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READING LISTS Introductory Reading

James E. Bradley and Richard Muller eds., Church History: An Introduction to Research, Reference Works and Methods (1995), esp. Introduction

Euan Cameron, Interpreting Christian history: the challenge of the churches’ past (Oxford, 2005)

Diarmaid MacCulloch, Groundwork of Christian History (London, 1987): Introduction

General Historiography

For reference where appropriate throughout the course. Reference works

M. Bentley, ed., Companion to Historiography (1997)

Kelly Boyd, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing (1999)

Alun Munslow, The Routledge Companion to Historical Studies (2000)

John Tosh, ed., Historians on History (2000).

Historiographical studies

*Ernst Breisach, Historiography: ancient and modern, 3rd ed. (2007). A good starting point

G. Barraclough, Main Trends in History (1979).

M. Bentley, Modern Historiography: an Introduction (1999).

Michael Bentley, Modernizing England's Past : English historiography in the age of modernism, 1870-1970 (2005), esp. Ch. 2.

P. Burke (ed), New Perspectives on Historical Writing (1991).

H. Butterfield, ‘Some trends in scholarship 1868-1968, in the field of modern history’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series, 19 (1969)

T. Donovan, Historical Thought in America: Post-War Patterns (1973)

A. Green and K. Troup, The Houses of History (1998).

J H Hexter, On Historians (1979)

G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: from Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (2nd ed. 2005).

G. Iggers, New Directions in European Historiography (1975)

Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The 'Objectivity Question' and the American Historical Profession (1988)

F. Stern, The Varieties of History (1970). See especially chapter on Bury.

S. Foot, ‘Has Ecclesiastical History lost the Plot?’, in The Church on its Past, ed. Peter Clarke and Charlotte Methuen, Studies in Church History 49 (2013), 1-25

H. McLeod, ‘The long march of religious history: where have we travelled since the sixties and why’, in Religion as an Agent of Change : Crusades, Reformation, Pietism, ed. Per Ingesman (Leiden, 2015)

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1. EARLY CHURCH

Early Church I: Paganism and Christianity

Questions:

1. How have historians understood the influence of paganism on Christianity and vice versa? What assumptions about Christianity do their interpretations reveal?

2. What use do historians make of apologetic literature in their depiction of the relationship between the church and the culture(s) within which Christianity spread?

Useful reading for both sessions:

H. Chadwick, The Early Church (1967) E.A. Clark, Founding the Fathers (2011) W.H.C. Frend, The Early Church (1982 rev.); The Rise of Christianity (1984); From Dogma to History

(2003) R.M. Grant, Augustus to Constantine (1971); Early Christianity and Society (1977) S.G. Hall, Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church (1991) J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (1977 rev.)

Pagans and Christians

Adolf von Harnack: Mission and Expansion of Christianity (London, 1908), vol. I, especially 19-39. Robin Lane Fox: Pagans and Christians (London, 1986). Arnaldo Momigliano: The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the 4th century (Oxford 1963). Peter Brown: Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (London, 1982), especially part 1. Christoph Markschies, Between two worlds: structures of earliest Christianity (London 1999). Robert A. Markus: Saeculum: history and society in the theology of St. Augustine (Cambridge, revised edition 1988). See also his response to discussions of his work: Christianity and the Secular (2006). J. Hahn, S. Emmel & U. Gotter eds., From Temple to Church (2008), esp. introduction and chapter by Hahn. Or: J. R. Curran, Pagan city and Christian capital: Rome in the fourth century (2000).

Apologetics

Source text: Read one of the Apologies: for instance, by Justin Martyr, or Tertullian. See Roberts and Donaldson eds., The Ante-Nicene Fathers (1896), Vols. I and III. The full text is available online at Christian Classics Ethereal Library (see OXLIP+ for database link). For an introduction to the apologists see:

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Robert M. Grant, Greek Apologists of the Second Century (1988) Richard A. Norris, JR, “The Apologists”, in Young, Ayres and Louth eds., The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature (2004), Ch. 5. S. Price, “Latin Christian Apologetics: Minucius Felix, Tertullian, and Cyprian”, in Edwards, Goodman & Price eds., Apologetics in the Roman Empire (1999), 105-129. Frances Young, “Greek Apologists of the Second Century”, in Edwards et al, Apologetics, 81-104.

For discussions of the relationship between philosophy and Christianity, see:

Henry Chadwick, Early Christian thought and the classical tradition (1966). For a discussion of Chadwick in the context of the late 1960s, see: Abraham J. Malherbe, “Towards understanding the apologists: a review article,” in: Restoration quarterly 11 (1968), 215 -224. Arthur J. Droge: Homer or Moses? Early Christian interpretations of the history of culture (Tübingen 1989). Edwards et al., Apologetics in the Roman Empire (1999), esp. intro. and essay by Rajak. Parvis and Foster eds, Justin Martyr and his worlds (2007), esp. articles by Slusser, Parvis and Lyman.

