introduction to nanotechnologystevens: research clusters multiscale mechanical systems and devices...
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Introduction to Nanotechnology
Professor Frank Fisher
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Co-Director, Stevens Nanotechnology Graduate
Program (www.stevens.edu/nano)Email: [email protected]
Web: http://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher/
Group: http://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher/nanolab/
Stevens NGP Faculty Committee
Prof. Svetlana Sukhishvili, co-Director (CCBBME)
Prof. Henry Du (CEMS)
Prof. Stefan Strauf (PEP)
Encouraging Students Towards STEM & IT CareersCenter for Innovation in Engineering & Science Education Workshop
March 23, 2010 - Monroe Township, NJ
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Outline
• What is Nanotechnology?
• Why Nano? Case Study 1: Van der Waals interactions and the Gecko
• Why Nano? Case Study 2: Carbon Nanotubes and the Space Elevator
• Multiscale Engineering, Science, and Technology Research Thrust at Stevens
• Multiscale Mechanical Systems & Devices
• Center for MicroChemical Systems
• Cell-Biomaterials Interactions
• Controlled Quantum Systems
• Environmental Nanotechnology
• Some other examples of Applications of Nanotechnology
• Discussion Points:
• Industries and types of fields this area of study prepares students to enter
• Profile of students enrolled in this area of study
• Job prospects and salary information for graduates in this field.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Richard Feynman - Grandfather of Nanotechnology
• 1959 - Richard Feynman - Nobel Prize in Physics
• “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” - aninvitation to enter a new field of physics
• Offered two $1000 prizes:
– Build an electric motor in a 1/64 inch cube
– Reduce a page of a book by a factor of 25,000; readusing an electron microscope
• 1960 - engineer claimed the first prize
• 1985 - graduate student wrote a page from A Taleof Two Cities 1/160 millimeter in length usingEbeam lithography
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), supplement to the President’s FY 2004 budget
MEMS silicon cantilevers with selective
coatings for target molecule detection
National Nanotechnology InitiativeGrand Challenge Areas
! Nanostructured Materials by Design
! Manufacturing at the Nanoscale
! Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Explosive
Detection and Protection
! Nanoscale Instrumentation and Metrology
! Nano-Electronics, -Photonics, and -Magnetics
! Healthcare, Therapeutics, and Diagnostics
! Energy Conversion and Storage
! Microcraft and Robotics
! Nanoscale Processes for Environmental
Improvement
Nanotechnology: The Next Industrial Revolution?
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Morph: Concept video from Nokia and
Cambridge Nanoscience Centre
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Van der Waals force• An attractive force between atoms or molecules.
• Not the result of chemical bond formation, much weaker
• Responsible for some material properties: crystal structure,
melting points, boiling points, surface tension, and densities.
Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Nano-adhesion mechanism of Gecko
! Many hypotheses
- Suction: Gadow, 1901
- Electrostatics: Schmidt, 1904
- Friction: Madhendra, 1941
- Micro-interlocking:
Madhendra, 1941
- Capillary wet adhesion
Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html
Gecko’s foot structure
Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html
Kellar et al, “Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair,” Nature, 405, 681-685 (2000)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
• Hexagonal sheet of carbon atoms (graphene
sheet) rolled into 1D cylinder
• “Classes” of nanotubes: SWNTs, MWNTs, and NT ropes or bundles
What are Carbon Nanotubes?
SWNT MWNT SWNT bundle
Properties of CNTs
• Initially theoretical predictions, theseproperties have now been experimentallyverified
• How do these properties compare with a‘comparison’ material?
• Multifunctionality - CNTs could be used tosimultaneously impact enhanced performancein two or more properties.
• Examples:
• strong but high conductivity nanoscalewires and electrical connects with heatdissipation characteristics
• add CNTs to aerospace composites toenhance mechanical properties whileadding lightning strike protection)
• etc…
Space Elevators?
Arthur Clarke's novel "The Fountains of
Paradise" brought idea of space elevator
to masses (1979)
Don’t believe
the hype!
