investigating the row shear failure of bolted …

INVESTIGATING THE ROW SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTED

CONNECTION IN SELANGAN BATU WOOD

MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN MAT GHANI

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

2017

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade _____

Please tick (J)

Final Year Project Report ~

Ivlasters D PhD D

DECLAILTIO~ OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 7 day oc 3y 2017

Students Declaratinn

I MUHAMMAD AlMAN BIN MAT GHANI (42379) from FACULTY OF ENGINEERING hereby declale that the work entitled IoNESTIGATING ROW SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTED CONlECTION TN SELANGAN BATU rOOD is my oritill ai wotlL 1 have not copied from any other students work or from any other SOUlCCS except wheTe due refer ence or acknowledgement is made egtlllicitly in the tt nOT has any p mi been written for me by another person

l~ -- y ~ fUHAMMAP ArMAN BTN MAT GHA -r (4 2379) Date submitted Name of the student (Matrie No )

Supervi sors Declaration

I DR ABDUL RAZ-K ABDUL KARIM hereby certifies thaI the work enti tJed INVESTIGATrO~ ROW SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIOJli IN SELANGA BAlU WOOD was prepared ur the above named studen t and was submitted to the FACULTY as a paJllallfullk

fulfillment foJ the coruerment of DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (RONS) (CIVU ENGINEERING) and the aforementioned work to the best of Ill kn owledge is the said studenLs work

Received for examination by DR ABDUL RAz1K ABDUL MRLr Oame of the supervisor)

1 declare that ProjectJThesis is classified as (please tick h))

D CONFIDENTL~ (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972) D RESTRICTED (ConLallls Jestricted information as by the organization whece

research was done) []] OPEN ACCESS

Validarion of Projectllhesis

1 therefole duly offirmed with free consen t and willingness declare that this said Projectrrhesis shall be placed officially in the Centre for Academic Information Services with the ahiding interest and l~gh ts as follows

bull This Projectrrhesis is the sale legal property of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNlMAS) bull The Centre fo r Acadcmic Information Services has th e lawful right to make copies for th e

purpo of eademic and research only an d not for other purpose bull The Cenie for Academic Information Services has the lawful right La digltalise the

content for the Local Content Database bull Th e Centre for Academic Irrformation Services has the lawful right to make copies of the

Pro]ectrrhesis for academic exchange between Higher Learning Institute bull No disp Lt te or any claim shall arise from the student itself neitber thlrd patty on this

Projectrfhesis once it becomes the sale property of UNIMAS bull This PrnjectJrhesis 01middot any material data and information related to it 8h1l not be

distributed pu bJihed 01 (hsclosed to any party by the stuMnt except with lDltIMAS j)CJlDisSiOIl

Supervisor signature

CUrIent Address Lot 46-13 Jalan Kubur 17500 Tanah Merah Kclanlan Darul ~aim

~()te8 If the ProiectlThesis is CO NFIDENTLlL or RESTR lCTED plca5e attach together as annenlre a letter from the organisation ith the period and re asons of confidentiali ty and restriction

[rne instlument is duly prepaJed by Tne Centre for Academic Infonnfltioll S~rvices]

INVESTIGATING THE ROW SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTION IN

SELANGAN BATU WOOD


This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering with Honors

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

2017

This thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents for the support and unconditional love

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdullilah thank and praise to Allah SWT the Almighty and His Messenger for His

blessing for successfully complete this study ldquoInvestigating The Row Shear Failure of Bolted

Connection of Selangan Batu Woodrdquo

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dr Abdul Razak

Abdul Karim for his guidance and excellent advice through the entire time during completing

this project There are a lot of advised and ideas that I received from him along the completing

this project Without his help guidance time and advised this project cannot be successfully

done

I also would like to thank to the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for giving the opportunity to do

this project with their financial and technical support Special thanks to the assistant engineer of

the Civil Engineering Laboratory(Mr Adha and Mr Zaidi) Chemical Engineering

Laboratory(Mr Abang) and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory(Mr Sabariman) for their help

and guidance during the experimental process Endless thanks to my teammates Abu Rashid bin

