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Volume 8, Number 4December 2016

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2016

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Genetics and Breeding

Tsanko Yablanski (Bulgaria)Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)Svetlana Georgieva (Bulgaria)

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Agriculture and Environment

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Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)Roumiana Tsenkova (Japan)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2016

ISSN 1313 - 8820 (print)ISSN 1314 - 412X (online)

Volume 8, Number 4December 2016

Selectivity and stability of herbicides and their tank mixtures for the seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.)

1 2G. Delchev *, T. Barakova

1Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria2Field Crops Institute, 6200 Chirpan, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 16 May 2016; accepted for publication 11 August 2016)

Abstract. The research was conducted during 2012 – 2014 on pellic vertisol soil type. Under investigation were 4 sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.): hybrid Bacardy (an imitolerant hybrid by ClearField plus technology), hybrid Estiva (an imitolerant hybrid by ClearField technology), hybrid Sumico (a tribenuron-methyl tolerant hybrid by ExpessSun technology) and hybrid Arizona (a hybrid by conventional technology). Factor A included the years of investigation. Factor B, herbicides and tank mixtures, included 20 rates. It includes 3 variants by ClearField plus technology, 5 variants by ClearField technology, 5 variants by ExpessSun technology and 7 variants by conventional technology. All variants are on herbicide Gardoprim plus gold 500 SC (S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine) – 3.5 l/ha, which treated after sowing before emergence of the sunflower. It is found that the highest seed yield is obtained at herbicide tank mixture Pulsar plus + Stomp aqua by ClearField plus technology. Tank mixture Listego + Dash + Sharpen by ClearField technology and Express + Trend + Select super by ExpressSun technology also lead to obtaining high seed yields. The most unstable are secondary weed infested checks by the fourth technologies for sunflower growing which are treated with soil-applied herbicide Gardoprim plus gold only. Technologically the most valuable are herbicide combination Pulsar plus + Stomp aqua and herbicide Pulsar by ClearField plus technology, tank mixtures Listego + Dash + Sharpen and Listego + Dash by ClearField technology and Express + Trend + Select super and Express + Lactofol B + Select super by ExpressSun technology. Tank mixtures of herbicides Smerch, Pendigan, Wing, Raft, Pledge and Modown with Amalgerol premium by conventional technology have low estimates due to insufficient control of some weeds in sunflower crops.

Keywords: oil-bearing sunflower, herbicides, tank mixtures, seed yield, selectivity, stability

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 8, No 4, pp , 2016DOI: 10.15547/ast.2016.04.064

326 - 331

Introduction vertisol soil type. Under investigation were 4 sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.): hybrid Bacardy (an imitolerant hybrid by ClearField plus technology), hybrid Estiva (an imitolerant hybrid by Weeds have acquired mechanisms to adapt to adverse ClearField technology), hybrid Sumico (a tribenuron-methyl tolerant conditions in their evolution. Therefore, they are particularly harmful hybrid by ExpessSun technology) and hybrid Arizona (a hybrid by in drought due to their high ecological plasticity and adaptability conventional technology). A two factors' experiment was conducted compared to cultivated plants, and this makes them more under the block method, in 4 repetitions; the size of the crop plot was competitive (Wanikorn, 1991). Parasitic weed Orobanche cumana is

215 m . Factor A included the years of investigation. Factor B, becoming a big problem (Valchev et al., 1995, 1995a, 1995b) herbicides and tank mixtures, included 20 rates. It includes 3 especially in periods of drought (Suresh and Reddy, 2010; variants by ClearField plus technology, 5 variants by ClearField Saskevich et al., 2011). One of these problems is the question of the technology, 5 variants by ExpessSun technology and 7 variants by efficacy and selectivity, or the behavior of soil-applied and foliar-conventional technology. Active substances of preparations and applied herbicides under these conditions. Many factors determine their doses are shown in Table 1. All of them were treated during 3-4 the effective implementation of these complex organic compounds. pair leaves stage of the sunflower.Herbicides will remain in future agriculture an effective tool for weed

All variants are on herbicide Gardoprim plus gold 500 SC (S-control as part of integrated fight, which is why research is necessary metolachlor + terbuthylazine) - 3.5 l/ha, treated after sowing before to optimize their use (Mitric and Vuckovic, 2008; Jocić et al., 2011; emergence of the sunflower. All herbicides and herbicide tank Knežević et al., 2011).mixtures were applied in a working solution of 200 l/ha.The purpose of this investigation was to establish the selectivity