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Early Church II: Heresy and Orthodoxy

Questions:

1. How have historians accounted for the success of Christianity in the first four centuries?

2. How do past definitions of the boundary between orthodoxy and heresy influence historians’ definition of that distinction?

Sources:

Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall, Eusebius: Life of Constantine. Introduction, Translation and Commentary (1999).

Eusebius, The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine, trans. G.A. Williamson (1989 rev.).

For the significance of Constantine and Eusebius’ account of the history of the church, see:

D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, Eusebius of Caesarea (1960).

Norman H. Baynes, Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (2nd ed. 1972), preface by Henry Chadwick.

Robert M. Grant, Eusebius as Church Historian (1980).

Timothy D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius (1981).

Timothy Barnes, “Panegyric, History and Hagiography in Eusebius’ Life of Constantine,” in: Rowan Williams (ed.), The Making of Orthodoxy: Essays in Honour of Henry Chadwick. (1989), 94-123.

Averil Cameron, Christianity and the rhetoric of Empire: the development of Christian discourse (1991).

Averil Cameron, “Eusebius’ Vita Constantini and the Construction of Constantine,” in: M.J. Edwards and S.C. Swain (eds), Portraits (1997), 145-174.

Ramsay MacMullen, Voting about God in Early Church Councils (2006).

On orthodoxy and heresy, see:

Walter Bauer: Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christianity (London 1972). Classic account.

W.H.C. Frend: “Heresy and Schism as Social and National Movements,” Studies in Church History 9 (1972), 37-56, reprinted as item XXIV in his Religion Popular and Unpopular in the Early Christian Centuries (London, 1976).

Rowan Williams: “Does it make sense to speak of pre-Nicene Orthodoxy?” in: idem (ed.), The Making of Orthodoxy: Essays in Honour of Henry Chadwick. (Cambridge, 1989), 1-23.

Virginia Burrus: “The Heretical Woman as Symbol in Alexander, Athanasius, Epiphanius, and Jerome,” in: Harvard Theological Review 84 (1991), 229-248.

Henry Chadwick, Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Early Church (1991), especially the introduction.

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Hans-Dietrich Altendorf et. al.: Orthodoxie et hérésie dans l'église ancienne: perspectives nouvelles (Cahiers de la Revue de théologie et de philosophie 17; 1993) (in French with summaries in English at141-142).

Bart D. Ehrman, The Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew (2003). See also the many Youtube clips of US pastors and theologians attacking Ehrman !

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2. MEDIEVAL

Medieval I: The cult of the saints

Questions:

1. How and why has historical writing about the cult of saints changed over the past forty years?

2. Why do many historians find the prevalence of miracle stories in medieval historiography problematical?

Perhaps the key essay underpinning this class is:

Peter Brown, ‘The rise and function of the holy man in late antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971), 80-101; reprinted with additional notes in his Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1982)

A special issue of the Journal of Early Christian Studies reconsidered the article on the 25th anniversary of its publication: vol. 6.3 (1998); this is available on-line. See especially Peter Brown, ‘The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity, 1971-1997’, 353-76; Mark Vessey, ‘The demise of the Christian writer and the remaking of Late Antiquity: From H-I Marrou’s Saint Augustine (1938) to Peter Brown’s Holy man (1983)’, 377-411; Elizabeth A Clark, ‘Holy women, holy words: early Christian women, social history and the linguistic turn’, 413-30.

See also:

Peter Brown, The Cult of Saints: its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (1981); Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World (1995)

James Howard-Johnston and Paul Anthony Hayward, The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Essays on the Contribution of Peter Brown (1999, 2004 reprint).

In recent years there have been a number of perhaps more 'popular', but still scholarly, approaches to the medieval cult of saints. See, for example,

Charles Freeman, Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe (2012)

Robert Bartlett, Why can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation (2013)

The classic literature on hagiography was originally published in French:

See Hippolyte Delehaye, Les légendes hagiographiques (3rd edn, Society of Bollandists, 1927); trans. Donald Attwater, The legends of the saints (London 1962).

R Aigrain, L’hagiographie: ses sources – ses méthodes – son histoire, 1953 (2nd ed., 2000).

In English see:

J. Blair, ‘A Saint for Every Minster? Local Cults in Anglo-Saxon England’, in Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, ed. A. Thacker and R. Sharpe (2002), 455–94.

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C. Cubitt, ‘Universal and Local Saints in Anglo-Saxon England’, in Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, ed. A. Thacker and R. Sharpe (2002), 423–53.

C W Jones, Saints and Chronicles in Early England (Ithaca, NY, 1947).

