By Kamarudin Ambak, Ph.D

Road Safety is a Global Problem: An Overview

First death in a motor vehicle crashed was in

London 1896.

Since then, it was estimated 30 millions lives.

Population, road traffic deathsa, and registered motorized vehicles,

by income group

Source : WHO, 2008

Source : WHO,2004

1.2 million person are killed annually in road

accidents worldwide

20 to 50 million person injured annually in road

accident worldwide

Developing countries 20 – 200 deaths per

10,000 motor vehicles

Developed countries 2 – 5 deaths per 10,000

motor vehicles

Cost of accidents in developing countries is 1% - 2%

of the Gross Domestic Product Source : World Bank & WHO

Huge loss in economy = 1.5% GDP in country

Statistical life of Malaysian Motorists

RM 1.2 million (Nor Ghani et al. 2011)

6,745 fatality x RM 1.2 million

Fatalities Road in Some Countries

190.00185.00

140.00

48.00

32.50

15.209.10 8.40 5.44 5.30 5.17 5.07 4.30 2.81 1.90 1.81 1.80 1.441.80

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

180.00

200.00

Eut

ophi

a

Afri

can

Rep

ulic

India

China

Pak

ista

nTu

rki

Indo

nesia

Thaila

nd

Swizer

land

Belgi

um

Malay

sia

Italy

Singa

pore

Japa

nUSA

Finlan

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Gre

at B

ritai

n

Ger

man

y

New

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land

Fata

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es/1

0,0

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Data: 2001

Some Road Accidents Picture

Road Accidents

Road Accidents

Road Accidents

Road Accidents Statistic in Malaysia

Road Fatality Statistics in Malaysia

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

1991199

2199

3199

4199

5199

6199

7199

8199

9200

0200

1200

2200

3200

4200

5200

6200

7200

8200

9201

0201

1

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Veh

icle

Reg

istr

ati

on

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Ro

ad

Fata

liti

es

Source : (PDRM,2012)

1996 7,686,684 60,734 189,109 6,304 8.20 29.8 40.4

1997 8,550,469 63,382 215,632 6,302 7.37 29.1 36.3

1998 9,141,357 63,382 211,037 5,740 6.28 25.3 30.9

1999 9,929,951 64,981 223,166 5,794 5.83 25.5 28.7

2000 10,589,804 64,981 250,417 6,035 5.70 26.0 28.0

2001 11,302,545 64,981 265,175 5,849 5.17 25.1 25.5

2002 12,068,144 64,981 279,237 5,887 4.88 25.3 24.0

2003 12,868,934 71,814 298,651 6,282 4.88 25.1 24.0

2004 13,801,297 71,814 326,815 6,228 4.51 24.3 22.2

2005 14,816,407 72,400 328,268 6,200 4.18 23.7 20.6

2006 15,790,732 72,400 341,252 6,287 3.98 23.6 19.6

General Road Accident Statistics and Fatality Index in Malaysia

Year Vehicles Registered Road

Length

(Km)

Number of Fatality Index

Accidents Death Per 10,000

Vehicles

Per 100,000

Population

Per Billion

VKT

Radin Umar, 2007

Accident Record From 2002 to 2011

Source : (PDRM,2012)

Road Accident/Casualties in Malaysia

Year

Number of Registered

Vehicles

Total

Number of

Road

Accident

Casualties

Death Serious Minor

2002 12,068,144 279,711 5,891 8,425 35,236

2003 12,819,248 298,653 6,286 9,040 37,415

2004 13,764,837 326,815 6,228 9,218 38,645

2005 14,733,585 328,164 6,200 9,395 31,417

2006 15,790,73 341,252 6,287 9,253 19,885

2007 16,813,943 363,319 6,282 9,273 18,444

2008 17,733,084 373,071 6,527 8,868 16,879

2009 18,933,237 397,330 6,745 8,849 15,823

2010 20,006,953 414,421 6,872 7,781 13,616

2011 21,311,630 449,040 6,877 6,328 12,365

With average 6,000 Deaths (road accidents) in Malaysia per year = 20

Jumbo Jet Crashed/year!!!!