Abu Bakar Norsyathirah bin Shoib Vikki Diane Anak Sampai Angela Ramas Anak Tembak

and my fellow friends for encouragement and support along completing this project

Last and not least an endless thank and love to my beloved family (Mat Ghani bin Mahmud

and Siti Hajar binti Majid) for giving the blessing concern support and encouragement during

the progressing on this project with their best wishes May Allah bless all of you

Thank you

ii

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this research study was to investigate the row shear failure of a bolted

connection particularly the connections between the masonry walls and timber floorroof

diaphragms in order to strengthen the unreinforced masonry buildings in Malaysia The reasons

for initiating this study because the occurrence of recent earthquake activities in Malaysia and

the similarity between Malaysia unreinforced masonry building characteristic compared to other

countries Similar building characteristics can obviously cause a major destruction to the

unreinforced masonry buildings that are well known to perform poorly during the earthquake

based on the past structural performance in previous earthquakes Another aim of this study was

to assess the strength of Selangan Batu wood bolted connection whereas the wood is commonly

used in the construction in Malaysia especially in Sarawak In the main bolted connection test

there are four groups of different connection arrangements of Selangan Batu wood which were

ten specimens in each group The current timber design equations that were used to calculate the

predicted values of the connection strength are Malaysia Standard European Yield Model and

Row Shear Model The results of the bolted connection test conducted were utilized to evaluate

the effectiveness of the Malaysian StandardEuropean Yield Model and Row Shear ModelThe

calibration factor was also determined for optimizing the connection design From the

comparison it is recommended to use European Yield Model and Row Shear Model to predict

the bolted connection strength in Selangan Batu wood because Malaysia Standard is too

conservative which can cause an uneconomical in designing the connection

iii

ABSTRAK

Tujuan utama kajian penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menyiasat kegagalan barisan ricih dalam

sambungan kayu diperketatkan terutamanya sambungan antara dinding batu dan diafragma

lantai kayubumbung bagi mengukuhkan bangunan batu tanpa tetulang di Malaysia Antara

sebab kajian ini dimulakan kerana berlakunya aktiviti gempa bumi di Malaysia pada baru-baru

ini dan persamaan antara ciri bangunan batu tanpa tetulang di Malaysia dengan negara-negara

lain Ciri-ciri binaan yang serupa jelas boleh menyebabkan kemusnahan besar kepada bangunan

batu tanpa tetulang yang terkenal dengan prestasi buruk semasa gempa bumi berdasarkan

prestasi struktur dalam gempa bumi sebelumnya Antara tujuan lain kajian ini adalah untuk

menilai kekuatan sambungan kayu Selangan Batu yang diperketatkan manakala kayu Selangan

Batu biasanya digunakan dalam pembinaan di Malaysia khususnya di Sarawak Dalam ujian

sambungan diperketatkan terdapat empat kumpulan sambungan yang berbeza jarak daripada

Selangan Batu kayu yang terkandung sepuluh specimen dalamnya Formular reka bentuk kayu

semasa yang digunakan untuk mengira ramalan nilai kekuatan sambungan adalah Malaysia

Standard European Yield Model dan Row Shear Model Keputusan ujian sambungan

diperketatkan juga digunakan bagi menilai keberkesanan Malaysian Standard European Yield

Model dan Row Shear Model Faktor penentukuran boleh ditentukan untuk mengoptimumkan

reka bentuk sambungan Dari perbandingan antara formular adalah disyorkan untuk

menggunakan European Yield Model dan Row Shear Model untuk meramalkan kekuatan

sambungan diperketatkan pada kayu Selangan Batu kerana Malaysia Standard adalah terlalu