S. Justice, ‘Did the middle ages believe in their miracles?’, Representations 103 (2008), 1-29

Richard Kieckhefer, ‘Imitators of Christ: Sainthood in the Christian Tradition’, in R. Kieckhefer and G. D. Bond (eds.), Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions (1988), 1-42.

M. Lapidge, ‘The Saintly Life in Anglo-Saxon England’, in The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, ed. M. Lapidge and M. Godden (Cambridge, 1991), 243-63.

Felice Lifshitz, ‘Beyond positivism and genre: “hagiographical” texts as historical narrative,’ Viator 25 (1994), 95-113.

Julia M. H. Smith, ‘Early Medieval Hagiography in the Late Twentieth Century’, Early Medieval Europe, 1 (1992), 69-76. (Useful review article.)

JMH Smith, ‘Saints and their Cults’, in Cambridge History of Christianity 3, early Medieval Christianities c. 600-c. 1100 (Cambridge, 2008), 581-605

JMH Smith, ‘Oral and written: saints miracles and relics in Brittany, c 850-1250’, Speculum 65 (1990), 309-43.

JMH Smith, ‘The problem of female sanctity in Carolingian Europe, c 780-920’, Past and Present 146 (1995), 3-37.

A. Thacker, ‘The Making of a Local Saint’, in Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, ed. A. Thacker and R. Sharpe (2002), 45–73, on the ritual of ‘translation’ (e.g. of Æthelthryth, Cuthbert, et al.).

Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the medieval mind: theory, record, and event, 1000-1215 (1982).

Simon Yarrow, Saints and their Communities: Miracle Stories in twelfth-century England (2006).

And for an early modern perspective:

Simon Ditchfield, ‘Martyrs on the move: relics as vindicators of local diversity in the Tridentine Church’, in Martyrs and Martyrologies, ed. Diana Wood, Studies in church history, 30 (1993) 283-294.

Simon Ditchfield, ‘Sanctity in Early Modern Italy’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 47, no. 1 (1996), 98-112.

Before the class it would help if you had read at least one medieval saint’s life and/or set of miracle stories. There is a good selection in T. Head, Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology (2000). You will also find material in Jones, Saints Lives and Chronicles. Several are collected in The Age of Bede, ed D.H. Farmer, trans. J. Webb, Penguin Classics 1988.

Bertram Colgrave published separate translations of lives of St Cuthbert, the earliest lives of Gregory the Great, Eddius Stephanus’ Life of St Wilfrid, and Felix’s Life of Guthlac with CUP; look them up on OLIS.

Many saints’ lives available in parallel Latin and English texts in the Oxford Medieval Texts series: Eadmer’s Life of Anselm (trs Richard Southern); Adomnan, Life of Columba (trans. M O Anderson); Goscelin of St Bertin, Lives of female saints (trans Rosalind Love). Etc.

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Medieval II: The Medieval Church: institutions and culture

Questions:

1. To what extent is medieval history always the history of the Church?

2. Where is the Church in the new cultural history of the Middle Ages?

This week’s questions are designed to help you think about what has happened to medieval Church history over the last forty years or so. The first question asks you to think about conventional readings of medieval ecclesiastical history which focus on institutions, especially the papacy and monasticism, and on individuals (especially popes). Does this create a reading of the middle ages in which the Church, and representatives of ecclesiastical power are always at the centre? The second asks you to look at the cultural turn in historical studies in the late 1980s and beyond. Where, in those new readings of religious culture (many influenced by anthropology), has the ‘old’ Church history gone? Is new cultural history of the middle ages also a history of the Church? Or, in focusing on popular culture and lay religious practice, is the Church as an institution being pushed to the margins?

Linehan and Nelson eds, The Medieval World (2001): several useful essays, esp, in the section called ‘Beliefs, social values and symbolic order’; look also at ‘Elites, organisations and groups’.

Lynn Hunt (ed.), The New Cultural History (Berkeley / London, 1989). Peter Biller, ‘Popular religion in the central and later middle ages’, in Companion to Historiography, ed.

Michael Bentley (1997), 221-46. Julia Smith, Europe After Rome: a New Cultural History, 500-1000 (1995). TFX Noble, ‘The Christian church as an institution’, in Cambridge History of Christianity 3, early Medieval

Christianities c. 600-c. 1100 (2008), 249-74

The Papacy

Geoffrey Barraclough, The Medieval Papacy (London, 1968). Uta-Renate Blumenthal, ‘The papacy, 1024-1122’, The New Cambridge Medieval History IV (c.1024–

c.1198), ed. Luscombe and Riley-Smith (2 vols, Cambridge, 2004), ii, 8-37. C.N.L. Brooke, Medieval Church and Society (1971). [collected essays] Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church 1050-1250 (Oxford, 1988). I. S. Robinson, The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation (Cambridge, 1990). Walter Ullmann, A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages (London, 1972). Walter Ullmann, The growth of Papal Government during the Middle Ages (London, 1955, 3rd edition

1970) J.A. Watt, ‘The papacy’, The New Cambridge Medieval History V (c.1198–c.1300), ed. Abulafia (1999),

107-63.