The selectivity of herbicides has been established through their and stability of some herbicides, adjuvants, foliar fertilizer Lactofol B, influence on seed yield. The math processing of the data was done growth regulator Amalgerol premium and their tank mixtures on the according to the method of analyses of variance (Shanin 1977; oil-bearing sunflower by influence of different meteorological Barov, 1982; Lidanski 1988). The stability of herbicides and conditions.herbicide combinations for seed yield with relation to years was

2 2estimated using the stability variances σ and S of Shukla (1972), i i

the ecovalence W of Wricke (1962) and the stability criterion YS of i iMaterials and methodsKang (1993).

The research was conducted during 2012 – 2014 on pellic

* e-mail: delchevgd@dir.bg

326

327

Table 1. Investigated variants, active substance and doses

All variants are treated with herbicide Gardoprim plus gold 500 SC (S-metolachlor + terbuthylazine) - 3.5 l/ha, which is applied after sowing before emergence of the sunflower.***Lactofol B - nitrogen in amide, ammonium and nitrate forms, easily absorbable phosphorus and potassium, trace elements, amino acids, physiologically active substances, complex agent - lactic acid.****Amalgerol premium - extract of sea algae, mineral oils, plant extracts, essential oils, macro- and micronutrients.

Variants

Check

Pulsar plus

Pulsar plus +

Stomp aqua

Check

Listego 40

Listego 40 +

Dash HC

Listego 40 +

Sharpen 33 ЕC

Listego 40 +

Dash HC +

Sharpen 33 ЕC

Check

Express 50 SX +

Trend 90

Express 50 SX +

Lactofol B

Express 50 SX +

Trend 90 +

Select super 120 ЕC

Express 50 SX +

Lactofol B +

Select super 120 ЕC

Check

Smerch 24 ЕC +

Amalgerol premium

Pendigan 330 ЕC +

Amalgerol premium

Raft 400 SC +

Amalgerol premium

Wing P +

Amalgerol premium

Pledge 50 WP +

Amalgerol premium

Modown 4 F +

Amalgerol premium

-

imazamox

imazamox

pendimethalin

-

imazamox

imazamox

*

imazamox

pendimethalin

imazamox

*

pendimethalin

-

tribenuron-methyl

**

tribenuron-methyl

***

tribenuron-methyl

**

clethodim

tribenuron-methyl

***

clethodim

-

oxifluorfen

****

pendimethalin

****

oxidiargil

****

pendimethalin + dimethenamid

****

flumioxazin

****

bifenox

****

-

1.2 l/ha

1.2 l/ha +

2.3 l/ha

-

1.2 l/ha

1.2 l/ha +

500 ml/ha

1.2 l/ha +

2.3 l/ha

1.2 l/ha +

500 ml/ha +

2.3 l/ha

-

40 g/ha +

0.1 %

40 g/ha +

8 l/ha

40 g/ha +

0.1 % +

1.6 l/ha

40 g/ha +

8 l/ha +

1.6 l/ha

-

800 ml/ha +

5 l/ha

4 l/ha +

5 l/ha

800 ml/ha +

5 l/ha

4 l/ha +

5 l/ha

80 g/ha +

5 l/ha

1.5 l/ha +

5 l/ha

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Active substance

Conventional technology – hybrid Arizona

ExpressSun technology – hybrid Sumico

ClearField technology – hybrid Estiva

ClearField plus technology – hybrid Bacardy

Doses№

328

The highest yield at ClearField technology is obtained by tank Results and discussionmixture Listego + Dash + Sharpen - 129.3% over the check. The use of the herbicide Listego with adjuvant Dash, but without herbicide Data about the influence of the investigated herbicides, Sharpen, leads to lower yields due to the lack of control of the adjuvants, foliar fertilizers, stimulators and their tank mixtures on secondary emerged weeds, especially during more humid years. sunflower seed yields (Table 2) show that the lowest yields were Herbicide tank mixture Listego + Sharpen, but without adjuvant obtained by the checks by fourth technologies for sunflower growing, Dash, leads to even lower yields. The main reason for this is treated with soil-applied herbicide Gardoprim plus gold.insufficient control during the entire vegetation period of weeds with The biggest increase in seed yields in ClearField plus wax coating leaves, such as Chenopodium album L. or weeds with technology is obtained by herbicide tank mixture Pulsar plus + pappus leaves, such as Polygonum aviculare L. The lowest yield at Stomp aqua – 129.4% over untreated check. The single use of ClearField technology is obtained by single use of herbicide Listego herbicide Pulsar plus leads to lower yields as a result of secondary without adjuvant and without partner soil-applied herbicide.weed infestation, especially in the more humid years. Differences