konservatif dimana akan menyebabkan pengunaannya adalah tidak jimat dalam mereka

sambungan anatara kayu dengan bolt

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1

12 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 4

13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7

22 UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING 7

23 CHARACTERISTICS OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING 13

24 STATISTIC OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING 15

25 POSSIBILITY OF EARTHQUAKE IN MALAYSIA 17

26 PERFORMANCE OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING IN PAST

EARTHQUAKE 22

27 PREVIOUS STUDY ON WALL-DIAPHRAGM CONNECTION 26

28 CURRENT STANDARD 28

29 CURRENT EQUATION TO PREDICT THE STRENGTH CONNECTION 30

v

291 European Yield Model (EYM) 30

292 Brittle Failure Model 33

210 WHY SELANGAN BATU IS SELECTED 35

211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37

32 PREPARATION OF TESTING RIGS 37

33 SELECTION OF TIMBER 40

34 TIMBER PROPERTIES TESTING 41

341 Moisture Content And Density 42

342 Embedding Strength Test 43

35 TIMBER BOLTED CONNECTION TESTING 44

351 Materials and Apparatus 45

352 Arrangement of Test Specimens 45

Chapter 4 48

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 48

41 GENERAL 48

42 EMBEDDING STRENGTH TEST RESULT 48

43 MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY RESULTS 49

44 BOLTED CONNECTION TEST RESULT 50

441 Failure Modes of Selangan Batu Hardwood 50

442 Ultimate Strength of connections 51

443 Calibration Factor 57

444 Experimental Results versus Prediction Results 57

45 SUMMARY OF RESULT AND ANALYSIS 60

Chapter 5 61

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 61

vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61

43 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE RESEARCH 62

REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 11 Illustration of unreinforced masonry structure 2

Figure 21 St Micheal‟s All Angles Church at Sandakan Sabah (Balakrisnan

2015)

9

Figure 22 Kuala Lumpur Railway Station in the center of Kuala Lumpur (Al-

Syam amp Badarulzaman 2010)

9

Figure 23 India Street in Kuching Sarawak (The Borneo Post2016) 10

Figure 24 Square Tower Kuching (Unreinforced Masonry Building) 11

Figure 25 Unreinforced masonry building on India Street that‟s not well preserved 11

Figure 26 Unreinforced masonry building in front of WaterfrontKuching 12

Figure 27 Unreinforced masonry building that‟s become a commercial area on

India StreetKuching

12

Figure 28 Illustration of Unreinforced Masonry Building from FEMA (2009) 15

Figure 29 Locality of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Kuching area 17

Figure 210 Tectonic plate around Malaysia (Balendra 2001) 18

Figure 211 Damage caused by the tremor (The Borneo Post) 21

Figure 212 Example of In-Plane Failure of URM (Bruneau 1994) 24

Figure 213 Example of Out-of-Plane Failure of URM (Bruneau 1994) 24

Figure 214 Example of Combination Failure between In-plane and Out-of-plane

Failure of URM (Bruneau 1994)

25

Figure 215 Close up view of failure at the anchor plate connection (Cambell et al

2012)

25

Figure 216 Failure modes for timber bolted connection (a) net tension (b) group

tears out (c) row shear (d) bearing (e) splitting (Quenneville 2009)

33

viii

Figure 217 Example of Selangan Batu wood 35

Figure 31 Mild Steel Bolt and Nut specimen 38

Figure 32 Mild Steel Plate 39

Figure 33 Stainless steel rods and stainless steel testing rigs 39

Figure 34 Selangan Batu Balau use as the outdoor decking retrieve from

(Roudwood of Mayfield 2016)

40

Figure 35 Weighing the specimen for moisture content and density 42

Figure 36 Illustration of embedding strength test sample 43

Figure 37 Embeding Strength Test 44

Figure 38 Detailing of the Specimen with definition of the variable used 44

Figure 39 Drilling the specimen for preparation of bolted connection test 45

Figure 310 Specimen Configuration for Group 5 46




Figure 41 Typical load-displacement curves for Group 5 with 50 mm end distance 52