Lives of popes (it might be worth concentrating on key figures, say Gregory the Great and Innocent III):

Jeffrey Richards, The popes and the papacy in the early Middle Ages, 476-752 (London, 1979). Jeffrey Richards, Consul of God. The life and times of Gregory the Great (London, 1980). Carole Straw, Gregory the Great: perfection in imperfection (Berkeley, 1988).

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Conrad Leyser, Authority and asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great (Oxford, 2000). Richard A. Markus, Gregory the Great and His World (Cambridge, 1997). Jane Sayers, Innocent III, Leader of Europe 1198-1216 (London, 1994). John C. Moore, Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): to root up and to plant (Leiden, 2003). John C. Moore, Pope Innocent III and his world (1999). [a collection of essays from a conference] Brenda Bolton, Innocent III : studies on papal authority and pastoral care (1995).

Monasticism:

Anne-Marie Helvétius and Michel Kaplan, ‘Asceticism and its institutions’, in Cambridge History of Christianity 3, early Medieval Christianities c. 600-c. 1100 (Cambridge, 2008), 275-98

David Knowles, The monastic order in England: a history of its development from the times of St Dunstan to the fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216 (Cambridge, 1940; 2nd edition 1963).

H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform (Oxford, 1970). Noreen Hunt, Cluny under Saint Hugh (London, 1967). Noreen Hunt (ed.), Cluniac Monasticism in the Central Middle Ages (London, 1971). Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy 980-1198

(Ithaca / London 1987). Barbara H. Rosenwein, To be the Neighbour of St Peter: the Social Meaning of Cluny’s Property, 909-

1049 (Ithaca / London, 1989). Constance H. Berman, The Cistercian Evolution: the invention of a religious order in twelfth-century

Europe (Philadelphia, 2000).

New Cultural Histories

Aron Gurevich, Medieval Popular Culture: Problems of Belief and Perception (Cambridge, 1988). Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi: the Eucharist in late Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1991). Jean-Claude Schmitt, The Holy Greyhound: Guinefort, healer of Children Since the Thirteenth Century

(Cambridge, 1983). Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval

Women (Berkeley / London, 1987). Caroline Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: studies in the spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkeley /

London 1982). Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French Village (London, 1978). Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Carnival: A People’s Uprising at Romans (London, 1980). Megan Cassidy-Welch, Monastic Spaces and their Meanings: Thirteenth-Century English Cistercian

Monasteries (Turnhout, 2001). P. Burke, Varieties of Cultural History (1997

Some sixteenth-century studies for comparison:

Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980). Carlo Ginzburg, The night battles: witchcraft & agrarian cults in the sixteenth & seventeenth centuries

(London, 1983). David Sabean, Power in the Blood: Popular Culture and Village Discourse in early modern Germany

(Cambridge, 1985).

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3. EARLY MODERN Early Modern I: The Myth of the English Reformation

Questions

1. What approaches have historians taken to the English Reformation over the last forty years?

2. What has been at stake in debates about the Counter-Reformation of Mary Tudor?

Useful for both sessions:

Diarmaid MacCulloch, “The Myth of the English Reformation,” in: Journal of British Studies 30 (1991), 1-19.

A.G. Dickens, John Tonkin & Kenneth Powell, The Reformation in Historical Thought (1985).

Rosemary O’Day, The Debate on the English Reformation (1986).

Some earlier histories of the English Reformation:

Gilbert Burnet, The history of the reformation of the Church of England (first published 1679).

David Hume, The History of England, under the House of Tudor (first published 1759).

John Lingard, A History of England: from the first invasion by the Romans to the accession of William and Mary in 1688, vols 6 - 9 [first published through the 1840s; discussed by: John Vidmar, “John Lingard's History of the English Reformation: History or Apologetics?” in: Catholic Historical Review 85 (1999), 383-419].

English Reformation

There is a whole genre of writing about the historiography of the English Reformation. Some key examples (in reverse chronological order) include:

Peter Marshall, “(Re)defining the English Reformation,” The Journal of British Studies, 48 (2009), 564–86

Eamon Duffy, “The English Reformation after Revisionism,” in: Renaissance Quarterly 59 (2006) 720-731.

Christopher Haigh, “A. G. Dickens and the English Reformation,” in: Historical Research 77 (2004), 24-38.

Andrew Pettegree, “A. G. Dickens and his critics: a new narrative of the English Reformation,” in: Historical Research 77 (2004), 39-58.

Nicholas Tyacke, “Anglican Attitudes: some recent writings on English religious history, from the Reformation to the Civil War”, Journal of British Studies 35 (1996), 139-167.

