invention of photo

By Ashley Mokarzel

Invention of Photography

Thursday, March 29, 2012

Photo-GraphyPhoto meaning light

Graphien meaning to write or to draw


Camera Obscura• Leonard Da Vinci

• Described in 1490

• A large dark room that an artist physically enters. Light enters through a small hole in one wall and projects an inverted image onto the opposite wall to be traced.


Ancient Beginnings

• China - 5th Century BCE• Philosopher Mo Ti - Discovered that light rays projected

through a hole would form an inverted image in a darkened area.

• Greece - 4th Century BCE• Aristotle - First documentation of Camera Obscura.

• Egypt - 10th Century CE• Arabian Mathematician Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) -

smaller pinhole = a sharper image.


Uses of Camera Obscura

• Perspective Drawing• Italy 1413 - Filippos Brunelleschi invented linear perspective as

we know it today.

• Objects are foreshortened as they recede into space and lines converge to a vanishing point that corresponds to a particular viewpoint.

•Contributions • Improvements in mapmaking in 15th century.

• Coincided with illustrated books and mass produced visual information reached a wider audience.


Advantage

• Camera Obscura has an infinite depth of field.


Lens For Camera

• 1586 Della Porta • Use of mirror, to correct inverted image

• Basis for modern day lens

• 1550 Girolam Cardono• Biconvex lens attached to camera obscura

• A lens curved on both sides so it is thickest in the middle

• Made images brighter and sharper


Making it Portable

• Johannes Kelper

• 1611 created a tent that could be dismantled

• Mid 17th century even further scaled down with the use of translucent window.


Image MakingAlternatives to Camera Obscura


Silhouettes

• Used for creation of portraits not just for the rich but the lower class.

• Viewed by some as a scientific process


Lithography

• Greek lithos meaning stone and graphien to draw

• Uses stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface

• Low cost method of image creation in 1876


Physionotrace

• Gilles Louis Chretien

• In 1786, he combined the process of cutout silhouettes and engravings

• He would trace an image on glass which would be duplicated on a copper plate.


Camera Lucida

• William Hyde Wollaston

• Invented in 1807 that allowed for creation of an image through the use of a glass prism.


Photo-graphy Becomes

Photography


The Name

• The name "Photography" comes from Sir John Herschel who first used the term in 1839.


Using Chemicals

• Johann Heinrich Schulze

• In 1727, he created the first photo-sensitive compound

• Thomas Wedgewood • Created “Sun Pictures”

in the early 19th century.


Joseph Nicéphore Niépce1765-1833

• Created the first negative in 1816 when he combined the camera obscura with photo-sensitive paper.

• Conceived what we now call contact prints in order to reproduce drawings.


The First Photograph

Created by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1827 with what he calls a Heliograph.


Heliograph 1827

• Niépce used a pewter plate coated with botumen in a camera obscura.

• 8 Hour exposure time

• Washed with oil of lavender and white petroleum

• Created a permanent direct positive picture, photograph on pewter.


daguerreotype• Louis Mande Daguerre (1787-1851)

• Created the daguerreotype

• A plate was exposed in a portable camera obscura then developed by exposure to mercury vapors and finally fixed in a bath of hypo-sulfite of soda


daguerreotype con’t

• Creation Publicly announced in 1839 • Popular but expensive

• 30 minutes of light exposure- portrait

• Used for Portrait making• Drugs and neck clamps attached to the back of the

chair were also used because of long exposure time


William Talbot

• William Henry Fox Talbot • He created permanent (negative) images

using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution.

• Called Photogenic drawing• Complex and long process


Calotype

• Talbot created First negative to positive process in 1841

• Salt paper was inserted into the camera obscura

• Drawbacks• Image would fade shortly after the process was

completed and produced fuzzy pictures


Wet Plate Process

• 1850 - Frederick Scott Archer • Process

• Coating a piece of glass with a mixture of collodion and silver iodide emulsion, exposing the plate, and developing

• Shortened exposure time to seconds


Ambrotype

• 1854 - James Ambrose Cutting • Process

• Positive looking image on glass

• Bleached collodion negative viewed on dark background appeared as positive image


Tin Type

• 1856 - Hamilton Smith, William Neff, and Peter Neff

• Process• Collodion emulsion could be poured onto any number

of surfaces

• Sheets of thin iron were exposed in a camera.

