introdution to biomedical engineering

8/14/2019 Introdution to biomedical engineering

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Bio-Medical Engineering

An Introduction

Compiled By: Sidra KhanEdited By: Zaheer Safdar

WithSpecial Thanks to Numerous Web Resources


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WHAT REALLY THE BIOMEDICALENGINEERS CAN DO

Treatment:

2. Doctor diagnoses and treatpatient diseases.

3. Biomedical Scientist

analyses the blood from apatient so that the doctorknows how to diagnoseand treat.

4. Biomedical Engineer

design the equipment usedto analyze the blood.


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Repairing Damaged

Bones:1. Biomedical Scientist

establishes how the bonesfunction in the body.

2. Biomedical Engineerdesigns the equipment to

be used during surgery toensure correct alignment.

Repairing a DamagedHip:

1. Biomedical Scientist

establishes how the hipjoint functions in the body.

2. Biomedical Engineerdesigns the prosthesis(artificial hip).

3. Doctor operates on thepatient and monitors therecovery.
http://www.musarium.com/bodyparts/7_body.html


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Replacing Damaged Skin:

1. Biomedical Scientistestablishes how the artificialskin will be tolerated by thebody.

2. Bimolecular Engineerdesigns, operates andmaintains the process togrow the synthetic skin

(tissue engineering).3. Doctor operates to graft the

artificial skin to the body.

Heart Transplant:1. Biomedical Scientist

determines blood flow andheart functions

2. Biomedical Engineer usesthis information to designthe artificial heart.

3. Doctor carries out surgeryand monitors patient health.


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What do Biomedical Engineer do?

The goals of biomedical engineer, in certain cases, do overlap with

biologist and physicians. For example, Biomedical Engineers like

physicians, measure biological phenomena to diagnose a patient.

The distinguishing trait of a biomedical engineers isA desire to reach a quantitative understanding of the

properties of biological systems.

This quantitative understanding can provide ameasurable understanding of which medicaldiagnostic procedure is more accurate or less

harmful.


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KeyAreas


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The world of Biomedical Engineering

Biosensors

Biomechanics

Biomaterials

Biotechnology

BiomedicalInstrumentation

Bionanotechnology

Clinical Engineering

Medical &Bioinformatics

Medical & BiologicalAnalysis

Medical Imaging

Neural Engineering

Physiological Modeling

Prosthetic devices &Artificial Organs

RehabilitationEngineering

Tissue Engineering


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Bioinformatics It is the field of science in which

biology, computer science, andinformation technology merge toform a single discipline. Theultimate goal of the field is toenable the discovery of newbiological insights as well as tocreate a global perspective from

which unifying principles in biologycan be discerned.

Involves developing and usingcomputer tools to collect andanalyze data related to medicineand biology.

Work in bioinformatics couldinvolve using sophisticatedtechniques to manage and searchdatabases of gene sequences thatcontain many millions of entries.


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Biomaterials

These are substances that

are engineered for use in

devices or implants that

must interact with living

tissue. Examples of advances in this

field include the

development of coatings

that fight infection common

in artificial joint implants,materials that can aid in

controlled drug delivery, and

scaffolds that support

tissue and organ

reconstruction.


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Biomechanics

It is mechanics applied tobiology. Study of motion,material deformation, fluidflow. For example, studies ofthe fluid dynamics involved inblood circulation havecontributed to thedevelopment of artificialhearts, while anunderstanding of jointmechanics has contributed tothe design of prosthetic limbs.Application of classical

mechanics to biological ormedical problems.

Study of movement ofbiologic solids, fluids andviscoelastic materials,muscles forces.

Design of artificial limbs.


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Biosignal Processing

It involves extractinguseful information frombiological signals fordiagnostics andtherapeutics purposes.e.g.

2. Studying cardiac signalsto determine whether ornot a patient will besusceptible to suddencardiac death.

3. Developing speech

recognition systems thatcan cope withbackground noise.

4. Detecting features ofbrain signals that can beused to control acomputer.


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Biotechnology

A set of powerful tools thatemploy living organisms (or parts

of organisms) to make or modify

products, improve plants or

animals, or develop

microorganisms for specific uses.Modern biotechnology involves

the industrial use of recombinant

DNA, cell fusion, novel bioprocess

techniques, which can all be used

to help correct genetic defects in

humans. It also involves

bioremediation degradation of

hazardous contaminants with the

help of living organisms.


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Clinical Engineering

Clinical engineers support andadvance patient care byapplying engineering andmanagerial skills to healthcaretechnology. Clinical engineerscan be based in hospitals,where responsibilities caninclude managing the hospitalsmedical equipment systems,ensuring that all medicalequipment is safe andeffective, and working withphysicians to adoptinstrumentation to meet thespecific needs of the physician

and the hospital. In industry,clinical engineers can work inmedical product development,from product design to salesand support, to ensure thatnew products meet thedemands of medical practice.


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Genomics

It is a new discipline thatinvolves the mapping,sequencing, andanalyzing of genomes

the set of all the DNA inan organism.

A full understanding howgenes function in normal

and/or diseased statescan lead to improveddetection, diagnosis,and treatment ofdisease.