Christopher Haigh, “The Recent historiography of the English Reformation,” in: Christopher Haigh, Reformation to Revolution (Routledge: London 1995), 13-32 [cf. also earlier versions of this article, in: Christopher Haigh (ed.), English Reformation revised (CUP: Cambridge 1987), 19-33; Historical Journal 25 (1982), 995-1007]

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Geoffrey Elton, Henry VIII: an essay in revision (Historical Association: London 1962).

A selection of discussions of the English Reformation (alphabetically by author):

Patrick Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England (1988)

Claire Cross, Church and People, 1450-1660 (1999, 2nd ed.)

A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (1989, 2nd ed.)

Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: traditional religion in England c.1400-c.1580 (1992; 2nd ed. 2005)

——, The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village (2001).

Geoffrey Elton, Reform and reformation: England 1509-1558 (1977).

Christopher Haigh, (ed.), The English Reformation revised (1987).

——, English reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors (1993).

Norman Jones, The English Reformation: Religion and Cultural Adaptation (2002).

Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor church militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (1999), Ch. 4.

——, Building a godly realm: the establishment of English Protestantism 1558-1603 (1992). [pamphlet]

——, Suffolk and the Tudors: politics and religion in an English county 1500-1600 (1986).

Peter Marshall, Reformation England 1480–1642 (2003).

Peter Marshall & Alec Ryrie (eds), The beginnings of English Protestantism (2002), Introduction.

J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English people (1984).

Ethan H. Shagan, Popular politics and the English Reformation (2002).

The Church of Mary Tudor

Sources:

John Foxe, ed. J. Pratt [Cattley and Townsend], Acts and Monuments, 8 vols (4th edition; 1877).

John Foxe, Acts and Monuments with tracking of the different editions and much valuable editorial apparatus can be found at http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/.

Historiographical overviews:

“Editors’ Introduction,” in: Eamon Duffy and David M. Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (2005). xi-xxv.

Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (2009), Introduction

David M. Loades, “The reign of Mary Tudor: historiography and research,” in: Albion 21 (1989), 547-558.

Rosemary O’Day, The Debate on the English Reformation (1986), especially chapters 1 & 2.

Reading Foxe / Foxe’s influence on the historiography of Mary’s reign (raises important questions about the use of polemical sources):

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I. Ross Bartlett, “John Foxe as Hagiographer: the question revisited” 16th Century Journal 26 (1995), 771-89

Patrick Collinson, “Truth and legend: the veracity of John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs”, in: A.C. Duke and C.A. Tamse (eds), Clio’s Mirror: Historiography in Britain and the Netherlands (1985), 31-54; reprinted in: Patrick Collinson, Elizabethan Essays (1994).

——, “Truth, Lies, and Fiction in Sixteenth-Century Protestant Historiography,” in: Donald R. Kelley and David Harris Sacks (eds), The Historical Imagination in Early Modern Britain (1997), 37-68.

Mark Rankin, “Rereading Henry VIII in Foxe’s Acts and Monuments,” in: Reformation: The Journal of the Tyndale Society 12 (2007), 69–101.

Thomas Freeman, “Texts, lies and microfilm: reading and misreading Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’,” in: Sixteenth Century Journal 30 (1999), 23-46

Discussions of the church in England in the reign of Mary I:

Gina Alexander, “Bonner and the Marian persecutions”, History 60 (1975), 374-91, reprinted in: Christopher Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (1987), 157-175.

Eamon Duffy and David M. Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (2005), especially the introduction.

* Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (2009)

Alexandra Walsham, “Translating Trent? English Catholicism and the Counter Reformation,” in: Historical Research 78 (2005), 288-310.

D. M. Loades, The reign of Mary Tudor: politics, government and religion in England, 1553-58 (1979; rev. 1991).

Andrew Pettegree, Marian Protestantism: six studies (Scolar: Aldershot 1996).

R.G. Pogson, “Reginald Pole and the Priorities of Government in Mary Tudor’s Church”, Historical Journal 18 (1975), 3-20.

——, “Revival and reform in Mary Tudor’s church: a question of money,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 (1974), 249-265; reprinted in Christopher Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (1987), 139-156.

On early-modern Catholicism / Catholic Reform(ation) / the Counter-Reformation (one question to ponder is who uses which term and why!):

Mary Laven, “Encountering the Counter-Reformation,” in: Renaissance Quarterly 59 (2006), 706-720. [survey of recent trends]

Paul Gundani, “ ‘Catholic Reformation’ or ‘Counter-Reformation’: historiographical implications of the debate,” in: Studia historiae ecclesiasticae 31 (2005), 39-50.

Dermot Fenlon, “The origins of modern Catholicism,” in: Journal of Ecclesiastical History 43 (1992), 102-109. [review article]

Robert Bireley, The refashioning of Catholicism, 1450-1700 (1999).