Figure 42 Tested specimen of Group 5J showing the row shear failure mode 52

Figure 43 Typical load-displacement curves for Group 10 with 50 mm end

distance and 100mm spacing between bolt

53

Figure 44 Tested specimen of Group 10G showing the splitting failure mode 53


distance and spacing

54

Figure 46 Tested specimen of Group 15J showing the splitting failure mode 54


distance and spacing between bolt

55

Figure 48 Tested specimen of Group 20C showing the row shear failure mode 55

Figure 49 Average predicted row shear strength values versus experimental values

for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56

Figure 410 Prediction of 5th percentile against Experimental 5th percentile values

for Group 5 10 15 and 20

59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 21 Pilot Survey on the Conservation of Historical Buildings

in Malaysia

16

Table 22 Seismic record taken from the Malaysian Meteorological

Department fom January 2016 to May 2017

19

Table 23 Comparison of Ritcher Magnitude and Modified Mercalli

Intensity

20

Table 24 Details of earthquakes construction features and

damages that involve by unreinforced masonry building

22

Table 25 Previous research related witl timber bolted connection 27

Table 26 Basic working loads for a bolted joint system loaded

parallel to grain (Malaysia Standard 2001)

29

Table 27 Possible failure modes for single shear joint as per

European Yield Model

31

Table 28 Possible failure modes for double shear joint as per EYM 32

Table 31 Details of Equipment for testing timber bolted

connection strength (Samsudin 2016)

38

Table 32 Strength Groups of Timbers and Their Applications 41

Table 33 Detailing of specimen bolt connection arrangement 47

Table 41 Embedding test result of Selangan Batu hardwood 49

Table 42 Moisture and Density test result of Selangan Batu

hardwood

50

Table 43

Comparison and ratios between experimental and

prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE

MC avg average moisture content

β ratio of the embedding strengths

Φ strength reduction factor

C1 average density

CF calibration factor

et timber end distance

k1 duration of load factor for strength

k11 bolt bearing stress factor

k12 factor for the design of bolted connections in green timber

k13 factor for the design of multiple-bolt connections

K17 factor for multiplied bolted joint given in table 15

K18 factor for member loaded surfaces (065 for side member 1 for

internal member)

t member thickness

t1 timber thickness or fastener penetration of member 1


tp thickness of steel plate

F basic working loads as derived in equation

d diameter of fastener

xi

My fastener yield moment

ρ5th

5

th percentile density

ρavg average density

R2 coefficient of determination

R5th

5th

percentile strength of the rest results

Ravg average experimental value

RSi min minimum (rs1 rs2hellip rsnr) in n

nr number of rows in the joint as per load component

RSi shear capacity along two shear plane fastener row ldquoirdquo in n

G 5th

percentile relative density of timber in the oven dry condition

nfi number of fasteners in a row ldquoirdquo

acri minimum of et and sb for row rdquoirdquo in mm

G relative density of timber for the oven dry condition

fv member shear strength

fyf fastener yield strength

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND

Unreinforced masonry buildings still well preserved in Malaysia and often be the

historical places or become commercial buildings The unreinforced masonry buildings

have historical value that becomes attraction to the tourist and location of the unreinforced

masonry buildings that located at the center of town are suitable for commercial purposes

The design of the unreinforced masonry buildings in Malaysia was affluent from the

European colonial architecture that came to Malaysia from 1511 to 1957 There are three

European colonies that came to Malaya (Malaysia) and brought their architecture design to

adapt with a local design The first colony came to Malaya (Malaysia) is Portugese follow by

the Dutch and finally British (Endut 1993) The design of colonial buildings in Malaysia also

has combinations of local Malay traditional design and others culture designs such as Indian

and Chinese due to migrations (Chun et al 2005) A combination of local and foreign

architecture design produces a unique design that only can be found in Malaysia

In 1992 and 1993 inventory study has been conducted by the Heritage Trust of

Malaysia collaboration with the National Museum the Housing and Local Government

Ministry and Faculty of Built Environment University Technology Malaysia (UTM)

reported that around 39000 historic buildings are worth to be preserved and protected

(Kamal et al 2008) Remnants of the colony still can see until today that scattered around

big cities in Malaysia especially in Malacca and Pulau Pinang city From the author‟s

2

observation in Kuching city the unreinforced masonry buildings constructed from 1879 to

1954 can be found in the Waterfront India Street and Padungan areas According to Idid