The highest yield at ExpressSun technology is obtained by tank between the two variants are small and have not been mixture Express + Trend + Select super – 128.9% over the check. mathematically proven.

Table 2. Influence of some vegetation-applied herbicide and tank mixtures on sunflower seed yield (2012 - 2014)

LSD, kg/ha:

F.A p≤5%=122 p 1%=137 p 0.1%=148

F.B p≤5%=169 p≤1%=190 p≤0.1%=214

AxB p≤5%=218 p≤1%=256 p≤0.1%=301

≤ ≤

Factor А

Factor В

Mean (Factor А) 2296 2198 2661- - - -

2012

kg/ha

ClearField plus technology – hybrid Bacardy

ClearField technology – hybrid Estiva

ExpressSun technology – hybrid Sumico

Conventional technology – hybrid Arizona

% kg/ha % kg/ha % kg/ha %

2013 2014 Mean (Factor В)

Gar

dopr

im p

lus

gold

- 3

.5 l/

ha

Check

Pulsar plus - 1.2 l/ha

Pulsar plus - 1.2 l/ha + Stomp aqua - 2.3 l/ha

Check

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha + Dash HC - 500 ml/ha

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha + Sharpen 33 ЕC - 2.3 l/ha

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha + Dash HC - 500 ml/ha +

Sharpen 33 ЕC - 2.3 l/ha

Check

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Trend 90 - 0.1 %

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Lactofol B - 8 l/ha

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Trend 90 - 0.1 % +

Select super 120 ЕC - 1.6 l/ha

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Lactofol B - 8 l/ha +

Select super 120 ЕC - 1.6 l/ha

Check

Smerch 24 ЕC - 800 ml/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Pendigan 330 ЕC- 4 l/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Raft 400 SC - 800 ml/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Wing P - 4 l/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Pledge 50 WP - 80 g/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Modown 4 F - 1.5 l/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

1976

2450

2474

1965

2384

2417

2401

2439

1952

2376

2346

2409

2385

1979

2333

2308

2351

2343

2327

2311

100

124.0

125.2

100

121.3

123.0

122.2

124.1

100

121.7

120.2

123.4

122.2

100

117.9

116.6

118.8

118.4

117.6

116.8

1845

2334

2354

1825

2241

2283

2268

2312

1856

2285

2264

2355

2327

1889

2286

2221

2257

2272

2263

2221

100

126.5

127.6

100

122.8

125.1

124.3

126.7

100

123.1

122.0

126.9

125.4

100

121.0

117.6

119.5

120.3

119.8

117.6

2142

2872

2898

2120

2820

2864

2845

2894

2180

2921

2886

2956

2906

2222

2620

2591

2640

2631

2613

2595

100

134.1

135.3

100

133.0

135.1

134.2

136.5

100

134.0

132.8

135.6

133.3

100

117.9

116.6

118.8

118.4

117.6

116.8

1991

2552

2576

1970

2476

2516

2500

2548

1996

2521

2495

2573

2535

2030

2442

2355

2436

2438

2420

2395

100

128.2

129.4

100

125.7

127.7

126.9

129.3

100

126.3

125.0

128.9

127.0

100

120.3

116.0

120.0

120.1

119.2

118.0

329

Substituting adjuvant Trend with complex foliar fertilizer Lactofol B in The worst result is obtained by combining herbicide Pendigan with herbicide mixture Express + Select super leads to poor and Amalgerol premium. Growth stimulator in this tank mixture does not mathematically unproven yield decrease. Bigger yield decrease is decrease the herbicide phytotoxicity. In all variants by conventional obtained by combinations Express + Trend and Express + Lactofol technology seed yields are lower than those of technologies B. Herbicide Express is a typical anti-broadleaved herbicide and ClearField plus, ClearField and ExpressSun. The main reason for cannot control annual and perennial graminaceous weeds in the this is the impossibility in conventional technology to control weeds absence of an anti-graminaceous herbicide. such as Xanthium strumarium L., Cirsium arvense Scop. and