Space Elevator (updated Oct 2008)
• A conference discussing space elevator concepts was held in Japan in November 2008
• Hundreds of engineers/scientists from Asia, Europe and the Americas are working on the design
• Will take you directly to the one hundred-thousandth floor
• A cable anchored to the Earth's surface, reaching tens of thousands of kilometers into space
• NASA holding $4M Space Elevator Challenge to encourage designs for a successful space elevator
• http://www.jsea.jp (website of Japan Space Elevator Association)
Multiscale Engineering, Science & Technology @
Stevens: Research Clusters
Multiscale Mechanical
Systems and Devices
Microreactor-Based
Pilot Plant
Center for
MicroChemical Systems
Environmental
Nanotechnology
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Cell-Biomaterial
Interactions
Controlled Quantum
Systems
VisionNationally recognized doctoral research
training and technology development in novel multiscale electromechanical
systems and devices
Nano and MicroStructures and DevicesEngineering Laboratory
Large-Area Nano-Patterning
& 3D Nanofabrication
Nano and
Microfluidics
Laboratory
Multifunctional Nanowires/Nanofibers
Active Nanomaterials &
Devices Laboratory
Multiscale Mechanical Systems and DevicesDave Cappelleri, Chang-Hwan Choi, Frank Fisher, Souran Manoochehri, Kishore Pochiraju,
Yong Shi and Eui-Hyeok Yang
500 nm
1
mm
PZT Nanofibers
PZT Nano
Tubes
ITO Nanofibers
Micro-Device Laboratory
Nanostructure Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites
Nanomechanics and
Nanomaterials Laboratory
Munitions ApplicationsSafe/Arm and Fuze DevicesCurrent & Future
Funding SourcesUS Army Picatinny ARDEC, Air Force Office of Scientific
Research, National Science Foundation, NASA SBIR,
Department of Homeland Security, Naval Research Lab,
Industry, etc..
• MRI: Acquisition of an instrument for nanoscale manipulation and experimentalcharacterization, NSF DMI-0619762, 09/01/06-08/31/09, $326k
Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Lab (Fisher)
Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Labhttp://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher
Processing-induced Crystallization of
Semicrystalline Nanocomposites (Kalyon)
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
(Shi, Prasad, ECE…)
Polymer Nanocomposite NanomechanicsNanomanipulation and Nanomechanical
Characterization (Shi, Yang, Zhu)
• Challa, Shi, Prasad & Fisher, Smart Mat. & Struct. 17, 015035, (2008)• Challa, Shi, Prasad & Fisher, Smart Mat. & Struct. (submitted)
• Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, J. Nanosci. & Nanotech. (in press)• Mago, Kalyon & Fisher, J. Nanomaterials 3, 759825 (2008)• Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, Macromolecules 41, 8103 (2008)• Mago et al, MRS Conf. Proceedings (2007)
• Fisher & Lee, Composites Science and Technology (to be submitted)• Fisher, Oelkers & Lee, Composites Science and Technology (to be submitted)
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Using nanoparticles + processing to promote preferred crystalline phases Harvesting energy from ambient vibrations for wireless sensors
In situ SEM characterization of nanomaterials and nanocompositesNovel micromechanical modeling for polymer nanocomposites
Bending a nanowire
(with Mike Yoon, Prof. EH Yang, Mechanical Engineering)
Nano and Microfluidics Laboratory (Choi)
Nano and Microfluidics Laboratoryhttp://personal.stevens.edu/~cchoi
Large-Area Nano-Patterning
& 3D NanofabricationMicro/Nano-Scale Fluid Mechanics
& Micro/Nano-Fluidics
Low-Friction Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Cell-Nanostructure Interactions
& Anti-Fouling Biomaterials
500 nm
500 nm
500 nm
1
mmLiquid
Air
V
WallHydrophobic
nanostructures
Slip
microchannel
Air Water
microchannel
Air Water
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Self-Assembly of
Nanomaterials
• Choi & Kim, Nanotechnol. (2006).
Ni nanowire self-assembled on amicrostructured superhydrophobicsurface (Collaboration with Prof.Yang’s group).
5 µm • Choi, et al., Phys. Fluids (2003).
• Choi & Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2006).• Choi, et al., Phys. Fluids (2006).
500 nm
• Choi, et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A (2008).• Choi, et al., Biomaterials (2007).
Optofluidic Waveguides and SensorsComing soon!
