inverse seesaw and standard model
DESCRIPTION
My Msc third sem project report at Tezpur UniversityTRANSCRIPT
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 1/18
P a g e | 1
“NEUTRINO MASS (INVERSE SEESAW MECHANISM) and DARK
MATTER ”
A Minor Project Report submitted to the department of physics
at
The End of THIRD Semester
by
Mallika P. Shivam
PHY14002
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Mrinal Kumar Das
Associate Professor,
Department of Physics,
Tezpur University.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 2/18
P a g e | 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very onset, I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to
Dr. Mrinal Kumar Das, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Tezpur
University for his supervision, encouragement and guidance throughout the
semester.
I would also like to thank my institution, my co-guide Ananya Mukherjee and
Happy Borgohain for their help in every step and last but not the least; I thank
my project partners, Pragyan Phukan and Papori Seal for their support and
enthusiasm.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 3/18
P a g e | 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mallika P. Shivam , bearing Roll no: PHY14002 , a
student of Third semester of the master in science (M.Sc) programme in
Physics , Tezpur University has undertaken the project entitled ― Neutrino mass
( by Inverse Seesaw) and Dark Matter ‖ in the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Physics.
Date: Dr. Mrinal Kr Das
Place: Project Supervisor
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 4/18
P a g e | 4
ABSTRACT
Neutrinos are the only subatomic particle in the STANDARD MODEL which
fulfils many of the criteria to be a Dark Matter candidate. In the Standard
Model, neutrinos are massless due to the absence of right handed neutrinos, but
many later experiments gave the evidence of neutrino oscillations and proved
that neutrinos too have a tiny mass. Thus we need to go beyond Standard Model
to incorporate its mass.
In the present work, we have first introduced the STANDARD MODEL
through the gauge theories and gauge invariance and then we have proceeded to
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking(SSB) and Higgs Mechanism by which gauge
bosons and fermions get mass. Then going beyond Standard Model, theneutrino mass is generated by a new mechanism called the Seesaw Mechanism,
which can explain tiny neutrino masses in sub eV scale. There are different
seesaw mechanisms i.e. Type I, Type II, Type III and Inverse Seesaw.
The present work will be focused on Inverse Seesaw mechanism which
incorporates new physics TeV scale and with this mechanism we will try to
establish a bridge between dark matter and neutrino oscillation.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 5/18
P a g e | 5
CONTENT
1. Introduction [ 6 ]
2. Dark Matter [ 6 ]
3. Neutrinos [ 6-7 ]
4. Standard Model
4. (a) Gauge theory — (Abelian and non Abelian) [7-9]
4. (b) SSB and Higgs Mechanism [10-11]
4. (c) Higgs Mechanism in Standard Model [11-14]
5. Beyond Standard Model
5. (a) Type 1 Seesaw Mechanism [14-15]
5. (b) Inverse Seesaw Mechanism [16]
6. Work for the next semester [17]
7. Conclusion [17]
7. References [18]
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 6/18
P a g e | 6
1.INTRODUCTION
Particle physicists now believe that they can describe the behaviour of all
known subatomic particles within a single theoretical framework called the
Standard Model. This model incorporates the quarks and leptons as well as
their interactions through the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces. Gravity
remains outside the Standard Model. The basic forces are transmitted between
the quarks and leptons by a third family of particles called gauge bosons. There
are 6 leptons and 6 anti – leptons. There are 6 quark flavours but each quark and
anti-quark comes in three colours, so there are 36 quarks. There are 12
mediators (photon, W+, W
-, Z, gluons (8)). Thus the number of particles in
Standard Model (12 leptons +36 quarks +12 mediators +1 Higgs particle) comes
out to be 61.
2.DARK MATTER
The rotation speeds of outer stars in spiral galaxies are unexpectedly high whichsuggest that a spherical halo of invisible matter must surround each galaxy.
Similarly the motion of individual galaxies in clusters of them implies
gravitational fields about ten times more powerful than visible matter of galaxy
provides. This unknown form of matter accounts for 26.8% of the mass energy
content of the observable universe. Among all Standard Model particles,
neutrino is the only one to fulfil some of the criteria for a Dark Mattercandidate, so neutrinos may be a part of the answer, but only part.
3. NEUTRINOS
Neutrino in the Standard Model —
✓ A neutral lepton
✓ Massless Spin -1/2
✓ Only left handed neutrinos and right handed anti neutrinos exist.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 7/18
P a g e | 7
They are the least understood and most elusive elementary particle known to
exist. The Standard Model of particle physics can describe everything we know
about elementary particles. It says that neutrinos do not have mass because they
are all "left-handed" and cannot have a Dirac mass term. Later convincing
evidence was reported that neutrinos have oscillation among its flavours and if
neutrino oscillation exists, there must be a mass for it, as obvious from the
following equations —
Neutrino Oscillation arises from a mixture between the flavour and mass
eigenstates of neutrinos.