A.G. Dickens, The Counter Reformation (1968).

H. O. Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter-Reformation (1968)

R. Po-Chia Hsia, The world of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770 (1998; 2nd edition 2005).

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Pierre Janelle, The Catholic Reformation (1971; originally published 1949)

Martin D. W. Jones, The Counter Reformation: religion and society in early modern Europe (1995).

Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490-1700 (2003), Chs 2, 5, 7, 9, 10.

John C. Olin, Catholic reform from Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent 1495-1563 (1990).

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Early Modern II: Assessing the German Reformation

Questions

1. How have historians of the Reformation assessed the state of the late-medieval church?

2. How useful is the “confessionalization thesis” as an account of the impact of the German Reformation?

Historiographical discussions:

Diarmaid MacCulloch, “Protestantism in Mainland Europe: New Directions,” in: Renaissance Quarterly 59 (2006), 698-706.

Robert von Friedeburg, “Dickens, the German Reformation, and the issue of nation and fatherland in early modern German history,” in: Historical Research 77 (2004), 79 -97.

C. Scott Dixon, “Introduction,” in: C. Scott Dixon (ed.), The German Reformation: the essential readings (Blackwell: Oxford 1999).

Carter Lindberg, “Recent Reformation Studies,” in: Lutheran Quarterly 12 (1998), 108-119.

Examples of different historical approaches to German Reformation:

C. Scott Dixon (ed.), The German Reformation: the essential readings (1999).

Compare also: Thomas A. Brady Jr, Heiko A. Oberman, James D. Tracy (eds), Handbook of European history, 1400-1600: late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation (1994-95).

Early definitions of the epoch of the German Reformation:

Leopold von Ranke, History of the Reformation in Germany (2nd edition, London 1845-47).

Ernst Troeltsch, Protestantism and progress: a historical study of the relation of Protestantism to the modern world (1912).

Karl Holl, The cultural significance of the Reformation (1959; first published 1921).

Joseph Lortz’s Reformation in Germany (1939) is a classic account of late-medieval corruption and degeneration.

Bernd Moeller, Imperial cities and the Reformation (1972; originally published 1962).

A. G. Dickens, The German nation and Martin Luther (1974).

Further reading on the late-medieval church:

Thomas Brady, German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400-1650 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2009)

Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (Scolar: London 1984), best approached through reviews: Richard W. Southern, “Between Heaven and Hell”, Times Literary Supplement 18 June 1982, and G. R. Edwards, “Purgatory: ‘birth’ or evolution?”, JEH 36 (1985), 634-66. [review article]

F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages (Routledge: London 2002).

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H.A. Oberman, The Dawn of the Reformation: Essays in Late Medieval and Early Reformation Thought (T & T Clark: Edinburgh 1986)

Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1250 - 1550: An intellectual and religious history of late medieval and reformation Europe (Yale University Press: New Haven CN 1980)

Andrew Pettegree (ed.), The Reformation World (Routledge: London 2000), Chs. 2 and 3

Bernard M. G. Reardon, Religious Thought in the Reformation (Longman: London 1981), Ch. 1

Gerald Strauss ed., Pre-Reformation Germany (Harper & Row: New York 1972), esp. classic article by Bernd Moeller, “Religious Life in Germany on the Eve of the Reformation”; reproduced in James L. Halverson ed., Contesting Christendom: Readings in Medieval Religion and Culture (2008), pp. 189-98.

Robert N. Swanson, Religion and devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c. 1515 (Cambridge University Press; Cambridge 1995).

Richard W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Penguin: Harmondsworth 1970).

W. D. James Cargill Thompson, “Seeing the Reformation in medieval perspective”, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 (1974), 297-307. [review article, now obviously dated but still useful]

Very useful collection of articles illustrating historiographical trends in scholarship on the European Reformation:

Andrew Pettegree: The Reformation: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies, 4 vols (2004) [not in the Bodleian, only in All Souls library; however, see here for a table of contents with places of original publication: http://www.burioni.it/libri/news/routledge3/reformation.htm]

For a discussion between German church historians of the factors which define the unity of the Reformation, see:

Berndt Hamm, Bernd Moeller, Dorothea Wendebourg, Reformationstheorien: ein kirchenhistorischer Disput über Einheit und Vielfalt der Reformation (1995).

Reviewed in English, with good summaries of the contributions, by: Thomas A. Brady, Jr. in: The Sixteenth Century Journal, 27 (1996), 286-289; also by Carter Lindberg, in: Lutheran Quarterly 9 (1995) 463-466; Scott H. Hendrix, in: Church History 65 (1996), 697-698.

The role of anticlericalism:

Hans-Jürgen Goertz, Antiklerikalismus und Reformation : sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (1995) is seminal, but is not available in English; for a presentation of his thesis and responses to it, see Peter A. Dykema and Heiko A. Oberman, Anticlericalism in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions 51; Brill: Leiden 1993).

