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Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
M.Sc. Philipp Kofler
Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Syste ms (TZS) Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin g (ITW)
University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
Email: [email protected]: www.itw.uni-stuttgart.de
Introduction to solar thermal technology
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Content
♦ Presentation of ITW and TZS
♦ Background informations
♦ Solar thermal collectors
♦ Solar thermal systems
♦ Summary and conclusions
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
TZS the largest testing centre and the largest university based research centre for thermal solar technology in Europe
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
TZSResearch and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar
Systems (TZS)
founded 1993
• > 1200 collector tests
• > 160 thermal storage tests
• > 100 complete system tests
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Collector Tests
• outdoor tests
• indoor tests (solar simulator)
• performance prediction
approximately halfSolar Keymark testsup to now are from us
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Reliability and Durability
• rain penetration
• high temperatureresistance
• internal pressure forabsorber
• mechanical load
• etc.
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Store Tests
• hot water stores
• combi stores
• thermal storeparameters
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
System Tests• ISO 9459-2 (CSTG)
• ISO 9459-5 (DST)
• EN 12977 (Combi-Sys)
• system parameters
• performance prediction
Solar KeymarkTesting
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Complete solar collector and system test facility
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
R&D activities• Advanced energy concepts for solar buildings
• Consultancy and service projects
• Solar assisted district heating with seasonal heat stores
• and many more…
• Thermochemical energy stores
• New solar collector designs
• Cooperation with several organisations (IEA SHC etc .)
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Background Information
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Global energy demand
more than 50 % of the demand
is heat
Source: IEA, P. Frankl, presentation 2013
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Sou
rce:
RE
N21
, Ren
ewab
les
2013
Global energy production
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
These 223 GWth provided prox. 193 TWh of heat
Globally installed solar thermal capacity
Sou
rce:
RE
N21
, Ren
ewab
les
2013
223 GWth ≈ 318 km² collectors
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Globally installed solar thermal capacity
Sou
rce:
RE
N21
, Ren
ewab
les
2013
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
European Solar Thermal Market Development(installations per year)
Source: ESTIF 2013
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Applications of solar thermal energy
� Pool heating systems
� Solar thermal domestic hot water systems
� Systems for domestic hot water and space heating (combi systems)
� Solar district heating systems (seasonal heat storage)
� Solar cooling systems
� Solar process heat
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Solar Thermal Collectors
A technology overview
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Unglazed collectors
Pool Heating
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Unglazed collectors
• mostly non-selective Absorber
• mostly polymeric material
• no glass cover (unglazed)
• no thermal insulation
• high optical efficiency
• high thermal losses
• range of operation 10 – 40°CSource: fafco.com
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Glazed collectorsFlat plate collectors and vacuum tube collectors
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Source: Bosch Solarthermie GmbH
• selective or non-selective coating
• glass cover ⇒ reduction of thermal losses
• thermal insulation on backside⇒ reduction of thermal losses
• typical range of operation 20 – 80°C
Flat plate collectors
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Flat plate collectorsPhysical processes in a flat plate collector
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Flat plate collectorsSize information
• modules available from approx. 1.5 to 12 m²
• typical collector area of a solar domestic hot water system(1 family house, Europe): 3 - 6 m²
• typical collector area of a solar combisystem(1 family house, Europe); 10 - 20 m²
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Vacuum tube collectorsFeatures/advantages of vacuum tube collectors
• vacuum reduces heat losses
• efficiency nearly independent of ambient temperature
• more expensive than flat plate collectors
Source: Ritter Solar / ESTIF
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Sydney type evacuated tube
Source: surromax.com
70 % of world wide collector market!