Two State mixing is
=
The two state probability oscillation formula –
Therefore | | must be non-zero if neutrino oscillation exists.
4. STANDARD MODEL (SM)
4.(a)GAUGE THEORIES
In particle physics, when we talk about conservation of electric charge, colour,
lepton number etc. there must be an internal symmetry according to Noether’s
theorem and this symmetry is nothing but Gauge symmetry or local Gauge
symmetry depending upon space and time. The present belief is that all particle
interaction may be dictated by the so called local Gauge symmetry. A Gauge
symmetry is a kind of phase transformation under which the lagrangian doesn't
change.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 8/18
P a g e | 8
Abelian Gauge Theory
The Lagrangian for a free electron field is [ ]
Clearly it has a global symmetry corresponding to the invariance under a phase
change.
Now, considering local symmetry Ψ(x) =
Now,
Which is not gauge invariant and hence we define a Gauge covariant derivative
Where,
The new Lagrangian is ( )
We add one kinetic energy term
Where Therefore the final lagrangian is
( )
The following features of the equation are
The photon is massless as the term is not Gauge invariant.
The Lagrangian does not have a gauge field self-coupling.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 9/18
P a g e | 9
NON ABELIAN GAUGE FIELD
If the fermion field is an isospin doublet then
Ψ=
Under SU(2) ,
U(
=
Here we define vector gauge field as
For an infinitesimal change
U(
And
The gauge field transform as
Here, ( )
And
The complete Gauge invariant Lagrangian is therefore
But we again got massless bosons because there is no mass term.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 10/18
P a g e | 10
4.(B) Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Higgs Mechanism
We saw in the previous section that the imposition of local symmetry implies
the existence of massless vector particles. If we want to avoid this feature, but
obtain massive particles while preserving gauge invariance, we have to
implement something called Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB).
The idea behind SSB is that the system obeys some symmetry but the ground
state doesn't. The non zero values of ground state energy breaks the symmetry.
This spoils the usual symmetry consequences of energy level degeneracies. But
according to Goldstone theorem this would imply the existence of a set of
massless scalar bosons. We will see here how the particles get mass.
This phenomenon is known as Higgs Mechanism.
Abelian Case
We consider the simple case of abelian U(1) Gauge theory
There will be two cases But since we want to generate the mass we are interested in
We shift the origin to
w if we expand the Lagrangian in terms of and ξ.
Then we can write
√ (x))
And.
……………….. + Other terms
Now we have a massive scalar field and more crucially a massive for what
we were searching for. But the Lagrangian has a kinetic energy term
but there
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 11/18
P a g e | 11
is no mass term for it. But according to goldstone theorem it will contain
massless scalar bosons.
We can solve this problem by choosing two particular gauges and these are
√ and
So the Lagrangian becomes
=
So in the above expression the term
disappears. This is called Higgs
mechanism and thus we see
Massless vector boson + Goldstone boson = Massive Vector Boson
4.(C)Higgs Mechanism In Standard model (Generation of fermion and
Gauge boson masses)
The symmetry we use here is the SU(2)U(1) Gauge symmetry.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking makes SU(2)
U(1)
From SU(2), we get 3 gauge bosons and from U(1) we get one Gauge Boson,
Higgs mechanism gives mass to 3 of the 4 Gauge bosons.
The Higgs field is now assigned a SU(2) doublet
Φ=
Under SU(2)
U(1) local Gauge transformation
Where,
Y= weak hyper charge Now,
()
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 12/18
P a g e | 12
Where the coupling constants of
Where,
= Generator of SU(2)
A simple and useful form of the Higgs field is Φ=
To generate masses we need to give a fluctuation to Φ=
We do in steps, first we don't take the fluctuation and generate the gauge boson
masses as follows
= (-ig- Y)
g = g
= ga
Y=
a
Therefore,
= -i
( )
Where, and
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 13/18
P a g e | 13
We generated the masses of 3 bosons which are , Z.
field is orthogonal to Z
Where, ,
Thus SU(2) and U(1) mixes in a particular angle called Weinberg angle which
give rise to Z and field
=
By using Φ= in the second and third terms of
()
We get the mass of the Higgs boson as
Thus the three Goldstone boson are eaten by 3 gauge fields to become massive
which are , Z
And we still have one real scalar field left which is Higgs boson.
For Fermion masses we consider the interaction Lagrangian
= -(
Where is the Yukawa coupling and it relates how strongly the Higgs field
couples with leptonic and gauge field.
