introduction to spss€¦ · t-tests |paired-samples zassesses the difference between the two...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to SPSS
Katie HandwergerWhy n’ HowFebruary 19, 2009
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Overview
Setting up a data fileFrequencies/DescriptivesOne-sample T-testPaired-samples T-testIndependent-samples T-testOne-way ANOVA
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Study
Three Diagnostic GroupsMDD, Bipolar, and Dysthymia
Subjects receive either Drug or Placebo
Measure of success:Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score
BDI Assessed at 3 points:Pre TreatmentAfter 4 WeeksAfter 8 Weeks
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Setting Up A Data File
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Setting Up A Data File
Important: Always Use Labels
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Setting Variable Types
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Setting Value Labels
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Setting Value Labels
Important: THESE VALUESARE ARBITRARY!!
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Accounting for Missing Variables
Important: Account forMissing Variables withA Value That Would NeverBe Found in the Dataset
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Setting Up A Date File
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Setting Up A Data File
New Variable LabelsWill Appear Up Top
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Setting Up A Data File
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Viewing Value Labels
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Viewing Value Labels
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Now we have our data set upWhat can we do with it???
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Descriptives
MeanMedianModeRangeSkewness
Measure of the asymmetry of the probability distributionGood way to check for outliers
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G 1 g 2 g 3 g 4 g 5 g 6 g 7 g 8 g 9 g 1 0 g 1 2 g 1 3 g 1 4 g 1 5
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Negative SkewPositive Skew
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Running Descriptives
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Running Descriptives
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Running Descriptives
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Descriptives Output
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Descriptives Output
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Descriptives OutputMissing Values Accounted For
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Selecting Only Certain Cases
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What if I only want to include a certain population in my analyses?
i.e. people with SEVERE Depression• Defined as: BDI>40 at pre treatment
Selecting Only Certain Cases
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Selecting Only Certain Cases
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Selecting Only Certain Cases
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Selecting Only Certain Cases
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IMPORTANT NOTE:All analyses after you select certain cases will only include those cases UNTIL you go back and select ALL
Selecting All Cases
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Selecting All Cases
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I have BDI Scores at Pre, Week 4, and Week 8What if I want to have a new column that gives me the change from:
Pre to Week 4?Pre to Week 8?
Computing New Variables
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Computing New Variables
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Computing New Variables
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Computing New Variables
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Computing New Variables
Don’t Forget To Give Your New Variable a Label!
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Computing New Variables
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Computing New Variables
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Computing New Variables
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T-TestsPaired-Samples
Assesses the difference between the two variables for each caseTests to see if the average difference is sig different from zero.
One SampleComparing Mean Scores to an existing pre-
determined unit
Independent-SamplesComparing Mean of Two Groups (IV) on a DV
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Paired T-Tests
Two continuous variablesi.e. In the Tx group alone, did subjects display a sig. change in BDI score from pre to Week 4? Week 8?Is the change (difference) from Time 1 to Time 2 is sig. different from zero
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Selecting Cases
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Paired-Samples T-Test
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Paired-Samples T-Test
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Paired-Samples T-Test
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One-Sample T-Test
Question:Does our sample as a whole at pre have BDI scores significantly different from what clinicians deem to be the cutoff for severe depression (BDI=30)?
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One-Sample T-Test
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One-Sample T-Test
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One-Sample T-Test
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Independent Samples T-Test
Do two groups different on a continuous measure?
IV = Categorical (Only 2 Groups)DV = Continuous
i.e. Does our sample differ in any important measure pre-treatment on the basis of sex?
i.e. BDI Scores Pre-Treatment•IV = Sex•DV = Pre BDI Score
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Independent-Sample T-Test
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Independent-Sample T-Test
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Independent-Sample T-Test
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Independent Samples T-Test
Is there a significant difference in the BDI change score from Pre to Week 4 between those who received the drug and those who were in the placebo group?
• IV = Treatment Group (drug vs placebo)• DV = BDI Change Score
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Independent-Sample T-Test
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Independent-Sample T-Test
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Levene’s Test: homogeneity of variance
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Levene’s Test: homogeneity of variance
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One-Way ANOVAIV = CategoricalDV = ContinuousTwo or more groups
Note: An Ind-T-Test can only have 2 groups
i.e. Did the three Diagnostic Groups Differ in Pre-Treatment BDI Scores?
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One-Way ANOVA
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One-Way ANOVA
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One-Way ANOVA
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One-Way ANOVA
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One-Way ANOVA
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Post Hoc Tests
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One-Way ANOVA
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One-Way ANOVA
NOTE: Don’t Run Post-HocIf p=ns
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Comparing Groups
So we know that the change from Pre to Week 8 was not sig. different between the groupsBUT, was each group’s change statistically significant?
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Comparing Groups
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Comparing Groups
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Comparing Groups
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Comparing Groups
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Comparing Groups
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Strength and direction of a linearrelationship between two continuous variablesPearson product-moment correlation
dividing the covariance of the two variables by the product of their SD
Correlations
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Correlations
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Correlations
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Correlations
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Do NOT Run Correlations on Categorical Variables!!
Important: THESE VALUESARE ARBITRARY!!
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CorrelationsWhat NOT To Do
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CorrelationsWhat NOT To Do
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The End