Six herbicides with foliar and soil action at conventional Convolvulus arvensis L.technology for sunflower growing were studied. They are applied as An analysis of variance for seed yield was done (Table 3). It tank mixtures with growth stimulator Amalgerol premium to shows that years have the biggest influence on seed yield – 36.4% of decrease their phytotoxicity. The highest yields are obtained by the variants. The reason is the large differences in the combinations Smerch + Amalgerol premium, Wing + Amalgerol meteorological conditions during the three years of investigation. premium and Raft + Amalgerol premium, followed by combinations The strength of influence of herbicides and their tank mixtures is Pledge + Amalgerol premium and Modown + Amalgerol premium. 36.1%. The influence of years and herbicides is very well proven at

Table 3. Analysis of variance for seed yield

*p≤5% **p 1% ***p 0.1≤ ≤

Source of variation

Total

Tract of land

Variants

Factor A – Years

Factor B – Herbicides

AxB

Pooled error

179

2

59

2

19

38

118

231460

39128

153092

34932

34236

2720

9240

-

14564.0***

72068.8***

11966.7***

11559.0***

170.2**

62.4

100

20.3

75.8

36.4

36.1

3.3

3.9

Degrees of freedom Sum of squares Influence of factor, % Mean squares

Table 4. Stability parameters of herbicides and tank mixtures for seed yield in relation to years

Variants x 2σi

2Si YSiWi

Gar

dopr

im p

lus

gold

- 3

.5 l/

ha

Check

Pulsar plus - 1.2 l/ha

Pulsar plus - 1.2 l/ha + Stomp aqua - 2.3 l/ha

Check

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha + Dash HC - 500 ml/ha

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha + Sharpen 33 ЕC - 2.3 l/ha

Listego 40 - 1.2 l/ha + Dash HC - 500 ml/ha + Sharpen 33 ЕC - 2.3 l/ha

Check

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Trend 90 - 0.1 %

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Lactofol B - 8 l/ha

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Trend 90 - 0.1 % + Select super 120 ЕC - 1.6 l/ha

Express 50 SX - 40 g/ha + Lactofol B - 8 l/ha + Select super 120 ЕC - 1.6 l/ha

Check

Smerch 24 ЕC - 800 ml/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Pendigan 330 ЕC- 4 l/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Raft 400 SC - 800 ml/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Wing P - 4 l/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Pledge 50 WP - 80 g/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

Modown 4 F - 1.5 l/ha + Amalgerol premium - 5 l/ha

1991

2552

2576

1970

2476

2516

2500

2548

1996

2521

2495

2573

2535

2003

2442

2355

2436

2438

2420

2395

222.2

51.3

48.7

285.0

92.4

72.0

55.5

49.2

205.5

139.8

124.6

100.0

106.7

234.5

38.0

92.7

12.2

11.1

7.4

8.8

-8

23+

24+

-9

20+

21+

22+

23+

-8

19+

17+

23+

22+

-7

14+

9+

12+

13+

11+

10+

133.3**

44.4

38.3

167.1**

80.8

60.6

53.8

48.7

121.7**

72.4

55.5

42.3

52.7

168.2**

18.8

33.8

2.9

2.4

-0.4

4.5

17.2

-5.6

-3.4

21.6

-12.3

-7.8

-0.8

-3.2

13.0

141.4

127.3

111.1

117.3

7.6

33.3

7.7

-1.0

6.0

7.2

-1.9

ClearField plus technology – hybrid Bacardy

ClearField technology – hybrid Estiva

ExpressSun technology – hybrid Sumico

Conventional technology – hybrid Arizona

330

insufficient control of part of the weeds in these variants in the p≤ 0.01. There is a proven interaction between herbicides and conventional technology for sunflower growing.meteorological conditions of years (AxB) – 3.3%. It is well proven at

p≤0.1.Based on proven herbicide x year interaction, the stability

parameters for each combination between herbicide, adjuvant, Conclusionstimulator or foliar fertilizer for sunflower seed yield with relation to

