Introduction to Public SpeakingCMUN 1A

WELCOME!Instructor: Mrs. Ellen Waddell

AGENDAAGENDA

• The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking

• Diversity and communicationDiversity and communication

• Introduction to the self conceptIntroduction to the self concept

The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking

– The First Teachers: Doctrine of The First Teachers: Doctrine of general probabilitygeneral probability

• Corax and TisiasCorax and Tisias• 476 B.C.476 B.C.

The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking

– The Greek TraditionThe Greek Tradition• The Sophists The Sophists

– Protagoras: 481-411 B.C.Protagoras: 481-411 B.C.» Originator of academic debateOriginator of academic debate

– Gorgias: 485-380 B.C.Gorgias: 485-380 B.C.» Effective use of languageEffective use of language

– Isocrates: 436-347 B.C.Isocrates: 436-347 B.C.» Orator-statesmanOrator-statesman

The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking

– The Greek TraditionThe Greek Tradition• Plato: 427-347 B.C.Plato: 427-347 B.C.

– Philosopher-king as oratorPhilosopher-king as orator

• Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.– Rhetoric: philosophical and practical guide Rhetoric: philosophical and practical guide

for oratorsfor orators– Rhetoric as a teachable artRhetoric as a teachable art– 3 proofs 3 proofs

The History of Public SpeakingThe History of Public Speaking

– The Roman TraditionThe Roman Tradition• Cicero 106-43 B.C.Cicero 106-43 B.C.• Quintilian: A.D. 35-95Quintilian: A.D. 35-95

Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

• An Audience Centered Approach– Analyze audience

• Gender• Ethnicity• Socio – economic• Race• Age/generation• Culture• Religion• ?????

Diversity in Communication Diversity in Communication California is one of the most diverse places in the

world. 1/3 of Silicon Valley consists of those who were

not born in the U.S. tolerate other cultures, lifestyles, and worldviews.Context/contextual communication

Requires speaker defines audienceIncorporate definition into presentation or

conversation

Diversity and the Self-ConceptDiversity and the Self-Concept Diversity influences:

the way we look at the self the expectations we have for ourselves and others our behavior

Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self, is of prime importance and success is linked with group cohesion and loyalty

Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed and success is linked with personal achievement Allocentric – collectivist point of view Idiocentric – individualistic point of view

The GenerationsThe Generations

• You must understand the sounds and life experiences of each generation– impacts perspectives

• Music connects a generation through time• Life-changing events

– War– Environmental

• Changes in technology– Medical– Electronic

DEFINING EVENTSDEFINING EVENTS1930s1930s• Great Depression• Election of FDR

1940s1940s• Pearl Harbor• D-Day• VE Day and VI Day• Hiroshima/Nagasaki

1950s1950s• Korean War• TV in every home• McCarthy HCUAA Hearings• Rock n Roll• Salk Polio vaccine introduced

1960s1960s• Vietnam• Kennedy elected• Civil Rights Movement• Kennedy and King

assassinations• Moon landing• Woodstock

1970s1970s• Oil Embargo• Nixon Resigns• First PCs• Women’s Rights Movement

1980s1980s• Challenger Explosion• Fall of Berlin Wall• John Lennon shot• Reagan elected• Savings and Loan Debacle • California: Loma Prieta earthquake

1990s1990sDesert Storm

Oklahoma City bombing

Death of Princess Diana

Clinton Scandals

Internet/PC boom

California: Northridge earthquake

2000s2000sY2K

Dot Com rise and fall

911

War on Terrorism

War with Iraq

• Authentic/Public Self:Authentic/Public Self: What you do (profession/social station)

• Private Self: Private Self: Beliefs, Values, Moral Code

• Fictional Self:Fictional Self: False messages about who you are/broken compass

Self Concept: Self Concept:

Defining Your Authentic SelfDefining Your Authentic Self

The Self-Concept• Your Self-Concept is:

– Self-appraisal– Everything you think and feel about yourself– Entire collection of attitudes and feelings about who

and what you are

• Two components of Self-Concept– Self-image – the sort of person you believe yourself

to be– Self-esteem – how well you like and value yourself

The Self ConceptThe Self ConceptInternal vs. External FactorsInternal vs. External Factors

External Factors:

•10 defining moments• 7 critical choices• 5 pivotal people

The End

Introduction to Public SpeakingCMUN 1A

WELCOME!Instructor: Mrs. Ellen Waddell

AGENDAAGENDA

• The The self conceptself concept

Diversity and the Self-ConceptDiversity and the Self-Concept Diversity influences:

the way we look at the self the expectations we have for ourselves and others our behavior

Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self, is of prime importance and success is linked with group cohesion and loyalty

Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed and success is linked with personal achievement Allocentric – collectivist point of view Idiocentric – individualistic point of view

• Authentic/Public Self:Authentic/Public Self: What you do (profession/social station)

• Private Self: Private Self: Beliefs, Values, Moral Code

• Fictional Self:Fictional Self: False messages about who you are/broken compass

Self Concept: Self Concept:

Defining Your Authentic SelfDefining Your Authentic Self

The Self-Concept• Your Self-Concept is:

– Self-appraisal– Everything you think and feel about yourself– Entire collection of attitudes and feelings about who

and what you are

• Two components of Self-Concept– Self-image – the sort of person you believe yourself

to be– Self-esteem – how well you like and value yourself

The Self ConceptThe Self ConceptInternal vs. External FactorsInternal vs. External Factors

External Factors:

•10 defining moments• 7 critical choices• 5 pivotal people

Formation of Self-ConceptFormation of Self-Concept The image the other people have of you

The way you experience and evaluate yourself The roles you perform The media messages you absorb The expectations you and others have for you The gender, cultural, and technological messages you

internalize Self-concept is shaped

environment people around you

Roles, Self-Evaluation, & BehaviorRoles, Self-Evaluation, & Behavior Mental picture you have of yourself:

Faces or masks you wear Roles you play Ways you behave

As the masks you wear and roles you play vary, you also change: The language you use The attitudes you display The appearances you present

Electronic or Online Looking GlassElectronic or Online Looking Glass

Other sources that affect your opinion of who you are: Television Film Radio Music Print media (especially advertisements) Internet

Internal vs. External FactorsInternal vs. External Factors Internal Factors: reactions to the eventswe have the power! (to change)

Internal Dialogue: continuous self conversation Labeling: labeling others into groups, subgroups, classes and functions. Tapes: deeply ingrained beliefs that play in your head

– Fixed Beliefs: • we hold these about ourselves• difficult to change

– Limiting Beliefs: limit what we reach for and achieve

The Self-fulfilling ProphecyThe Self-fulfilling Prophecy Self-fulfilling Prophecy – a prediction or

expectation that comes true simply because one acts as if it were true

fixed/practiced beliefs define roles

resistance to challenges/changes to fixed beliefs

The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in ActionThe Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Action

Figure 3.2

GenderGender Others treat us differently based on gender

Prevalent conceptions of masculinity and femininity are reinforced by: Television Films Books Toys Websites

Diversity and the Self-ConceptDiversity and the Self-Concept Diversity influences:

the way we look at the self the expectations we have for ourselves and others our behavior

Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed

The Johari WindowThe Johari WindowPsychological testing

device that allows us

to examine both how

we view ourselves,

and how others view

us.

(Figure 3.3)

The Johari Window PanesThe Johari Window Panes I. The Open AreaOpen Area –known to you and

another II. The Blind AreaBlind Area –others, but not you, are

aware of III. The Hidden AreaHidden Area –you know, but keep

hidden from others IV. The Unknown AreaUnknown Area –neither you nor

others are aware

Self disclosureSelf disclosure – moving information from Pane III to Pane I.

Improving Awareness of Self & OthersImproving Awareness of Self & Others

Take pictures of yourself and othersTake pictures of yourself and others Examine self-image/relationship to others Develop a clear sense of self Examine self-perceptions and self-misconceptions

Encourage others to take pictures of youEncourage others to take pictures of you Obtain information from others Refocus, refocus, refocusRefocus, refocus, refocus

What is Perception?• The “I” behind the senses• Our interpretation of events may differ markedly

from the actual events• Perception is the process of selecting,

organizing, and selectively interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world

Perceiving Stimuli: “Eye” and “I”Perceiving Stimuli: “Eye” and “I”

The “Eye” 5 million bits of data/second The “I” (the brain) –500 bits of data/second Selective Perception

focusing on particular stimuli limited /coherent and meaningful picture of our world

conforms to or beliefs, expectations, and convictions.

