introduction to sustainable energy technologies
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Sustainable Energy Technologies. Primary Energy Overview. BP website ( BP.com ). Global Energy Sources 2002. Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004). World primary energy consumption. BP website ( BP.com ). Regional primary consumption 2004. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Sustainable Energy Technologies
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Primary Energy Overview
BP website (BP.com)
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Global Energy Sources 2002
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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World primary energy consumption
BP website (BP.com)
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Regional primary consumption 2004
BP website (BP.com)
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Fossil Fuel R/P Ratios – 2004
BP website (BP.com)
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Primary energy consumed per capita
BP website (BP.com)
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Oil & Gas Production Forecasts
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Non-conventional oil Non-conventional oil is oil produced or extracted using
techniques other than the traditional oil well method. Currently, non-conventional oil production is less efficient and some types have a larger environmental impact relative to conventional oil production. Non-conventional types of production include: tar sands, heavy oil, oil shale, biofuels, thermal depolymerization (TDP) of organic matter, and the conversion of coal or natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons through processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. These non-conventional sources of oil may be increasingly relied upon as fuel for transportation when conventional oil becomes "economically non-viable" due to depletion. Conventional sources of oil are currently preferred because they provide a much higher ratio of extracted energy over energy used in extraction and refining processes. Technology, such as using steam injection in tar sands deposits, is being developed to increase the efficiency of non-conventional oil production.
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Sources of New Energy
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Oil Overview
BP website (BP.com)
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Oil consumption by area
BP website (BP.com)
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Oil consumption per capita
BP website (BP.com)
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Oil production by area
BP website (BP.com)
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Major oil trade movements
BP website (BP.com)
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Proved Oil Reserves at end 2004
BP website (BP.com)
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Oil reserves-to-production ratios
BP website (BP.com)
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Coal Overview
BP website (BP.com)
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Proved coal reserves at end 2004
BP website (BP.com)
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Coal production - Coal consumption
BP website (BP.com)
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Natural Gas Overview
BP website (BP.com)
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Proved natural gas reserves 2004
BP website (BP.com)
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Natural gas production by area
BP website (BP.com)
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Natural gas R/P ratios
BP website (BP.com)
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Natural gas consumption by area
BP website (BP.com)
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Natural gas consumption per capita
BP website (BP.com)
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Major natural gas trade movements
BP website (BP.com)
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Hydroelectricity Overview
BP website (BP.com)
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Hydroelectricity consumption by area
BP website (BP.com)
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Nuclear Energy Overview
BP website (BP.com)
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Nuclear energy consumption by area
BP website (BP.com)
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy
BP website (BP.com)
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Global Energy Sources 2002
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Renewable Energy Use – 2001
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Reasons for Renewable Energy Declining Fossil Fuel Supplies Environmental Concerns
Global warming Political Concerns Increasing Cost of Fossil Fuels Business Opportunities Other Reasons
BP website (BP.com)
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Declining Fossil Fuel Supplies
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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World Population Growth
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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Global Fossil Carbon Emissions
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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Annual Carbon Emissions by Region
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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CO2 Emissions by Country
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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Global Temperatures
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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Trends in Greenhouse Gasses
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
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The Greenhouse Effect
To maintain the Earth's temperature, energy reaching the Earth from the sun must equal energy radiated back out from the Earth. As with incoming radiation, the atmosphere interferes with outgoing radiation. Water vapour absorbs strongly in the 4-7 mm wavelength band and carbon dioxide in the 13-19 mm wavelength band. Most outgoing radiation (70%) escapes in the "window" between 7-13 mm.
If we had no atmosphere, as on the moon, the average temperature on the Earth's surface would be about -18°C. However, a natural background level of 270 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere causes the Earth's temperature to be about 15°C on average, 33°C above the moon's.
Human activities are increasingly releasing "anthropogenic gases" into the atmosphere, which absorb in the 7-13 mm wavelength range, particularly carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxides and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). These gases are preventing the normal escape of energy and are expected to lead to an increase in terrestrial temperature. Present evidence suggests "effective" CO2 levels will double by 2030, causing global warming of 1~4°C. This would lead to changes in wind patterns and rainfall, with the possible drying out of the interior of continents and oceans rising by as much as 30 cm. Further increases in the release of anthropogenic gases will, of course, cause more severe effects
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Correlation of the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (blue line) with the rise in average temperature (red line).
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A schematic
representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earth's atmosphere, and the Earth surface. The ability of the atmosphere to capture and recycle energy emitted by the Earth surface is the defining characteristic of the greenhouse effect.
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Volatile Oil Prices (Rotterdam)
BP website (BP.com)
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AEO 2007 Oil Price PathsLow Sulfur, Light Crude
High Oil Price Case
Low Oil Price Case
Reference Case
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
(200
5 U.S.
dolla
rs pe
r bar
rel)
Source: AEO2007 Figure 10
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Crude oil prices since 1861
BP website (BP.com)
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Sustainable Energy in SYST 6820 Renewable
Hydro Power Wind Energy Oceanic Energy Solar Power Geothermal Biomass
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