2 2 years was evaluated (Table 4). The stability variances σ and S of i i It is found that the highest seed yield is obtained at herbicide Shukla, the ecovalence W of Wricke and the stability criterion YS of i i tank mixture Pulsar plus + Stomp aqua by ClearField plus

2 2Kang were calculated. Stability variances (σ и S ) of Shukla, which i i technology. Tank mixture Listego + Dash + Sharpen by ClearField recorded, respectively, linear and non-linear interactions, technology and Express + Trend + Select super by ExpressSun unidirectionally evaluate the stability of the variants. These variants technology also lead to obtaining high seed yields. The most which showed lower values are considered to be more stable unstable are secondary weed infested checks by the fourth because they interact less with the environmental conditions. technologies for sunflower growing which are treated with soil-

2 2Negative values of the indicators σ and S are considered 0. At high applied herbicide Gardoprim plus gold only. Technologically the i i2 2 most valuable are herbicide combination Pulsar plus + Stomp aqua values of either of the two parameters - σ and S , the variant is i i

and herbicide Pulsar by ClearField plus technology, tank mixtures regarded as unstable. At the ecovalence W of Wricke, the higher the i

Listego + Dash + Sharpen and Listego + Dash by ClearField values of the index, the more unstable the variant.technology and Express + Trend + Select super and Express + It is found, using the first three parameters of stability, that the Lactofol B + Select super by ExpressSun technology. Tank mixtures most unstable are the checks by the fourth technologies for

2 of herbicides Smerch, Pendigan, Wing, Raft, Pledge and Modown sunflowers growing. In these variants values of stability variance σ i2 with Amalgerol premium by conventional technology have low and S of Shukla and ecovalence W of Wricke are the highest and i i

estimates due to insufficient control of some weeds in sunflower mathematically proven. The reason for this high instability is greater

crops.variation in seed yields during years of experience as weather conditions affect those most. The emergence and growth of weeds depends largely of soil moisture and soil tillage. In these variants

2 2 Referencesinstability is linear type - proven values of σ . Values of S are not i i

proven. Other variants have high stability for seed yield, because Barov V, 1982. Analysis and schemes of the field experience. they interact poorly with the conditions of years during sunflower NAPO, Sofia, 668 (Bg).vegetation.Jocić S, Malidža G, Cvejić Hladni N, Miklič V and Škorić D, 2011. To evaluate the complete efficacy of each combination between Development of sunflower hybrids tolerant to tribenuron methyl. herbicide, adjuvant, stimulator or foliar fertilizer its stability - the Genetika, 43, 175-182.reaction of sunflower during the years should be considered as its Kang M, 1993. Simultaneous selection for yield and stability: effect on sunflower seed yield. Valuable information about the value Consequences for growers. Agronomy Journal, 85, 754-757.of technologic value of the variant gives the stability criterion YS of iKnežević S, Malidža G, Elezović I, Simić M and Glamočlija Đ, Kang for simultaneous assessment of yield and stability based on 2011. Critical periods for weed control and obtaining yield increase in the reliability of differences in yield and variance of interaction with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) torerant to imidazolinones. 11th the environment. The value of this criterion has shown that using Conference about Plant Protection, Zlatibor, Serbia, p. 111-112.non-parametric methods and warranted statistical differences we Lidanski T, 1988. Statistical methods in Biology and Agriculture, get a summary assessment aligning variants in descending order Sofia, p. 376 (Bg).according to their economic value.Mitric S and Vuckovic B, 2008. Preliminary bioassay for Generalized stability criterion YS of Kang, taking into account idetermination of threshold doses of herbicides. Acta Herbologica,

both the stability and value of yields gives negative assessments of 17, 161-166.

the checks by fourth technologies for sunflower growing which are Saskevich PA, Tibets JL and Gurikova EI, 2009. Agro-ecological

treated with soil-applied herbicide Gardoprim plus gold only, assessment of plant protection products in the cultivation of spring

characterizing them as the most unstable or as the lowest yields. rape. Bulletin of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy:

According to this criterion, the most valuable technology appears to Scientific Methods Journal, 2, 83-87 (Bel).