Φ= √
Φ = √
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 14/18
P a g e | 14
Similarly,
=
√
= -[( √ ) + ( +√ ) ]
= -( - √ (
Thus electron acquire a mass m =
The second term is the electron Higgs vertex.
5.Beyond Standard model
5.(a)Type 1 seesaw
In the standard model, the matter fermions and the weak gauge bosons get their
masses from spontaneous breaking of weak gauge symmetry. Therefore all the
masses are limited by the symmetry breaking scale of 100 GeV. But the
neutrinos have no mass in the standard model because there is no right handed
neutrino. However from neutrino oscillation experiment we know that neutrino
has tiny non zero mass, more than billion time smaller than other fermion
masses.
So it raises the question why the observed neutrino mass is so small and a
simple explanation of this comes from the seesaw model. It goes a step beyond
standard model and assumes that besides the usual left handed neutrinos there
are also right handed neutrinos.
Therefore one can construct a Dirac mass term for neutrinos is
=
= ( ) + h.c
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 15/18
P a g e | 15
Since neutrinos have non zero electric charge, Majorana mass terms are also
possible and the majorana mass is much larger than SM symmetry breaking
scale ie. M
Therefore
=
The left hand Majorana term is forbidden by SM Gauge symmetry ie.
and therefore the above mass matrix becomes
And after diagonalizing the matrix the following mass eigen states are obtained.
And
Or
So large Majorana masses of the right handed neutrino is responsible for
pushing down the left handed neutrino more than a billion times smaller than
other fermion masses. So this mechanism is known as SEESAW mechanism as
LH majorana masses are suppressed by the heavy scale .
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 16/18
P a g e | 16
5.(b) Inverse Seesaw Model (ISS)
In spite of explaining the smallness of neutrino mass, such Type 1 Seesaw
mechanisms are not phenomenologically testable because the new Physics
engendered by them will manifest at 1014 GeV scale which is completely out of
the range of the current accelerator experiment.
So recently a new kind of seesaw was proposed ie. INVERSE SEESAW
Mechanism (ISS) where small neutrino masses arise as a result of new Physics
at TeV scale which may be probed at LHC experiment. The implementation of
ISS mechanism requires the addition of three right handed neutrinos and the
three extra SM gauge singlet neutral fermions S to the three active neutrinos.
After SSB the overall neutrino mass terms turn out to be
=
Where µ is the mass of the neutrino singlet, also neutrino singlet has no Yukawa
coupling to left handed neutrino but couple to .
A diagonalisation of the above 9 matrix leads to the effective light neutrino
mass matrix i.e.
Or, =
Thus we see that Standard neutrinos with mass at sub ev scale are obtained for at electroweak scale and at Tev scale. The core of the ISS is that the
smallness of the neutrino masses are guaranteed by assuming that scale is
small and in order to bring the RH neutrinos at TeV scale, it has to be at KeV
scale. ISS is also called DOUBLE SEESAW because as seen from the above
equation is doubly suppressed by .
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 17/18
P a g e | 17
6. Work for Next Semester
1. Study of Neutrino mass and Mixing in ISS.
2. Connection between Neutrino Mass and Dark Matter with flavour symmetry.
7.Conclusion
Thus I made a detailed study of the SM and then the Seesaw Mechanism and
found the essence of the controversial neutrino mass problem. There are several
dark matter candidates; one of them is the neutrino. If some discrete symmetry
forbids the Yukawa coupling relating to left handed and right handed neutrinos,
there could be a second Higgs doublet scalar which does not acquire any VEV
(Vacuum Expectation Value) or interact with the charged fermions and remain
inert. The lightest of this inert particle may be a dark matter candidate.....the
details of which will be studied and analysed by me in the next semester.
7/21/2019 Inverse Seesaw and standard model
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/inverse-seesaw-and-standard-model 18/18
P a g e | 18
\8.References
1.
Quarks and leptons by Halzen and Martin.
2.
Gauge Theory of elementary Particles by Chang & Li.
3.
Particle and astro-particle Physics by Utpal sarkar.
4.
Introduction to the standard model (PHYS4675) Lecture notes by
Lawrence Gibbons.
5. Elementary Gauge symmetry Moriyashu.
6.
Principle of relativistic and non relativistic quantum mechanics by K.D
Krori.
7.
Introduction to Particle Physics by Griffith.
8. Modern Elementary Particle Physics by Gordon Kane
9. Minimalistic dark matter extension of the Standard Model by Oliver
Fischer
10. Neutrino Mass Model by S F King
11.Trinification,the Hierarchy Problem and Inverse Seesaw Neutrino
Masses by Christophe Cauet and Heinrich Pas12.A Simple Realisation Of the Inverse Seesaw Mechanism by Dias and
Pires
13.Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter in Inverse Seesaw Realisations by Michele
Lucente