Can We Imagine???

“Human Error is the main cause of Road Accident in Malaysia”

40% of the road accident were caused by the

following the cars in front closely,

26% were due to dangerous cornering,

13% were due to dangerous overtaking,

12% were due to over speeding!

Source : Road Tranport Department of Malaysia

0.484.06 2.83

22.83

8.71

61.09

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Bus Driver Lorry Driver Cyclist Car Driver Pedestrian Motorcyclist

Road Users

Ro

ad

Fata

liti

es (

%)

(PDRM,2012)

Casualties by Type of Road User

Road Accidents

feeling of sorrow and grief to loved ones

Physical pain and disfigurement

Congestion, travel time delay on road and inefficiency of logistic services

Physical disabilities

Governments will have to bear the costs of accidents

Financial problems

ROAD ACCIDENTS: HOW

THEY AFFECT US

../Clip/50 Road Accidents in India.mp4

HUMAN FACTORS include:

Perceptual Error

- driver or pedestrian looks but fail too see - distraction or lack of attention - misjudgement of speed or distance

Lack of Skill

- inexperience - lack of jugdement - wrong action and decision

Manner of execution

- deficiency in actions (e.g too fast, closed following etc) - deficiency in behaviour (e.g reckless, aggressive, etc)

Impairement

- alcohol, drug - fatigue, illness, emotional stress

Adverse Road Design

- unsuitable layout and intersections design - poor visibility due to layout

Adverse Environment

- slippery road - flooded surface - lack of maintenance

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS include:

Inadequate Road Furniture or Marking

- insufficient and/or unclear road signs - poor street lighting

Unexpected Obstructions

- roadworks - parking vehicles

VEHICLE FACTORS include:

lack of regular maintenance

- defective brakes - tyre blowouts

There are some of the driver errors that lead to motor vehicle accidents:

• Driving faster than the posted speed limits

• Failing to adjust driving for the road and weather conditions

• Turning left from the far right lane in multi-lane traffic

• Tailgating/ closed following behaviour

• Ignoring Stop, Yield, and other traffic signs

• Rushing through yellow and red traffic lights

• Neglecting to signal before turning

Cont’d;

• Talking on a mobile phone when driving

• Punishing other drivers for their driving errors (e.g immediately changing lane)

• Always using high-beam headlights when approaching oncoming traffic

• Driving when tired or emotionallly upset

• Avoiding routine car maintenance

Is a structured approach to accident prevention and casualty reduction

both in the urban and rural area.

Road Safety Approach & Strategy

This may be achieved by the following two approaches:

i) Accident reduction and prevention approaches

ii) Injury reduction approaches

The accident reduction and prevention approaches involved;

REDUCTION – The application of appropriate road engineering and traffic

management schemes on hazardous location or “blackspot”

PREVENTION – The application of safety principles through road safety

auditing on existing road or new proposed road.

The injury reduction approaches involve:

application of appropriate safety policies, vehicle and road engineering,

medical & trauma management.

These may be achieved by five strategies:

i) exposure control

ii) crash prevention

iii) behavior modification

iv) injury control

v) post-injury management

Road Safety Approach & Strategy

Road Safety Management & Strategy

There are at least four basic strategies for accident reduction through the

use of engineering countermeasures.

Four strategies are:

i) Single site or blackspots treatment

ii) Mass action schemes

iii) Route action plans

iv) Area-wide schemes

Road Safety Approach & Strategy

Road Safety Management & Strategy

Single Site Technique

Mass Action Schemes

Based on identification of sites with higher than average number of

accidents. These approaches provide a technique for reducing

accidents at high risks sites.

The application of a remedy to locations or areas with a common

accident problem. Some example of these problems with the worst

accident records of wet skidding, on crest hills, pedestrians and

motorcycles.

Road Safety Approach & Strategy

Road Safety Management & Strategy

Route Action Schemes

Area-Wide Measure

The application of various treatments over a wide area of town/city.

Including traffic management and traffic calming in areas bounded

by links on a network or housing areas having higher accidents.