be herbicide combination Pulsar plus + Stomp aqua and herbicide Shanin Y, 1977. Methodology of the field experience. Bulgarian Pulsar plus by ClearField plus technology; tank mixtures Listego + Academy of Science, p. 384 (Bg).Dash + Sharpen and Listego + Sharpen by ClearField technology; Shukla G, 1972. Some statistical aspects of partitioning genotype - and tank mixtures Experss + Trend + Select super and Experss + environmental components of variability. Heredity, 29, 237-245.Lactofol B + Select super by ExperssSun technology. These variants Suresh G and Reddy BN, 2010. Effect of weed control practices on combine high levels of seed yield and high stability of this index weed dry matter, production potential and nutrient uptake of during the years. From the viewpoint of technology for sunflower sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Vertisols. Indian Journal of growing, high rating also has the single use of herbicide Listego, tank Agricultural Sciences, 80, 33-37.mixtures Experss + Trend and Experss + Lactofol B. They combine Valchev N, Bahariev D, Masheva S and Toskov K, 1995. relatively good seed yields with high stability during the years of the Opportunities for the use of chemical agents against the blue bunch investigation. Tank mixtures Smerch + Amalgerol premium, Wing + of tomatoes. Plant Science, 5, 62-64 (Bg).Amalgerol premium, Raft + Amalgerol premium, Pledge + Amalgerol Valchev N, Velev B and Toskov K, 1995. Effect of application of soil premium, Modown + Amalgerol premium and Pendigan + Amalgerol fumigants to combat blue bunch of tomatoes. Sat "Sustainable premium get low ratings and are to be avoided. This is due to agriculture in the conditions of transition to market economy." ІІІ, 33-

331

36 (Bg). sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Thesis for PhD, Kasetsart Valchev N, Velev B and Toskov K, 1995. Study on application of University, Bangkok.growth regulator herbicide maleic hydrazide blue against a bunch of Wricke G, 1962. Über eine Methode zur Erfassung der tomatoes. Sat "Sustainable agriculture in the conditions of transition ekologischen Strekbreitein Feldersuchen. Pflanzenzuecht, 47, 92-to market economy." ІІІ, 29-32 (Bg). 96 (Ge).Wanikorn N, 1991. Weed competition and chemical weed control in

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Triticale – past and futureSt. Dobreva

Productivity performance of bread winter wheat genotypes with local and foreign originG. Raykov, P. Chamurliyski, S. Doneva, E. Penchev, N. Tsenov

Production properties of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivated in Strumica region, Republic of MacedoniaP. Vuckov, M. Ilievski, D. Spasova, L. Mihajlov, N. Markova-Ruzdić

Quality of grain and flour of foreign bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under the conditions of south Dobrudzha regionP. Chamurliyski, N. Tsenov, I. Stoeva, S. Doneva, E. Penchev

Breeding programme for developing new sweet cherry cultivars in the Fruit Growing Institute, Plovdiv, BulgariaS. Malchev, A. Zhivondov

Heterosis manifestations by survival and larval duration of F1 Bombyx mori L. hybridsR. Guncheva, M. Panayotov, P. Tsenov, Y. Dimitrova

Reproductive performance of breeding rabbits fed by graded levels of cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf mealT. Ahemen, I.I. Bitto, O.I.A. Oluremi

Clinical toxicological investigations on acute carbofuran intoxication in quails (Coturnix coturnix)R. Binev, I. Valchev, R. Mihaylov, Y. NIkolov

Efficacy and timing of some new products against pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae): II. SpirodiclofenV. Arnaudov

Biochemical and chemical investigations of pikeperch fingerlings (Sander Lucioperca L.) after wintering A. Ivanova, R. Atanasova

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Effect of fluorescence on the technological characteristics of cocoons at different cooking temperaturesM. Panayotov

Comparative analysis of plane geometric parameters of various types of cow milking parlorsD. Georgiev

Panthaleus major /Duges/ of cereals in BulgariaV. Maneva, D. Atanasova

Selectivity and stability of herbicides and their tank mixtures for the seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.)G. Delchev, T. Barakova

Effect of green manure cover crops on tomato greenhouse production I. Tringovska, V. Yankova, D. Markova

Reclamation of lands disturbed by mining activities in BulgariaI. Kirilov, M. Banov

Fish production and meat quality traits in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in different production systems St. Stoyanova, Y. Staykov, G. Zelqzkov, I. Sirakov, G. Nikolov

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

Animal welfareStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 8, Number 4December 2016

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