introduction to wireless sensor networks presented by sushanth sivaram vallath
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Presented by Sushanth Sivaram Vallath
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The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.
- The late Mark Weiser, Father of Ubiquitous Computing and Chief Technologist of Xerox PARC
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Wireless Sensors
Small microcontroller 8 kB code 512 B data
Simple, low-power radio 10 kbps ASK
EEPROM (32 KB)
Simple sensors
WeC 99“Smart Rock”
Mica 1/02
NEST open exp. Platform128 kB code, 4 kB data40kbps OOK/ASK radio512 kB Flash
Rene 11/00
Designed for experimentation
-sensor boards
-power boards
Dot 9/01
Demonstrate scale
Spec 6/03“Mote on a chip”
Telos 4/04RobustLow Power250kbpsEasy to use
Mica2 12/0238.4kbps radioFSK
Tiny sensing devices capable of wireless communication
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What are sensor networks
spatially distributed sensors to monitor conditions at different locations, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants.
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Platforms
• Berkeley Motes
• Tiny OS
• nesC
• Ns-2
• TOSSIM
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Applications of WSN
• Temperature• Humidity• Vehicular movement• Pressure• Noise levels• Mechanical stress levels on attached objects • Speed, direction• Etc…
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Factors Influencing Sensor Network Design
• Fault tolerance
• Scalability
• Operating environment
• Sensor network topology
• Transmission media
• Power consumption
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Sensors Representation
• Communication Graph– Sensors are nodes– Link between the sensors are the edges
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Routing Protocols
• LEACH
• Directed Diffusion
• PEGASIS
• TEEN
• APTEEN
• Etc…
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Sensor Issues
• Energy Constraint
• High Communication cost
• & Lot of other issues
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Management Issues
• Conversion of data to Information
• Data access control
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SQL
• Underlying routing protocol transparent to user
• Some routing protocols are considered to be aggregation protocols (implicit aggregation)
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Sensor Database
• SQL type interface
– SELECT avg(temperature), room,
FROM sensors
WHERE building = “Nedderman Hall”
ORDER BY temperature
GROUP BY room
SAMPLING PERIOD 10 min
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SQL type interfaces
• Cougar
• TinyDB
Approximations
Query Propagation
Data Centric Storage
Aging Data
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Query scenario
SinkSelect temp from
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Efficiency achieved through
In-network aggregation
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Different types of queries
• Fully aggregated queries
• Un-aggregated queries
• Partially aggregated queries
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Fully aggregated queries
Theorem: Finding maximum lifetime routing tree for fully aggregated queries with reception costs is NP-complete.
Similar to Minimum Degree Spanning Tree(MDST) which is known to be NP-complete
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Un-aggregated queries
Theorem: Finding maximum lifetime routing tree for unaggregated queries is NP-complete.
Reduced from decision problem for SET-COVER.
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Partially aggregated queries
Can be reduced to unaggregated queries
Approximation algorithms used to solve the unaggregated routing tree problem can be adapted.
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Active areas in WSN
• Routing• Topology control• Data management, aggregation and query• MAC protocols• Target tracking, resource discovery• Monitoring and maintenance• Sensor validation• Power issues• Coverage and Connectivity
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Companies in Research
• Crossbow• Intel• IBM• Microsoft• PARC• Fujitsu• Lot more…
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References[1] Cedric Florens and Robert McEliece, “Packet Distribution Algorithms for Sensor Networks”, IEEE INFOCOM 2003.[2] Samuel Madden, Robert Szewczyk, Michael J. Franklin and David Culler, “Supporting Aggregate Queries Over Ad-Hoc Wireless
Sensor Networks”,[3] Sartaj Sahni and Xiaochun Xu, Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. [4] Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey.[5] Bhaskar Krishnamachari, D Estrin, Stephen Wicker, Modeling Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.[6] S.S Iyengar, Richard R. Brooks, “Distributed Sensor Networks”, Chapman & Hall/CRC.[7] Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Hari Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless
microsensors networks,” in 33rd Annual Hawaii International conference on System Sciences.[8] David Braginsky and Deborah Estrin, “Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks,” in First ACM International Workshop on
Wireless Sensor Networks and Application.[9] Y.Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing,” in Proceedings of the Seventh
Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001.[10] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris, “SPAN: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance
in ad-hoc wireless networks,” ACM Wireless Networks Journal, September 2002.[11] Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks, an Information Processing Approach”.[12] Yong Yao, J. E. Gehrke. The Cougar Approach to In-Network Query Processing in Sensor Networks. Sigmod Record, Volume 31,
Number 3. September 2002.[13] Yong Yao, J. E. Gehrke. Query Processing in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference on Innovative Data
Systems Research (CIDR 2003). Asilomar, California, January 2003.[14] Xiuli Ma, Dongqing Yang, Shiwei Tang, Qiong Luo, Dehui Zhang, and Shuangfeng Li. Online Mining in Sensor Networks. NPC
2004: 544-550[15] Chiranjeeb Buragohain, Divyakant Agrawal, and Subhash Suri, Power Aware Routing for Sensor Databases.
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Thank You