The application of remedies along a route with a high accident rate.

An example of this initiative is the provision of an exclusive

motorcycle lane along the Federal route F002 between Kuala

Lumpur and Klang.

Road Safety Approach & Strategy

In 1990, The Cabinet Committee of Road Safety was formed to

formulate a national road safety target in reducing road accident

and fatalities. The earlier target was established to monitor the rates

of fatalities due to traffic accident which is commonly defined as

death within 30 days of following an accident per 10,000 vehicles.

NATIONAL ROAD SAFETY TARGET

An earlier national road safety target was to reduce deaths rate

to 4 traffic accident deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles by the

year 2010. This target was based on the statistical model developed

by Road Safety Research Centre of Universiti Putra Malaysia

which predicted 9,127 deaths in year 2000 if the traffic continued

to increase at the continuing linear growth with 1989 as its base

year.

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

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1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

0

2

4

6

8

10

Rib

u

Tahun

Kem

atia

n

Forecast (9,127)

Target

(6,389))

Actual Deaths

Death = 2289{exp0.00007.Vehicle. Population.Road} {exp0.2073 Data Collection

System}

Reduction

30%

FATALITY MODEL AND SAFETY TARGET IN MALAYSIA

Radin Umar, 1998

In 2006, the National Road Safety Plan 2006-2010 was launched by

the Prime Minister. This Plan encompasses a total of nine strategies.

Among the strategies are early childhood safety education, electronic

enforcement, safety legislation, road engineering programs and

community based programs.

Strategic Plan for Road Safety 2006-2010

The objectives are to achieve the nation’s road safety goal, as follow:

(i) To reduce 52.4 per cent of deaths per 10,000 vehicles from 4.2 in 2005 to 2.0

in 2010;

(ii) To reduce deaths per 100,000 population from the existing 23 (2005) to 10

deaths;

(iii) To reduce deaths per billion VKT from the current 18 (2005) to 10 deaths.

Fatality per 10,000 Vehicles - Estimated and Projected (Years 1986-2010)

Deaths per 100,000 population in Malaysia

Deaths per Billion Vehicle-Kilometer Travelled in Malaysia

In order to objectively address the national safety targets, 15 KPIs were drawn up for the

following sectors:

1. Management of Road Safety

2. Road Accident and Injury Database

3. Road Safety Funding

4. Safe Planning and Design of Roads

5. Improvements to Hazardous Locations

6. Road Safety Education

7. Driver Training and Testing

8. Road Safety Campaigns

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Road safety

9. Vehicle Safety and Standards

10. Traffic Legislation

11. Traffic Law Enforcement

12. Emergency Assistance to Road

Accident Victims

13. Road Safety Research

14. Road Accident Costing

15. Partnership in Road Safety

Event

Factors

Pre Crash Crash Post Crash

HUMAN Education

Campaign

Enforcement

Complaince to

Safety Devices

Skill of paramedic

and first

respondents

VEHICLE Type approval

Roadworthiness

Active Safety

Devices

Installation of

Passive Safety

Devices

Rescue tools

ENVIRONMENT Blackspot Program

Road Safety Audit

Forgiving Road

Furniture

Trauma centres

and management

Strategic Road Safety Intervention Program 2007-2010

Program % Intervention coverage Potential

reduction

No. of

death

invovled/

year

Expected

no. In

fatality

reduction 2007 2008 2009 2010

AES-speed

Cameras red light

Lane discipline

Helmet program

Rear Seat belt

Air bag

Driver training

RSE and CBP

M/cycle lanes

Black spot

Others

20

20

0

30

20

10

10

10

10

10

10

60

60

20

65

40

20

30

20

20

20

20

100

90

60

100

60

40

50

50

30

30

30

100

90

80

100

80

60

60

80

40

40

40

30

40

40

50

20

30

10

20

80

30

20

1400

150

150

1500

450

400

300

400

500

500

350

420

54

72

750

84

72

18

64

160

60

28

Total 6300 1278

Note: AES- Automatic Enforcement System, RSE- Road Safety Education,

CBP- Community Based Program

The “3E” Solution

Education

Enforcement

Engineering

ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING

Road Accidents

Education

• early childhood road training to initial driver training.