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Details Sydney tube with U -pipe
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Vacuum tube collectorsDifferent principles
vacuum tubedirect principle
vacuum tubeheat-pipe principle
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Vacuum tube collectorsSize information
• smaller collector area (compared to flat plate collectors) needed because of higher efficiency
• typical collector area of a solar domestic hot water system (1 family house, Europe) 2.5 - 4 m²
• typical collector area of a solar combisystem(1 family house, Europe) 8 - 12 m²
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Sydney type ETC with CPC
U-tube
Aluminum heatTransfer sheet
Sydney tube
CPCreflector
Selectivecoating Source: Consolar GmbH
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Collector efficiency curves
Radiation: 1000 W/m²temperature difference [K]
colle
ctor
effi
cien
cy [-
]
(mean collector temperature - ambient temperature)
standard flat platecollector
CPC withoutantireflex
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Examples of latest technological developments - solar collectors
Vacuum flat plate collectorType MT-Power fromTVP-SolarSource: www.tvpsolar.com
CPC collector with antireflective coatingRitter ParadigmaCPC aqua plasmaSource: www.rittersolar.de
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Collector efficiency curves
CPC withantireflex
vacuum flat plate collector
Radiation: 1000 W/m²temperature difference [K]
colle
ctor
effi
cien
cy [-
]
(mean collector temperature - ambient temperature)
standard flat platecollector
CPC withoutantireflex
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Three examples for solar thermal systems
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Technologies to use solar thermal energy
�Solar thermal domestic hot water systems
» Thermosiphon systems» Forced circulating systems
�Solar thermal combisystem
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Thermosiphon Systems for Single Familiy Houses
direct thermosiphon system Source: ELSE06\T_SIPH1E.CDR
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Example for Thermosiphon System
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Example for Thermosiphon System (China)S
ourc
e: A
EE
-IN
TE
C, W
erne
r Wei
ss
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Thermosiphon Systems
Advantages:• very simple systems• very efficient systems• very cheap• no electricity, no pump, no controller• self controlling systems
Disadvantages:• only applicable in regions without frost• (aesthetic aspects)
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Forced -circulating systems for singlefamily houses
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Detailed set-up of solar domestic hot water system
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Dimensioning of solar domestic hot water systems for single family houses in Europe
• Collector area 1 m² to 1.5 m²per person
• Store volume approximately50 - 70 l/m² collector area
---> annual solar fraction: 50 % - 70 % (of demand for DHW)
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Performance Indicator f sol
Solar Fraction f solfractional reduction in the amount of energy that must be purchased
d
auxdsol Q
QQf
−=
Qd : total heat demand for domestic hot water preparation and/or space heating
Qaux: amount of energy from auxillary heater to fullfill the total heat demand
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
f sol
[%]
Energy savings of a typical solar domestic hot wate r system in a single family house (German conditions)
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
f sol
[%]
Energy savings of a typical solar domestic hot wate r system in a single family house (German conditions)
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
store volume [l]
f sol
solar domestic hot water systems effect of V sto and Ac on f sol
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Solar thermal combisystems
Typical size of solar combisystems (Germany)
� 10 - 20 m² collector area
� 750 - 1500 l tank volume
� solar fraction 15 – 30% (of total heat demand)
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Why is thermal energy storage a key technology for solar thermal systems?
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Solar thermal energy and thermal energy storage
� To make use of the solar energy supply in almost every solar thermal technology thermal energy storages play an important role
� Efficient solar thermal systems are closely linked to efficient energy storage
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Solar combisystemSchematic design
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Major differences between solar domestic hot water systems and solar combisystems
• different collector size
• different requirements on heat storage--> completely different storage designs
• different control strategies
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Conclusions• Technology for solar domestic hot water systems andsolar combisystems is available
• Suitable for new and retrofit applications
• Small scale systems are state of the art
• Design guidelines are available
• Systems are cost-competitive
• Large scale heating and solar cooling systems and s ystems forindustrial applications have a very high potential
• Additional advantage: Innovative technology, positi ve image,security of supply etc.
Forschungs- und Testzentrum für Solaranlagen
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Unique advantages of solar thermal energy (ST)
• ST always leads to a direct reduction of primary en ergy consumption• ST can be combined with nearly all kinds of back-up heat sources• ST has the highest potential of all renewable energ y sources and
does not rely on finite resources, needed also for other energy and non-energy purposes
• ST does not lead to a significant increase in elect ricity demand, which could imply substantial investments to increase pow er generation and transmission capacities
• ST is available nearly everywhere. Current limitati ons, for instance at very high latitudes or in case of limited space for heat storage, can be largely overcome through R&D […]
Source: ESTTP – Solar Heating and Cooling for a Sustainable Energy Future in Europe
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
Unique advantages of solar thermal energy (ST)
• ST prices are highly predictable, since the largest part of them occur at the moment of investment, and therefore does not depend on future oil, gas, biomass, or electricity prices
• The life-cycle environmental impact of ST systems i s extremely low• ST replaces (mainly imported) natural sources with local jobs.
Wherever the ST hardware will be produced in the fu ture, a large portion of the value chain (distribution, planning, installation, maintenance) is inherently related to the demand si de
Source: ESTTP – Solar Heating and Cooling for a Sustainable Energy Future in Europe
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in Kooperation mitPhilipp Kofler
Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin gResearch and Test Centre for Thermal Solar Systems (TZS)
International DAAD-Alumni Summer School, 07 th November 2013
M.Sc. Philipp Kofler
Research and Testing Centre for Thermal Solar Syste ms (TZS) Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineerin g (ITW)
University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
Email: [email protected]: www.itw.uni-stuttgart.de
Tel.: +49 (0) 711 685 63577
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