introduction to plants the plant kingdom photosynthesis and light mosses, liverworts, and hornworts...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Plants
The Plant Kingdom
Photosynthesis and Light
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Table of Contents
Introduction to Plants
What Is a Plant?Nearly all plants are autotrophs-produce their own food.
All plants are eukaryotes
contain many cells
all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls.
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Adaptations for living on land• Obtaining water and other nutrients
• Retaining water- cuticle/ reduce water loss
• Transporting materials-vascular tissue/ tubelike structures- carry food, water, minerals
• Support
• Reproduction –zygot / fertilized egg
Introduction to Plants
Classifying plants
Nonvascular- don’t have a system of tubes/ low growing, do not have roots
Vascular –have vascular tissue/ tall
Origin of plants- green algae
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Complex Life CyclesPlants have complex life cycles that include two different stages:
Sporophyte- plant produces spores
Gametophyte- plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cell and egg cell.
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Water Loss in Plants
The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Water Loss in Plants
Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted along each axis?
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Water Loss in Plants
Most–midday; least–in the evening.
Interpreting Data:
According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water?
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Water Loss in Plants
The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.
Drawing Conclusions:
What could account for the pattern of water loss shown?
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
Water Loss in Plants
The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.
Predicting:
How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning.
- The Plant Kingdom
Introduction to Plants
A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words.
- The Plant Kingdom
Key Terms: Examples:photosynthesis Sunlight provides the energy for this food-making
process, called photosynthesis.
tissue No matter how large or small a plant is, its cells are organized into tissues—groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism.
chloroplast Chloroplasts, which look something like green jelly beans, are the structures in which food is made.
vacuole A vacuole is a large storage sac that can expand and shrink like a balloon.
Key Terms: Examples:cuticle
vascular tissue
fertilization
zygote
One adaptation that helps a plant reduce water loss is a waxy, waterproof layer called the cuticle, which covers the leaves of most plants.
Vascular tissue is a system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water, minerals, andfood move.Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell.
A fertilized egg is called a zygote.
Key Terms: Examples:nonvascular plant
vascular plant
chlorophyll
Plants that lack a well-developed system of tubes for transporting water and other materials are known as nonvascular plants.
Plants with true vascular tissue are called vascular plants.
Biologists studied a green pigment called chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Key Terms: Examples:sporophyte
gametophyte
In the sporophyte stage, the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms.
In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and egg cells.
Building Vocabulary
Introduction to Plants
The Photosynthesis ProcessIn photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make sugar
and oxygen from
carbon dioxide and water.
- Photosynthesis and Light
Introduction to Plants
Preview Figure 9. Then write three questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.
Q. How is sunlight involved in photosynthesis?
A. The energy in sunlight is used to make sugar.
Q. Why does a plant need sugar?
A. The plant uses energy from the sugar to carry out life functions.
Water Vascular System
Q. How does the plant use the water its roots take in?
A. Water molecules combine with carbon dioxide to form sugar and oxygen during photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis and Light
Previewing Visuals
Introduction to Plants
Photosynthesis
Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis and Light
Introduction to Plants
Main Idea
Detail Detail Detail
Nonvascular plantsLive in moist area
Absorb water and nutrients directly from the environment include…
Mosses Liverworts Hornworts
- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Identifying Main Ideas
Introduction to Plants
Mosses
•More than 10, 000 species
•A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has structures that look like roots, stems, and leaves. The stalklike sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.
•The rhizoids anchor the moss and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil
- Plants Without Seeds: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Introduction to Plants
Mossses, Liverworts, and HornwortsLiverworts
• More than 8 ooo species
• Grow as a thick crust on moist rock or soil
Hornworts
• Fewer than 100 species
• Liv ein moist soil often mixed with grass plants
Introduction to Plants
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular PlantsFerns, club mosses, and horsetails share two characteristics:
•They have true vascular tissue
• they do not produce seeds
•reproduce by releasing spores.
- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Introduction to Plants
FernsMost ferns have underground stems in addition to roots.
The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.
- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Introduction to Plants
Ferns, Club Mosses, a Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails nd Horsetails
Horsetails
• Joined stems; needle branches
Club mosses
• Only few hundred species
• Similar to ferns
• Have vascular tissue
Introduction to Plants
Question AnswerWhat are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue; they do not produce seeds; they reproduce by releasing spores.
How do ferns reproduce? Ferns reproduce by spores that form on the underside of their fronds.
How do club mosses differ from true mosses?
Club mosses have vascular tissue.
Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what, how, or where question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions.
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Introduction to Plants
Graphic Organizer
Small and low
Moist
True roots,stems, and leaves
Gametophyte
Yes
Characteristic Moss Fern
Can be tallSize
MoistEnvironment
Body parts Rootlike, stemlike,leaflike structures
Sporophyte
No
Familiar generation
Is true vasculartissue present?