• Other names include melainotypes and Ferrotypes


Carte-De-Visite

• 1854 - Calling Cards

• Improved process of collodion


Cabinet Photographs

• 1860’s

• Enlarged carte designed for portrait work

• Larger images


Civil War• The first war recorded by photography.

• Mathew Brady documented the conflict

• Teams took 7,000 pictures!

• Timothy O'Sullivan and Andrew J. Russell.

• Produced large prints

• Photographers also include William Bell, John Hillers and William Henry Jackson.


Stereography• Sir Charles Wheatstone

and Sir David Brewster• Gave the illusion of depth of field

• There were stereo daguerreotypes, stero-ambrotypes and stereo tin-types

• Two 2D images were place side by side and viewed giving the illusion of 3D


Further Advancements


Gelatin Dry Plates

• 1871 - Richard Leach Maddox• Negative no longer had to be developed

immediately


Hand Held Cameras

• 1888 - George Eastman• Founded a company in Rocheser that

manufactures gelatin dry plates• creation of film versus plates

• Problems• Did not have a way of aiming the device and no color

• Hermann Wilhelm Vogel 1873• Orthochromatic film - sensitive to only blue and green


Using Color

• James Clerk Maxwell 1861• Three cameras were used each with a different color filter

• 1907 - Auguste and Louis Lumiere• First color plates - Autochrome

• 1935 - Eastman Kodak• produced film that consisted of 3 color emulsions coated

on a single piece of plastic film

• Allowed for sharpness and clear color


1861 - MaxwellThursday, March 29, 2012

more cameras

• The brownie• 1st mass produced camera in 1900

• 35mm still camera• First introduced in 1913

• Along with a modern flash bulb


Polaroid

• 1947 - Edwin H. Land• Simple camera for all to use


Digital

• In 1991, Kodak released the first professional digital camera system


Questions? Thoughts?


Bellis, Mary. “History of Photography.” About.com: Inventors. About.com, 2010. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. <http:/‌http://

inventors.about.com/‌od/‌pstartinventions/‌a/‌stilphotography.htm>.

Coe, Brian, and Mark Haworth-Booth. A Guide to Early Photographic Processes. N.p.: Hurtwood, 1983. Print.

Davenport, Alma. The History of Photography: An Overview. Boston: Focal, 1991. Print.

Flukinger, Roy, ed. “The First Photograph.” Joseph Nicéphore Niépce and the First Photograph. Harry Ransom Center, n.d. Web. 2 Oct.

2010. <http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/‌exhibitions/‌permanent/‌wfp/>.

Fouque, Victor. The Truth concerning the Invention of Photography: Nicephore Niepce His Life, Letters, and Works. Ed. Peter C Bunnel and

Robert A Sobieszek. Trans. Edward Epstean. 1935. New York: Arno, 1973. Print.

Gilbert, George. Photography: The Early Years. New York: Harper, 1980. Print.

Greenspun, Phillip. “History of Photography Timeline.” Photo.net. Name Media, 2010. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. <http://photo.net/‌

history/‌timeline>.

Hirsch, Robert. Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. N.p.: McGraw, 2000. Print.

Shull, Jim. The Beginner’s Guide to Pinhole Photography. Buffalo: Amherst Media, 1999. Print.

Works Cited


http://inventors.about.com




http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/

http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/

http://photo.net/history/timeline




• What is the language of a photographer?

• What is Graphic Language?

• Separation of Art and Photography?

• Is photography just an aid to memory?

• Photoshop versus True Photography?


Thank You


invention of photo

Documents

camera obscura leonard

advantage camera obscura

camera obscurathursday

sharper image

image makingalternatives

inverted image basis

century bce aristotle

photosensitive paper