The confessionalisation thesis has formed the context for much historiographical discussion over the past decade or more; much of this literature is also in German, but see:

John Headley, Hans Hillerbrand and Anthony Papalas (eds), Confessionalization in Europe, 1555-1700: essays in honor and memory of Bodo Nischan (2004), Part 1, for a useful summary of the debate.

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Those who read German might have a look at: Thomas Kaufmann’s useful (and brief) “Einleitung” in: Kaspar von Greyerz et al (eds), Interkonfessionalität – Transkonfessionalität – binnenkonfessionelle Pluralität: neue Forschungen zur Konfessionalisierungsthese (2003), 9-15.

A classic statement of the thesis can be found in Heinz Schilling, “Confessionalization in the Empire: Religious and Societal Change in Germany between 1555 and 1620“ in Religion, Political Culture and the Emergence of Early Modern Society (1992), 205-45

See also:

Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (1992)

Heinz Schilling, Early Modern European Civilization and its Political and Cultural Dynamism (2008)

Robert W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation (1981).

——, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (1987).

L. W. Spitz, The Protestant Reformation 1517- 1558 (1985); reviewed by Thomas A. Brady Jr in: Sixteenth Century Journal 16 (1985), 411.

Ulinka Rublack, Reformation Europe (2005).

Kaspar von Greyerz, Religion and culture in early modern Europe, 1500-1800 (2008).

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4. EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES

I. Enlightenment, modernity and religion in contemporary historiography

Questions:

1. How far have historians’ analysis of the relationship between Enlightenment and religion in England damaged the narrative of secularization?

2. How did Enlightenment shifts in “the idea of progress” influence the writing of history?

Enlightenment and Religion

Religion as agent of Enlightenment:

W. Gibson, Enlightenment Prelate: Benjamin Hoadly 1676-1761 (2004)

Sheridan Gilley, “Christianity and Enlightenment: An Historical Survey,” in: History of European Ideas 1 (1981), 103-12.

Knud Haakonssen (ed.), Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain (2006), esp. Introduction.

G. Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (2004)

Phyllis Mack, Heart Religion in the British Enlightenment: Gender and Emotion in Early Methodism (2008)

J. Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (2006)

J.G.A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (1999), vol.1.

--------, “Post-Puritan England and the problem of the Enlightenment,” in: Perez Zagorin (ed.), Culture and Politics from Puritanism to the Enlightenment (1980), 91-112.

Roy Porter, “The Enlightenment in England,” in: Roy Porter and Mikulàš Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in National Context (1981), 1-18.

----------, Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World (London 2000).

Jane Shaw, Miracles in Enlightenment England (Yale 2006).

----------, “The Long Eighteenth Century,” in: Ernest Nicholson, A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain (2003), 215-236.

David Sorkin, The Religious Enlightenment: Protestants, Jews and Catholics from London to Vienna (2008).

B.W. Young, Religion and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century England: Theological Debate from Locke to Burke (1998).

Enlightenment and Secularization

Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation 1800-2000 (2009, 2nd ed.)

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---------, 'The People of No Religion: the demographics of secularisation in the English-speaking world since c.1900’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte vol. 51 (2011), pp. 37-61.

Justin Champion, The Pillars of Priestcraft Shaken. The Church of England and its Enemies 1660 – 1730 (1992).

Jonathan Israel, The Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750 (2001) See also Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity and the Emancipation of Man, 1670-1752 (2006).

Hugh McLeod and Werner Urstof eds., The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1650-1800 (2003), esp. Introduction and chapters by Callum Brown and David Hempton.

Jonathan Sheehan, “Enlightenment, Religion, and the Enigma of Secularization: A Review Essay,” in: American Historical Review 108 (2003), 1061-80.

The idea of progress

Sources:

David Hume, “The Natural History of Religion [1757]” in The Natural History of Religion and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, eds. A. Colver and J. Price (1976)

Marquis de Condorcet, “The Sketch”, in Steven Lukes and Nadia Urbinati eds., Condorcet: Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, 2012)

Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. David Womersley (3 Vols, 2005), see especially chs. XV and XVI

Secondary literature:

Hans Blumenberg, The Legitimacy of The Modern Age (1983).

J.B. Bury, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its Origin and Growth (1955).

Robert A. Davis, “Education, Utopia and the Limits of Enlightenment,” Policy Futures in Education 1 (2003), 565-585.

Leonard Krieger, “The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Historians,” Church History 47 (1978), 279-297.

Karl Löwith, Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History (1949).

Martin Mulsow, “Gundling vs. Buddeus: Competing Models for the History of Philosophy,” in: D. R. Kelley (ed.), History and the Disciplines: The Reclassification of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe (1997), 103-26.

