introduction to pathology. what is pathology pathology is the scientific study of disease. in its...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to
Pathology
![Page 2: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is pathology
Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its
broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs
and tissues of a healthy body change to those of
sick person.
![Page 3: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The four aspects of a disease process that
form the core of pathology
●Etiology
● Pathogenesis
● Pathological change
● Clinical pathological correlation and Prognosis
The scope of pathology
![Page 6: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Etiology: causes of the disease
Pathogenesis: the mechanisms of its development
Pathologic changes: the structural alteration
induced in the cells and organs of the body.
Clinical pathological correlation and Prognosis :
the Clinical effects of the pathological changes.
![Page 7: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Position
(1) Pathology is a bridging between basic science
and clinical medicine
(2) Pathology is also a practical clinic medicine
( Diagnostic Pathology or Surgical Pathology)
![Page 8: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classification
(1) Human pathology The principal aim of human pathology considers structural abnormalities of cells and tissues grossly and microscopically examined from patient’s tissues (2) Experimental pathologyExperimental pathology researches cellular processes incorporate animal experiment and tissue and cell cultures
![Page 9: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. Human pathology
(1) Autopsy (means
“see for yourself”)
Autopsy is a special
operation , performed
by specially trained
physician, on a dead
body
![Page 10: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The functions of Autopsy
● Clarify the causes of death
● Diagnosis and treatment quality control
● Recognizing of negligence
● Recognition of new diseases and new diseases patterns
● Source of information
● Provide material for education
● material for scientific research
● Recognition of treatment effectiveness
![Page 11: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Biopsy is the removal of a sample of tissue from the body for examination and the tissue will be examined under a microscope to assist in diagnosis
(2) Biopsy
![Page 12: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
(3) Cytology
Cytology is responsible for preparation, staining and microscopic examination. (smear, fine needle aspiration)
![Page 13: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Experimental pathology
(1) Animal experiment: Animal experiment is a pathological method using animal model to study diseases within the body.
![Page 14: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(2) Tissue and cell culture
Tissue and cell culture is that the tissue or cell
sample from a human or animal is obtained and
maintained in vitro for experimental, diagnostic
or therapeutic purposes
![Page 16: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Basic examination methods
(1) Gross appearanceThe morphological feature of a lesion (such as size, shape, weight, color, consistency, surface edge, section) is observed by eyes or assisted by using a ruler, steelyard, magnifying glass, or other tools.
![Page 20: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lung cancer
![Page 21: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(2) Histologic and cytologic observation
The specimens from patients are prepared as a
section or smear, then stained and examined by
using microcopy
![Page 22: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
cytologic observationHistologic observation
most common: basic formalin fixed → HE
(hematoxylin and eosin) stained
![Page 23: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
( 3 ) Histochemistry and cytochemistry
Histochemistry and cytochemistry is also
called special stain method. Some tissue
structures and substances (protein, enzyme,
nucleic acid, glycogen, lipid) are colored when
a chemical group ( carboxyl, phosphoric, or
aldehyde) reacts with the stain
![Page 24: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PAS (glycogen) →BM Sudan Ⅲ →fat
![Page 25: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Immunohistochemistry
● Ag-Ab specific reaction
● Applications
Location analysis ( cytokeratin→cell membrane)
Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing (diagnosis of tumor histogenesis)
(4) others
![Page 26: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Leiomyosarcoma Actin (+)
![Page 27: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Electron microscope
![Page 28: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Filtering membraneTEM (transmitting electron microscope)
![Page 29: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Podocyte SEM (scanning electron microscope)
![Page 30: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Flow cytometry (FCM)
![Page 31: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
● One kind of cells→quantitative analysis
● DNA ploidy analysis
● Protein and nucleus acid → quantitative
analysis
● Selection of collection of cells
application
![Page 32: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Nuclei: diameter; circumference; area;volume; morphology
Image analysis (IA)
![Page 34: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM)
aliving cell
observation in
situ or
development
or quantitative
![Page 35: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Molecular biology technique
● Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
● DNA sequencing
● Biochip technique
Gene chip (DNA chip)
Protein chip (protein microarray)
Tissue chip (tissue microarray)
![Page 36: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
![Page 37: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
History of Pathology
Autopsy → Organ pathology (1761)
LM → Cellular pathology (1854)
Ultrastructural pathology with the application of
EM (20 century 60s)
Immunopathology, Molecular pathology,
Genetic pathology, Quantitative pathology
![Page 38: Introduction to Pathology. What is pathology Pathology is the scientific study of disease. In its broadest sense, it is the study of how the organs and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cef5503460f949bde8c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Text of Pathology
(1) General pathology:
concerned with the basic reaction of
cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli
that underlie all diseases.
(2) Systemic pathology :
dedcribe the specific responses of specialized
organs and tissues to defined stimuli.