet to that device
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Switches
Incoming data
Data for device on Port 4
UplinkPorts
1 2 3 4
Outgoing data
“Intelligence”
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Gateways/Routers
• Device that determines the next network point a packet should be forwarded to
• The functions of a router can be combined with switches (routing and switching work hand in hand), but are distinct
• More costly than hubs or switches• Also has “intelligence”, to determine where
a packet should be routed
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Gateways/RoutersNetwork 1
128.171.47.xxx
Network 2128.171.41.xxx
Router128.171.47.1128.171.41.1 128.171.40.1
1) Packet from 128.171.47.47 for 128.171.41.100 sent to router
2) Router knows to route packet to 41 subnet
3) Packet delivered to 128.171.41.100
Subnet Mask255.255.255.0
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Cables
• 8 copper wires, twisted into 4 pairs• Ethernet adapters transmit on wires 1 and 2
and receive on wires 3 and 6• Wires 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not used for
10BASE-T (10 Mbps) and 100BASE-TX (100 Mbps)
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Cables
• Straight-through (Black) – standard networking cable, with both cable ends identical; also called CAT5 cable
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Cables
• Cross-over (White) – networking cable with wire pairs “crossed over” to allow 2 computers to communicate directly
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Cables
• USOC (Yellow) – old telecommunications cable standard utilized by UH
Datajack Computer
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Wireless Devices
• Access points –specially configured node on WLAN
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Wireless Devices
• Adapters – card or device attached to laptop or desktop to allow connection on a wireless network– PC Card– PCI Expansion Card– USB Adapter
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Wireless Devices
Access Point
Laptop with adapter Laptop with
adapter
Laptop with adapter
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Wireless Security
• WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy• WPA – Wi-Fi Protected Access• WPA2 – defined by IEEE 802.11i wireless
standard to address security concerns with other wireless encryption methods
• MAC address filtering
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Simple Network Diagram
Computer
Computer
WirelessAccess Point
Server
Computer
NetworkPrinter
Other Networks
Hub or switch
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Wireless or Wired?
• Wired– Pros
• Signal interference not a big problem• More assurance of connections and easier troubleshooting• Lower cost (hub/switch vs. access point)
– Cons• Lots of physical infrastructure• Physical limitations• Maintenance of the equipment
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Wireless or Wired?
• Wireless– Pros
• Physical flexibility of network• Less physical infrastructure and potentially less maintenance
– Cons• Performance degradation caused by interference• Troubleshooting more difficult• Security over the wireless connection• Higher cost (access point vs. hub/switch)