David Nash, “The Failed and Postponed Millennium: Secular Millennialism since the Enlightenment,” Journal of Religious History 24 (2000), 70-86.

Robert Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress (1980).

Nicholas Phillipson, “Providence and progress: an introduction to the historical thought of William Robertson,” in S. Brown ed., William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire (1997).

David Sorkin, The Religious Enlightenment: Protestants, Jews and Catholics from London to Vienna (2008).

David Spadafora, The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1990).

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W. Warren Wagar, “Modern Views of the Origins of the Idea of Progress,” in: Journal of the History of Ideas 28 (1967), 55-70.

M. E. Winston, From Perfectibility to Perversion: Meliorism in Eighteenth-Century France (2005).

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II: Nineteenth Century

Questions

1. How did nineteenth-century developments in understanding science influence the development of history as a discipline?

2. To what extent was impartiality the guiding principle of nineteenth-century historical accounts?

The pioneer of history as “scientific” method was Leopold von Ranke:

Leopold von Ranke, The theory and practice of history (1973): selected writings published 1833 – 1880.

on Ranke see also:

Georg G. Iggers and James M. Powell (eds), Leopold von Ranke and the shaping of the historical discipline (1990).

J. D. Braw, “Vision as Revision: Ranke and the Beginning of Modern History”, History and Theory, 46:4 (2007), 45–60

You might want also to look back at the work of Adolf von Harnack, Mission and Expansion of Christianity (1908)

Compare also the work of Albrecht Ritschl (e.g. The Christian doctrine of justification and reconciliation: the positive development of the doctrine [1902]

and Ernst Troeltsch (e.g. Protestantism and progress: a historical study of the relation of Protestantism to the modern world / by Ernst Troeltsch [1912]).

on the importance of historical method in the work of Harnack and Troeltsch, see: G. Wayne Glick, The reality of Christianity: a study of Adolf von Harnack as historian and theologian (1967); Wilhelm Pauck, Harnack and Troeltsch: two historical theologians (1968).

For English applications of and engagement with von Ranke’s historical methods, see:

- the work of William Stubbs (e.g. The Constitutional History of England),

- the work of Samuel Rawson Gardiner (e.g. History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1656).

H. T. Buckle, History of Civilization in England (2 vols, London 1857-8).

Lord Acton, Essays in the liberal interpretation of history: selected papers (Chicago 1967).

see especially: A lecture on the study of history: delivered at Cambridge, June 11, 1895 (1895); “German schools of History,” English Historical Review, 1 (1886), 7-42

on Acton:

Herbert Butterfield, Lord Acton (1948).

Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge 1998).

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J R Seeley, “The teaching of politics: an inaugural lecture delivered in Cambridge,” in: J R Seeley, Lectures and Essays (London 1870) [on his appointment as Regius Professor of History, makes an aggressive case for the application of scientific method]

on Seeley:

Deborah Wormell, Sir John Seeley and the Uses of History (Cambridge 1980).

R. T. Shannon, ‘Sir John Seeley and the idea of a national church’, Ideas and institutions of Victorian England, ed. R. Robson (1967).

G. N. Clark, “The Origin of the Cambridge Modern History,” in: Cambridge Historical Journal 8 (1945), 57-64.

G. S. R. Kitson Clark, “A hundred years of the teaching of history at Cambridge, 1873–1973,” Historical Journal 16 (1973), 535-553.

Stefan Collini, Donald Winch, John Burrow, That noble science of politics: a study in nineteenth-century intellectual history (1983).

C. McClelland, “England as First Cousin: Ranke and Protestant-Germanic Conservatism”, in C. McClelland ed., The German Historians and England: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Views (1971), 91-107

J. Warren, “The Rankean Tradition in British Historiography, 1840-1950”, in S. Berger, H. Feldner and K. Passmore (eds), Writing History: Theory and Practice (2003), 23-41

See also relevant sections and chapters of:

S. Bann, Romanticism and the Rise of History (1995)

Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’s Past: English historiography in the age of modernism 1870-1970 (2005).

Stefan Berger, Mark Donovan, Kevin Passmore (eds), Writing National Histories: Western Europe since 1800 (1999).

Kelly Boyd, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing (1999).

John Burrow, A Liberal Descent: Victorian historians and the English past (1981).

Dwight Culler, The Victorian Mirror of History (1985).

Rosemary Jann, The Art and Science of Victorian History (1985).

John Kenyon, The History Men: the historical profession in England since the Renaissance (2nd ed. 1993).

Philippa Levine, The Amateur and the Professional: antiquarians, historians and archaeologists in Victorian England, 1838-1886 (1986).

Peter Mandler, History and National Life (2002).

Christopher Parker, The English Historical Tradition since 1850 (1990).

Benedikt Stuchtey and Peter Wende (eds), British and German Historiography, 1750-1950: traditions, perceptions and transfers (2000).