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Imaging and Image Processing Images from Inside the human

body

X-rays, Ultrasound, Magneticresonance imaging (MRI), andComputerized tomography (CT)

Current Research Directions

Developing low-cost imageacquisition systems

image processing algorithms image/video compression

algorithms and standards applying advances in multimedia

computing systems in a biomedicalcontext.

MRI


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Instrumentation, Sensors, andMeasurement

It involves the hardware andsoftware design of devices andsystems used to measurebiological signals. This rangesfrom developing sensors that

can capture a biological signalof interest, to applyingmethods of amplifying andfiltering the signal so that itcan be further studied, to

dealing with sources ofinterference that can corrupt asignal, to building a completeinstrumentation system suchas an x-ray machine or a heart

monitoring system.

Electromyography

(EMG )Sonography Computerized Mandibular

Scanning (CMS)


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Micro and Nanotechnology

Microtechnology involvesdevelopment and use of deviceson the scale of a micrometer(one thousandth of amillimeter), whilenanotechnology involvesdevices on the order of ananometer . These fieldsinclude the development ofmicroscopic force sensors thatcan identify changing tissue

properties as a way to helpsurgeons remove onlyunhealthy tissue, andnanometer length cantileverbeams that bend with cardiacprotein levels in ways that can

help doctors in the early andrapid diagnosis of heart attacks.

Neurons


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Neural Systems and Engineering

This emerging interdisciplinary fieldinvolves study of the brain andnervous system and encompassesareas such as the replacement orrestoration of lost sensory andmotor abilities (for example, retinal

implants to partially restore sight orelectrical stimulation of paralyzedmuscles to assist a person instanding), the study of thecomplexities of neural systems innature, the development of

neurorobots (robot arms that arecontrolled by signals from the motorcortex in the brain) and neuro-electronics (e.g. developing brain-implantable micro-electronics withhigh computing power).


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Physiological Systems Modeling

Many recently improved

medical diagnostic techniques

and therapeutic innovations

have been a result of

physiological systems

modeling. In this field, models

of physiological processes (e.g.

the control of limb movements,

the biochemistry ofmetabolism) are developed to

gain a better understanding of

the function of living organisms.
http://www.aaanet.org/press/an/0304ke-news.htm


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Radiology

It refers to the use of

radioactive substances such

as x-ray, magnetic fields as in

magnetic resonance imaging,

and ultrasound to create

images of the body, its

organs and structures. These

images can be used in the

diagnosis and treatment of

disease, as well as to guide

doctors in image-guided

surgery.


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Robotics in Surgery

It includes the use of

robotic and image

processing systems to

interactively assist a

medical team both in

planning and executing a

surgery. These new

techniques can minimize

the side effects of

Surgery and provide more

precision, while also

decreasing costs.
http://images.google.com.pk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ecs.csun.edu/me/html/html/1123a_files/mechanicalhand.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ecs.csun.edu/me/html/html/1123a.html&usg=__DYbBN791RhnEuopWgm4-Bx9FYBs=&h=353&w=354&sz=45&hl=en&start=67&tbnid=2Hy5BmwxfDpwcM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbiomedical%2Bengineering%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D21%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D63


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Telemedicine

Sometimes called telehealth

or e-health, involves the

transfer of electronic medical

data from one location to

another for the evaluation,diagnosis, and treatment of

patients in remote locations.

This usually involves the use of

connected medical devices,advanced telecommunications

technology, video-conferencing

systems, and networked

computing.


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Proteomics

It is the study of proteomes thelocation, interactions, structure,and function of proteins.Advances in proteomics haveincluded the discovery of a newcellular process that explainshow infections occur and newtreatments for infectiousdiseases. Method to detectprotein patterns in the blood for

early diagnosis of ovariancancer. development ofhardware devices that provideaccurate and rapidmeasurements of protein levels.


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Rehabilitation Engineering

It is the application of scienceand technology to improve

the quality of life for people

with disabilities. This can

include designing

augmentative and alternativecommunication systems for

people who cannot

communicate in traditional

ways, making computers

more accessible for people

with disabilities, developing

new materials and designs for

wheelchairs, and making

prosthetic legs for runners in

the Paralympics.


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Job Description and Responsibilities of a

Biomedical Engineer

Along with the specific activities involved within the specialization,a biomedical engineer is commonly involved with a variety oftasks and projects such as:Application of expert systemsCoordinating automated patient monitoringWorking with medical imaging systems

Biomaterials designLearning and applying sports medicine techniquesLearning the biomechanics of injuryDesigning optimal clinical laboratoriesConducting blood chemistry sensorsCareer prospects in industry for Biomedical Engineers tend to be

very good as the course is very relevant to today's technologyorientated society and, because the course is not dependent uponany one industry, graduates are also employed in a variety ofareas other than healthcare industry.


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Biomedical Engineering at RIPHAH

Biomedical Engineering is a multidisciplinary programthat requires expertise from medicine, engineering,

biological sciences, computing and basic sciences.

Riphah International university was formed with the

same vision and today it stands out as a unique learning

environment that concurrently offers all these programs

with the noble mission ofInculcating Islamic Values

among students, faculty and staff.

Join the Riphah family to revive the

knowledge heritage of our forefather,

Abu al-Qasim Khalaf bin 'Abbas el-ZahrawiFather of

surgery and biomedical engineering(940-1013 C.E.)

introdution to biomedical engineering

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