• attitude changing programs

• road safety education in school

• exercises in pedestrian and cyclist safety

• driver training courses

• safety programmes for the eldery

• campaigns (anti-speeding, seatbelt, helmet, drink driving etc)

ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING

Road Accidents

Enforcement

• Based on Road Transport Act 1987/1999.

• Imposing traffic summons (drank drivers, non-wearing seatbelt, helmet, speeding etc)

• enforcing speed traps

• speed limits on all roads

• Installation of automated speed cameras for AES

• introduced public service as penalty

ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING

Road Accidents

Engineering

• Technology changes to motor vehicles:

- automatic transmission

- visibility systems

- Anti-breaking systems

- injury attenuation systems (seatbelt, air bag, etc.

ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING

Road Accidents

Engineering (cont’d)

• Road and traffic developments:

- Access control

- improved geometric design

- improved lighting and carriageway delineation

- improved road signing

- separation of vulnerable road user

- identify and treatment for a blackspots

Road Safety Signage

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON TRAFFIC SIGNS

Traffic signs are installed to relay messages about the road system to

all road users. They comprise instructions for the road users to obey,

warnings of hazards which are not self evident, information about

highway route, directions, destinations and points of interest.

Road Safety Agency

PDRM, Traffic Branch - To carry out enforcement activities regarding

Road Traffic Act 1987 & Road Traffic Ordinance 1958.

- To conduct road traffic accident investigation i.e record, collection & reporting accident data.

- To implement road safety discipline among road users through Ops Sikap, Ops Pacak.

HPU, Ministry of work - Highway Planning Unit is under the Ministry of Work, Malaysia. - The main functions & activity are: To outline the policies for National roads / expressway network

that is efficient, economical and safe. To conduct traffic census and studies to collect information

about route operation characteristics . To collect and analyse accident data to identify accident-prone

areas and propose repairment measure concepts. To conduct Enviromental Impact Studies for the planned road

projects. To stipulate the direction of the Intelligent Transport System in

the country.

Road Safety Agency

JKR, Road Safety Unit - Officially was established in 1997 as Road Safety Division,

then become Road Safety Unit under JKR Road Branch. - The main functions are: to carry out and coordinates Road Safety Audit to all road

projects. to reviews and study on TIA report in term of safety

concern and the development. to implement road safety programs i. improve hazardous location ii. Mass Action Plan program iii. construction of motorcycle lane to conduct accident forensic study at accident prone areas.

Road Safety Agency

Road Safety Agency

Road Safety Department, JKJR - Established in 2007 under Ministry of Transport.

- JKJR is function as “One Stop Agency” with responsible: to plans, research, developments, implementations and

coordination in all activities road safety involves education, enforcement, environmental & engineering.

- To increase the awareness and understanding among road users

through inculcate and educate approach by: i. media campaign (TV, radio, billboard etc) ii. Road Safety Education in school

iii. Community Based Program, etc.

Road Safety Agency

Example of posters for campaign program

Example of Community Based Program

Road Safety Agency

Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research - MIROS was established in 2007 under Ministry of

Transport.

- MIROS has three main Centre namely: i. Road Engineering and Environment Research Centre, ii. Road User Behavioural Change Research Centre, iii. Vehicle Safety and Biomechanics Research Centre. - Also support by two other division; the Administration and

Finance Division and Publications & Knowledge Management Division.

Road Safety Agency

Road Safety Agency

Function Conduct high impact research that will be translated into road safety

policies. Develop national objectives, policies, and priorities for the orderly

development and administration of road safety research. Enhance and increase knowledge based on new developments

issues related to road safety. Serve as an audit and accreditation agency in curriculum design and

standards on road safety. Propose evidenced based cost-effective interventions/ programmes. Serve as a repository of knowledge and linkage on road safety. Serve as a centre providing consultation and advice on road safety

issues.

Road Safety Agency

Chapter%202.ppt