Nano and Microfluidics Laboratoryhttp://personal.stevens.edu/~cchoi
Applications of Multi-Functional Nanoengineered
Superhydrophobic Surfaces (Choi, Mech Eng)
500 nm
1
mmLiquid
Air
V
WallHydrophobic
nanostructures
Slip
(Choi & Kim, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett.; Choi et al., 2006, Phys. Fluids)
Low Friction/Drag Surface
Anti-Biofouling Anti-Corrosion
Anti-GraffitiAnti-Fog
20 µm
(Barthlott et al., 1997, Planta)
Water Drop on Lotus Leaf
Anti-Icing Anti-Snow
Anti-Frost Self-Cleaning
Microreactor-Based
Pilot Plant
On-demand, Distributed Micro-
Production of Biofuel, Chemicals,
& Pharmaceuticals
Self-Assembled
Nanoparticles
1 µm
Nanomaterial
Assembly &
Manufacturing
Visualization of
Bacteria-Biomaterial-Host Interactions
Dynamic Co-Culture Device
NJCMCS: Paradigm-Changing Technologies
Soil suspension (mg/L)
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Control
Alex
L-Alex
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Adsorption capacity ofTiO2 increased withdecreasing particlesize.
Environmental Nanotechnology Research at CESC. Christodoulatos; M. Wazne; W. Braida; X. Meng
1. Develop and utilize
nanomaterials in water
treatment.
• Nano TiO2 adsorbent has beendeveloped and used in filters forremoval of arsenic and lead in water.
Granular adsorbent made fromnano TiO2
2. Nanoparticles in the
environment: Transport and
use for in-situ environmental
remediation
3. Nanoparticle toxicity
• Assessment tools for nanomaterial F&Tin environmental systems
• Interactions between ecosystems &engineered nanomaterials• Create in-situ Permeable Reactive
barriers (PRB) comprised ofnanocrystalline TiO2 for passiveremediation of contaminated aquifers
• Investigate the stability ofnanoparticles suspensions for variousaquatic systems
Conceptual model of a permeable reactive barrier
The Stevens Cross-Disciplinary
Biomaterials Research Community
Chang-Hwan Choi Mechanical Engineering Cell-material Interactions
Henry Du Materials Science High-sensitivity spectroscopy
Dilhan Kalyon Chemical Engineering Polymer processing and rheology
Adeniyi Lawal Chemical Engineering Microreactors; Fluid dynamics
Woo Lee Materials Science Microfluidics and complex systems
James Liang Chemical Biology Antimicrobial peptides
Matthew Libera Materials Science Hydrogels; cell-material interactions
Svetlana Sukhishvili Chemistry Polymer chemistry; Self assembly
Hongjun Wang Biomedical Engineering Tissue engineering
Jiahua Xu Chemical Biology Wound healing
Xiaojun Yu Biomedical Engineering Tissue engineering Si surfacenanopatterned byinterference lithographyand DRIE (top) with anSEM image of cellprocesses from a humanforeskin fibroblastexploring one suchsurface (bottom).
1 µm
Random
Aligned
Cross-Aligned
50 µm
Orientednanofibers meshstructures withsynthetic/collagen(green) andsynthetic only (Red)
Osteoblast growth onpartially repulsivenanopatterned surface
Center for Controlled Quantum Systems
SearchSearchMartiniMartini
StraufStrauf MalinovskayaMalinovskaya
Theory
Quantum OpticsExperiment
Ultrafast laser
Controlling Controlling light-matterlight-matter
interaction withinteraction with
functional materials functional materials
Experiment
NanophotonicsTheory
Coherent Control
Coupled theoretical and experimental research leading to novel systemswith unprecedented features based on Controlled Quantum Systems
For APPLICATIONS inImaging - Light Sources -
Q-Communication - Computing - Sensing
CONTROL ofAtoms - Molecules -
Semiconductor - QDs - CNTs
Environmental Applications of Nano
Molecular Dynamics simulations of water in CNTs
1) DNA ORIGAMI: Researcher: Paul W. K.Rothemund (Caltech)The sheer simplicity and versatility of Dr. Rothemund's "DNA origami" renders it a revolution in nanoscale architecture. Rothemund
developed a technique to fold a single long strand of DNA into any 2D shape held together by a few shorter DNA pieces. He created
software to quickly determine what short sequences will fold the main strand into the desired shape, such as the DNA smiley face he built,
which is a mere 100nm across and 2nm thick, or his nanoscale map of the Americas. They sound silly, but these creations are proof of
concept: here is a method for building scaffolding that can be used to hold quantum dots in a quantum computer or proteins in a multi-
enzyme factory, to name just a few potential applications.
