Introduction to Introduction to

WWIIWWII

Unit 12 WWII

Isolationism and neutralityIsolationism and neutrality

Traditional US PolicyTraditional US Policy WWI WWI PacifistsPacifists BelligerentsBelligerents Against military buildupsAgainst military buildups FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy towards FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy towards

Latin AmericaLatin America

Historical RootsHistorical Roots

Washington 1793 Proclamation of Washington 1793 Proclamation of NeutralityNeutrality

Farewell address: entangling alliancesFarewell address: entangling alliances

Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937

Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts No sale or shipment of arms to belligerentsNo sale or shipment of arms to belligerents No loans or creditNo loans or credit No travel by US citizens on belligerents shipsNo travel by US citizens on belligerents ships Purchase of non military goods to be paid in Purchase of non military goods to be paid in

cash and transported in their ships. Better cash and transported in their ships. Better know as know as Cash and Carry PrincipleCash and Carry Principle

Reason keep US out of warReason keep US out of war

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Italy and Germany help the FascistsItaly and Germany help the Fascists Soviet Union helps the RepublicansSoviet Union helps the Republicans Americans stay neutral. Americans stay neutral.

FDR’s Quarantine SpeechFDR’s Quarantine Speech

1937 Japan invades China1937 Japan invades China ““Quarantine. . . aggressors to protect the Quarantine. . . aggressors to protect the

health of the international community health of the international community against the spread of disease”against the spread of disease”

Isolationists warned Roosevelt about Isolationists warned Roosevelt about American involvement.American involvement.

Triumph of AggressorsTriumph of Aggressors

Japan Manchuria 1931 and the China’s Japan Manchuria 1931 and the China’s heartland 1937heartland 1937

Italy Ethiopia 1936Italy Ethiopia 1936 Germany: troops in the Rhineland 1936Germany: troops in the Rhineland 1936

1938 Austria and the Sudetenland1938 Austria and the Sudetenland

AppeasementAppeasement

Munich Conference 1938Munich Conference 1938 SudetenlandSudetenland

Start of WWIIStart of WWII

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg September 1, 1939September 1, 1939 First 2 years Britain, France and its allies First 2 years Britain, France and its allies

suffered a number of defeats.suffered a number of defeats. 1939 Soviets sign a non aggresson pact1939 Soviets sign a non aggresson pact France FallsFrance Falls Britain goes it alone.Britain goes it alone.

Gradual US InvolvementGradual US Involvement

America’s interests at riskAmerica’s interests at risk Neutrality Act of 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 Cash and carry principleCash and carry principle Destroyer Deal/lend Lease Act 1941Destroyer Deal/lend Lease Act 1941 Atlantic Charter (Roosevelt and Churchill)Atlantic Charter (Roosevelt and Churchill)

19411941 Self determinationSelf determination No landNo land Disarmament of aggressorsDisarmament of aggressors Permanent system of securityPermanent system of security

End of Great DepressionEnd of Great Depression

Need to produce war goods creates rapid Need to produce war goods creates rapid escalation in the GNP.escalation in the GNP.

The nation’s GNP tripled by 1945The nation’s GNP tripled by 1945 Federal spending jumped from 20 billion to Federal spending jumped from 20 billion to

98.4 billion.98.4 billion. Unemployment dropped to 1.9 percent by Unemployment dropped to 1.9 percent by

1945.1945. Average weekly wages jumped from 25.25 in Average weekly wages jumped from 25.25 in

1939 to 47.08 in 1945.1939 to 47.08 in 1945. WWII ends the Great DepressionWWII ends the Great Depression

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Major LeadersMajor Leaders

Adolf HitlerNazi Germany

Benito MussoliniItaly

1313

Major LeadersMajor Leaders

Hideki TojoJapanese Prime Minister

Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister

1414

Major LeadersMajor Leaders

Franklin Delano RooseveltUS President

Joseph StalinRussian Leader

Sides are DrawnSides are Drawn

Axis PowersAxis Powers GermanyGermany JapanJapan ItalyItaly

AlliesAllies United StatesUnited States BritainBritain FranceFrance

US in WWIIUS in WWII

Pearl Harbor: America enters the warPearl Harbor: America enters the war

Power of Presidency increases.Power of Presidency increases. Role as policy maker expands.Role as policy maker expands. American people look to RooseveltAmerican people look to Roosevelt Do not want to change during a warDo not want to change during a war

Human DimensionsHuman Dimensions

Arsenal of Democracy: with the lend lease Arsenal of Democracy: with the lend lease program America began supplying all the program America began supplying all the allies with war materials.allies with war materials.