What do you see?

Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy The desire to see selectively Perception in concert with experiences Dissimilar life experiences=wider the gap between us and

others Cultural habits/norms

Cultural nearsightedness – the failure to understand meanings to similar behavioral clues can be different

Socioeconomic Education

Gender and PerceptionGender and Perception Men and women

perceive different realities have different expectations set for them exhibit different communication styles

Perceived differences in male/female behavior develop as a result of The expectations of others The behavior exhibited by role models The traditional educational institutions that promote

stereotypes

Barriers to PerceptionBarriers to Perception Perceptual Sets: Is your past following you? Selective Exposure: Are you open or closed? Selective Perception and Closure: Are you a distorter? First Impressions: Do you freeze your perceptions of

others? Stereotypes: Do you squeeze others into niches? Inferences: Do you confuse what you infer and what you

observe?

The End

Welcome!Welcome!

IntroductionIntroductionto to

Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

Instructor: Ellen WaddellInstructor: Ellen Waddell

AGENDAAGENDA

• Basic speech organization/outliningBasic speech organization/outlining– PartPart IIII

• The Impromptu Speech: “In a nutshell…”The Impromptu Speech: “In a nutshell…”

Designing Your Speech: Designing Your Speech:

Organizing Your IdeasOrganizing Your Ideas

• Base organization on the principle of redundancy

• Speech framework: • Introduction - tell them what you are going to

tell them• Body - tell them• Conclusion - tell them what you have told

them

Organizing the BodyOrganizing the Body Outlining principles

Main ideas – speech’s subtopics Subordinate ideas – function as amplification for

subtopics

Organizing the Main IdeasOrganizing the Main IdeasEach main idea has subordinate ideas that support it

ExampleTopic: Baking cookies•1st Main idea: Find needed ingredients and utensils• Subordinate idea: needed ingredients•Subordinate idea: needed utensils

Organizing the Main IdeasOrganizing the Main IdeasExampleTopic: Baking cookies•1st Main idea: Definition of term

•Subordinate idea: needed ingredients•Subordinate idea: needed utensils

2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients Subordinate idea: First mix wet itemsSubordinate idea: Mix dry itemsSubordinate idea: Mix all together3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies

Subordinate idea: place on greased cookie sheet 1 “ apartSubordinate idea: Bake at 350 degrees until brown around edgesSubordinate idea: Place finished cookies on rack and allow to cool 10 minutes before serving

Ordering Your IdeasOrdering Your Ideas Chronological order

Develops an idea or problem in the order in which it occurred

Spatial order Describes an object, person or phenomenon as it exists in

space Cause-and-effect order

Categorizes a topic according to its causes and effects Problem-and-solution order

Determines what problems are, and presents solutions Topical order

Divides material into a series of appropriate topics

* Exam topic

Organizing the Main Ideas into a PatternOrganizing the Main Ideas into a Pattern

What pattern has been used?Topic: Baking cookies•1st Main idea: Definition of term

•Subordinate idea: needed ingredients•Subordinate idea: needed utensils

2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients Subordinate idea: First mix wet itemsSubordinate idea: Mix dry itemsSubordinate idea: Mix all together3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies

Subordinate idea: place on greased cookie sheet 1 “ apartSubordinate idea: Bake at 350 degrees until brown around edgesSubordinate idea: Place finished cookies on rack and allow to cool 10 minutes before serving

Impromptu SpeechImpromptu Speech PresentationsPresentations

•Choose one personal item from your belongings and prepare to describe to the class how the item sums up who you are “in a nutshell”•Use an outline format with introduction, main point, and conclusion.

Examples: •A key chain that opens the door to the various parts of your life (work/car/home)•An award/ pen that signifies dedication to a particular cause/issue•A floppy disc with a variety of saved documents (work/personal/school/work)

Impromptu SpeechImpromptu Speech PresentationsPresentations

•Use an outline format with introduction, main point, and conclusion.•Present your choice of personal item from your belongings and describe to the class how the item sums up who you are “in a nutshell”

•Feel free to click away!

The End