2) NANOMAGNETS TO CLEAN UP DRINKING WATER: Researchers: Vicki Colvin and
colleagues (Rice University)According to the World Bank, nearly 65 million people are at risk from arsenic-related health problems due to millions of contaminated
wells, especially in developing nations like India and Bangladesh. Now, a research team led by Vicki Colvin at Rice University has
developed a simple and inexpensive way to solve the problem. Rust nanoparticles, which have magnetic properties, bind to arsenic; the rust
and arsenic can then be lifted out of the water by nothing more than a handheld magnet. The breakthrough was the realization that the
manipulation of nanoscale rust would not require huge magnetic fields, as was expected. The unique properties at the nanoscale cause the
rust nanoparticles to act as one large magnet that can be easily drawn out of the water, leaving behind drinking water pure enough to meet
Environmental Protection Agency standards. The method, which requires no electricity or extensive hardware, will have a global impact.
3) ARRAYS CONNECT NANOWIRE TRANSISTORS WITH NEURONS: Researchers: Charles
Lieber amd colleagues (Harvard University)In the first ever two-way interface between nanoelectronics and living neurons, Dr. Lieber and his team have created a revolutionary way to
study brain activity. Silicon nanowires link up with the axons and dendrites of live mammalian neurons, creating artificial synapses between
the two and allowing scientists to study and manipulate signal propagation in neural networks. The device can measure the brain's electric
signals with unprecedented sensitivity, amplifying signals from up to 50 places on a single neuron. It will allow researchers to accurately
model complex brain activity, pave the way for powerful neural prosthetics, and open the possibility for hybrid nanoelectronic and biological
information processing.
Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)
4) SINGLE NANOTUBE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS: Researchers: Phaedon Avouris and
colleagues (IBM's T.J.Watson Research Center; University of Florida; Columbia University)
This year, IBM unveiled the most complex and highest performance electrical circuit based on a single nanotube,
demonstrating the applicability of CMOS technology and paving the way for the future of computing. The integrated
logic circuit consists of 12 transistors made of palladium and aluminum tracing the length of a single carbon
nanotube. The circuit is hundreds of times slower than today's silicon processors, but it is 100,000 times faster than
any previous carbon nanotube device and has the potential to be much faster. Unlike silicon, it doesn't require
doping, which scatters electron flow and is far more heat efficient. Expect to first see these nanotube circuits in
hybrid nanotube-silicon computers.
5) NANOPARTICLES DESTROY PROSTATE CANCER: Researchers: Robert Langer and
colleagues (MIT; BWH and Harvard; U.of Illinois; Gwangju Institute of Science and
Technology, South Korea; Dana Farber Cancer Institute)
Here's one battle with cancer where cancer is losing dramatically--researchers at MIT and Harvard have custom-
designed nanoparticles that hone in on prostate cancer cells and deliver doses of targeted chemotherapy. In trials
with mice, which were given human prostate cancer, a single injection of these nanoparticles completely eradicated
tumors in five out of seven animals, significantly reducing tumor size in the other two. The work may be replicable
for treatments of breast and pancreatic cancer, as well. Look forward to seeing these cancer-killers in human clinical
trials.
Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)
Nanomedicine
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Question and Answer period
• Discussion Points:
1. Industries and types of fields this area of study prepares students to enter
• Perhaps the question is reversed. Strong foundation in science engineering field provides students the solidfoundation necessary to apply the techniques and principles to problems at the nanoscale. Practically everyfield that employees scientists and engineering has an interest in a future workforce knowledgeable withregard to nanotechnology.
2. Profile of students enrolled in this area of study
• At this stage of development a graduate degree (at least MS with research option) in science or engineeringnecessary to conduct work in this area. Typical student traits are hard-working, curious, independent,interested in research, and willing to work in areas that are ‘unknown’
3. Job prospects and salary information for graduates in this field
• Job prospects = EXCELLENT! Salary somewhat dependent on ‘foundational field’ (Mechanical Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, etc); likely at the higher end of spectrum due to advanced knowledge and training.
• What do you tell students who are interested in pursuing nanotechnology?
• Study hard at high school and college level to set the technical foundation for future work!
• See what opportunities are available at college to start getting involved with research! (You willhave to be patient, but everyone has to start learning somewhere.)
• Promotional Announcement:
http://www.stevens.edu/njaee/showcase2010