US mainland untouched by war US mainland untouched by war destruction.destruction.

Stopped production of consumer goods Stopped production of consumer goods and retool for war effort.and retool for war effort.

Role Of WomenRole Of Women 15 million in 1940 to 19 million in 194515 million in 1940 to 19 million in 1945 Replaced menReplaced men 200,000 in the military (WACs)/(Waves)200,000 in the military (WACs)/(Waves) Rosie the Riveter captured the sense of duty Rosie the Riveter captured the sense of duty

and patriotismand patriotism Effects:Effects:

many women entered and stayed in the many women entered and stayed in the workforce and child careworkforce and child care

Some industries set up day care and nursery Some industries set up day care and nursery schools near their defense plants.schools near their defense plants.

Increased standard of livingIncreased standard of living

MobilizationMobilization

Selective Service Act 1940Selective Service Act 1940 Men between the ages of 21 to 35 had to Men between the ages of 21 to 35 had to

register for the draft.register for the draft. By 1945 12.5 million men and women By 1945 12.5 million men and women

were in uniform.were in uniform. Million African Americans Million African Americans

Segregated unitsSegregated units

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Gov’t goes into enormous debtGov’t goes into enormous debt Selling of war bondsSelling of war bonds Hollywood stars promoted the sales of war Hollywood stars promoted the sales of war

bonds.bonds. US entertainers such as Bob Hope US entertainers such as Bob Hope

traveled the world entertaining the troops.traveled the world entertaining the troops.

RationingRationing Short supply of consumer goodsShort supply of consumer goods Rationing of meat, gasoline, rubber, clothing, sugar.Rationing of meat, gasoline, rubber, clothing, sugar. Americans received rationing books that limited their Americans received rationing books that limited their

purchases of a rationed item.purchases of a rationed item. Meatless Tuesdays and victory gardens.Meatless Tuesdays and victory gardens. Office of Price Administration made sure retail prices of Office of Price Administration made sure retail prices of

scarce products did not exceed allowable limits and scarce products did not exceed allowable limits and cause inflation.cause inflation.

Drive at 35mphDrive at 35mph Scrap metal drivesScrap metal drives Dig for victory.Dig for victory.

Allied Strategy and LeadershipAllied Strategy and Leadership

Soviet Union 1941 (Stalingrad 1942-1943)Soviet Union 1941 (Stalingrad 1942-1943) Defeat Nazi Germany firstDefeat Nazi Germany first

Battle of El AlameinBattle of El Alamein SicilySicily ItalyItaly D-Day June 6, 1944D-Day June 6, 1944 May 7, 1945 VE DayMay 7, 1945 VE Day

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Meanwhile … in the PacificMeanwhile … in the Pacific Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy”Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy”

USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor

What?

Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Effect?

US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers

Two front warTwo front war

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater Island hoppingIsland hopping Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea Iwo JimaIwo Jima OkinawaOkinawa

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

Los Alamos TexasLos Alamos Texas Program to develop first Atom Bomb Program to develop first Atom Bomb

Decision to drop the Atom BombsDecision to drop the Atom Bombs

Why?Why? Loss of 250,000 American Servicemen if Loss of 250,000 American Servicemen if

Japan was invaded.Japan was invaded. Loss of millions of Japanese.Loss of millions of Japanese. Political fallout if Americans did not use Political fallout if Americans did not use

the bomb and sacrificed American lives.the bomb and sacrificed American lives. Show Soviet UnionShow Soviet Union

US Occupation of JapanUS Occupation of Japan

Demilitarizing JapanDemilitarizing Japan General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur DemocratizationDemocratization New ConstitutionNew Constitution Built up economyBuilt up economy

Cost of WarCost of War

GermanyGermany- 3 million combat deaths (3/4ths on the - 3 million combat deaths (3/4ths on the eastern front)eastern front)

JapanJapan – over 1.5 combat deaths; 900,000 – over 1.5 combat deaths; 900,000 civilians deadcivilians dead

Soviet UnionSoviet Union - 13 million combat deaths - 13 million combat deaths U.S.U.S. – 300,000 combat deaths, over 100,000 – 300,000 combat deaths, over 100,000

other deaths other deaths When you include all combat and civilian When you include all combat and civilian

deaths, World War II becomes the most deaths, World War II becomes the most destructive war in history with estimates as destructive war in history with estimates as high as 60 million, including 25 million high as 60 million, including 25 million Russians.Russians.

War’s Impact on minoritiesWar’s Impact on minorities

Japanese Americans: executive order Japanese Americans: executive order 1066.1066.

