introduction to qualitative data analysis...research methods in applied linguistics (oxford applied...
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Introduction to Qualitative data analysisHow to do simple qualitative data analysis for small projects on paperAndrew Blyth, Nanzan University & University of Canberra
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Qualitative & Quantitative Numbers add meaning to words, and
words add meaning to numbers. (Dörnyei, 2007, p45)
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Uses Analysing interviews (transcripts) Analysing texts (inc. letters, journals,
documents, etc) Analysing pictures & videos (like classroom
observations; Mitchell, 2011)
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Today we will Use grounded theory methodology “Grounded theory” is generated from
patterns that emerge from the data reduction (Corbin & Strauss, 1967)
Tries to be relatively objective, and freed of our personal interpretation, ie: “let the data speak for itself”.
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Typical project workflow
Design•Look at similar projects, and design yours•Decide data required (inc. data collection & analysis method)
Data
•Data collection•Data analysis •Theory generation
Share•Presentations•Publications
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Data reductionRaw data (eg: Interview transcript)
Coding
Meta analysis
Theory
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Coding is… “Codes are tags or labels for assigning
units of meaning to the descriptive or inferential information compiled during a study. … For our purposes it is not the words themselves but their meaning that matters” (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p56)
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Coding is… We don’t need to
know the full list of ingredients, just the “tag”, “label”, or the “code”:
#yummy #cake #chocolatecake
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Types of coding
Free coding
Using predefined codes as a start-list
Using pre-defined codes
See Miles & Huberman (1994, p58)
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Coding options Using numbers, letters, or symbols Descriptive codes. Eg:
Ped.TBA = Pedagogy is Task Based Approach Ped.GT = Pedagogy is Grammar Translation Mat.CD = Materials used is compact disk Mat.Tvoice = Materials used is the teacher’s voice GQ = Great Quote (something you could use in
your article) etc
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Miles & Huberman (1994, p59-60)
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Descriptive codes in use [Pictures with examples]
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Examples
Images from: http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/phpechopage_titleOnlineQDA-Examples_QDA.php
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This workshop:1. Use a pre-defined list to perform data
reduction2. Try our own free coding
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Pre-defined coding: Use a pre-defined list to perform data
reduction Look at news website comments, and
categorise only the relevant ones Make ‘theory’ Confirm theory with a colleague
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“Project”Explore the impoliteness (face threatening acts, comments against the journalist) of comments sections of news websites. Is there a difference between anonymous
and non-anonymous comments? Compare Reddit (anon)& Peta Pixel (non-
anon)
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How?1. Familiarise yourself with the themes you will use2. Create your own code for each theme3. Look at the data4. Match the ‘data’ to a suitable code5. Halfway, stop and ‘audit’ (double check your
coding is consistent)6. Continue7. When you finish, look at how many of each code
you used, and make a general comment of the pattern that emerged
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Focus ONLY look at the comments that focus on
news article or the journalist’s writing. Ignore all other comments, including
those discussing the topic and answering other people’s comments.
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Examples: Which are relevant?Thread 1
I think the real issue is that the politicians don’t get the realities farmers face. It’s not just the politicians,
it’s the bleeding banks too. They only care about payments, whether it’s great or there’s a draught
Didn’t The Gazette discuss this last month?
Thread 2 In defence of the truck
driver, they have to work long shifts, so they get tired. Truck drivers will be
replaced by drones anyway. Dinosaurs. Self-driving trucks?
I feel sorry for the penguins in this story.
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The news article
The comments
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Finished? Ask someone to look at your coding, to
determine if they agree that your coding is accurate
Ask someone to listen to your “theory”, and let them see your coding, and determine if your theory is supported by your coding & data
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Discussion What are the strengths and weaknesses of
this approach? Do you have a research project of your
own in mind? How can you adapt this methodology for your own research?
What are the limitations of doing it on paper?
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Free coding Look at each comment. Summarise the
theme in one to three words. Make this a “theme”, then make a descriptive
code. Eg: “Pedagogy is ineffective” = Ped.Effect- (minus)
Add to your list of themes & codes as you read You can use multiple themes to describe a
few lines of language.
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You try Work with your partner or group, and quickly
go through one lot of comments and “code” them.
Read them again more closely, and adjust your codes if you need to, and reduce the data more.
Make a short simple summary of the main themes based on the codes that emerged.
Share your theory with a nearby group.
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Discussion Share your theory to a colleague, & discuss What are the strengths and weaknesses of this
approach? Do you have a research project of your own
in mind? How can you adapt this methodology for your own research?
What are the limitations of doing it on paper?
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Bibliography Creswell, J (2009) Research Design: Qualitative,
Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. California, USA: Sage Publications.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007) Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (Oxford Applied Linguistics). OUP.
Henrich, N. & Holmes, B. (2013). Web news readers’ comments: Towards developing a methodology for using on-line comments in social inquiry. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 5(1).
Miles, M., and Huberman, A. (1994) An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks, USA: Sage Publications.
Mitchell, C. (2011) Doing Visual Researching. Sage Publications.
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