Wartime Relocation Authority Wartime Relocation Authority

Forced removal of 100,000 Japanese from Forced removal of 100,000 Japanese from the west coast.the west coast.

18,000 kept until the end of the war.18,000 kept until the end of the war.

Problems ContinueProblems Continue

Moved to Utah, California, Arizona, Moved to Utah, California, Arizona, Wyoming, Arkansas, and IdahoWyoming, Arkansas, and Idaho

Had to wear identification tagsHad to wear identification tags Over 17,000 Japanese Americans served Over 17,000 Japanese Americans served

in Army units even though their friends in Army units even though their friends and families were being locked away by and families were being locked away by their own country.their own country.

Korematsu v United States 1944Korematsu v United States 1944

Constitutional principlesConstitutional principles: civil liberties equal : civil liberties equal protection, presidential power in wartime, rights protection, presidential power in wartime, rights of racial ethnic groups.of racial ethnic groups.

Why Decision is important: Why Decision is important: up held the power of the president in wartime to limit a up held the power of the president in wartime to limit a

group’s civil liberties.group’s civil liberties. Ruled that forced relocation of Japanese Americans Ruled that forced relocation of Japanese Americans

during WWII was legal.during WWII was legal. 1988 Congress voted to give 20,000 dollars to each 1988 Congress voted to give 20,000 dollars to each

survivor of the camps.survivor of the camps. NISEI Soldiers: Japanese American unit won the NISEI Soldiers: Japanese American unit won the

most medals in WWIImost medals in WWII

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Segregation of the militarySegregation of the military Widespread discriminationWidespread discrimination Race riotsRace riots Movement to north but still experienced Movement to north but still experienced

great amount of discrimination.great amount of discrimination.

Adjusting to peaceAdjusting to peace

Demobilization: 11 million troops are Demobilization: 11 million troops are released from service within 2 years.released from service within 2 years.

Military reducedMilitary reduced

EconomyEconomy

Removes price controlsRemoves price controls Prices rise 25% between mid 1945 to mid Prices rise 25% between mid 1945 to mid

1946.1946. Wages do not increaseWages do not increase Major strikes in the coal, auto, steel and Major strikes in the coal, auto, steel and

railroadsrailroads Truman who was a friend of labor Truman who was a friend of labor

threatened the workers. threatened the workers. Sent in troopsSent in troops

GI Bill of RightsGI Bill of Rights

Medical care, grants and loans for college.Medical care, grants and loans for college. Low cost home loans.Low cost home loans. Low cost loans to invest in businessesLow cost loans to invest in businesses Servicemen’s Readjustment ActServicemen’s Readjustment Act

Adjusting to PeaceAdjusting to Peace

Formation of the United NationsFormation of the United Nations Baby BoomBaby Boom Rise of the Middle ClassRise of the Middle Class

Truman’s Fair DealTruman’s Fair Deal

Succeeds Roosevelt in 1945 Succeeds Roosevelt in 1945 Elected president in 1948Elected president in 1948 Partisan problems with CongressPartisan problems with Congress

Republicans and Democrats At odds over Republicans and Democrats At odds over domestic issuesdomestic issues

Truman’sTruman’s Fair DealFair Deal

Congress past some parts of the Fair Congress past some parts of the Fair Deal and rejected others.Deal and rejected others. Increased the minimum wageIncreased the minimum wage Extended Social Security to 10 million not Extended Social Security to 10 million not

covered.covered. Funds for low income housingFunds for low income housing Funds for flood control, irrigation projects Funds for flood control, irrigation projects

and electrical power plants.and electrical power plants.

Taft Hartley ActTaft Hartley Act

Designed to limited the power of unionsDesigned to limited the power of unions Union leaders had to sign loyalty oathsUnion leaders had to sign loyalty oaths Union leaders could not demand closed Union leaders could not demand closed

shops.shops. Labor unions could not conduct secondary Labor unions could not conduct secondary

boycotts.boycotts. A employer could sue the union for breach of A employer could sue the union for breach of

contract.contract. President could call for an 80 day cooling off President could call for an 80 day cooling off

period.period.

Upset election of 1948Upset election of 1948

Harry Truman defeats Governor Thomas Harry Truman defeats Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New YorkE. Dewey of New York

Truman and Civil RightsTruman and Civil Rights

Continued difficulties for minoritiesContinued difficulties for minorities De jure (by law) segregation in the South.De jure (by law) segregation in the South. De facto (housing patterns) segregation in De facto (housing patterns) segregation in

the North.the North. Truman formed the Truman formed the Fair Employment Fair Employment

Board Board to ensure African Americans equal to ensure African Americans equal opportunity to hold civil service jobs.opportunity to hold civil service jobs.