(1995) there are around 1010 numbers of historic buildings in Sarawak and the number is

decreasing every year due to demolition for further city development

Since centuries ago unreinforced masonry buildings had been constructed by mankind

due to the characteristic of the masonry structure that had high durability fire resistance and

isolation properties (Barrantes 2012) Because of this characteristic masonry building still

well preserved and exist until nowadays worldwide Among the type of masonry buildings

that be constructed either it is new or old masonry buildings are unreinforced masonry

buildings and reinforced masonry buildings FEMA (2009) state that the unreinforced

masonry building consists of brick wall that contains no steel reinforcing in it As for the

masonry wall the brick hollow concrete block hollow clay tile and stone be used because

this material is strong enough to resist fire and to support the vertical load of the structure

From the author‟s observation in India streetit shows that most of the unreinforced masonry

buildings have no wall-diaphragm connection Figure 11 show the illustration of

unreinforced masonry buildings and there are no connections between masonry wall and

timber diaphragms Timber diaphragms only are slotted into the masonry wall and have high

risk to collapse if lateral force apply to these buildings

Figure 11 Illustration of unreinforced masonry structure

It is being long recognized that the unreinforced masonry building poses greater possibility

seismic risk to collapse compare to the new reinforced building during an earthquake (Bruneau

1994) According to Abdul Karim (2012) many unreinforced masonry buildings damaged

3

during the Hawke‟s Bay earthquake in New Zealand because this type of building cannot resist

lateral load induced by seismic force The similarity between Malaysia unreinforced masonry

building characteristics with other countries cause risk to collapse when ocurrence of earthquake

is highly to occur Unreinforced masonry failed to resist lateral load due to there is no connection

between masonry walls with floor and roof diaphragm There are several failure modes of the

unreinforced masonry building that related with the earthquake seismic According to Boussabah

amp Bruneau (1992) among the failure modes occur to the unreinforced masonry building are

anchor failure in-plane failures out of plane failure and diaphragm-related failure Post-

earthquake studies show that the dominant failure occur during seismic is out-of plane failure

mode in unreinforced masonry building including the previous Newcastle 1989 earthquake

(Vaculik 2012) The out-of plane failure occurs because there are no anchorage systems between

masonry wall and diaphragm Even the unreinforced masonry building has a wall-diaphragm

connection the structure will fail in anchorage and connection because the design of the

connection is not adequate to resist seismic lateral force (Bruneau 1994) From the previous

earthquake tragedy such The Great 1985 Chile earthquake unreinforced masonry buildings

were the most serious damage of structure compares to the reinforced concrete structure (Bolt

1993) This incident shows that the unreinforced masonry building is vulnerable to an earthquake

activity

In Malaysia there are 46 events of earthquake occurrence that be generated from the

Sumatra Indonesia that affect Peninsular Malaysia for the past few decade (The Institution of

Engineers Malaysia 2005) Brownjohn amp Pan (2001) state that although there are no damage

occur in Malaysia earthquake risk cannot be neglected because there are ground tremors have

been increasing reported in the past three decades Sabah earthquake 2015 clearly indicates that

Malaysia poses local seismic risk and most of structural constructions do not take an earthquake

affect into their design consideration In this earthquake there are several minor damages from

modern reinforced concrete buildings had been reported If an earthquake occurs at areas

consisting of unreinforced masonry building it will cause fatal to the people surrounding

because the unreinforced masonry building was not design to resist earthquake loading

In this thesis the main focus was to investigate the strength of the connection between

unreinforced masonry walls with roof diaphragm specifically in timber bolted connection The

failure that always occur at the timber bolted connection can be characterized either brittle failure

4

or ductile failure (Jensen amp Quenneville 2011) Quenneville (2009) also state that among the

brittle failure that occur in the timber bolted connection are group tear-out row shear-out

splitting and net tension There are previous research done by Abdul Karim on the assessment of

wall-diaphragm connection of the unreinforced masonry building This research was conducted

in New Zealand using Matai and Rimu timber that are New Zealand local timber In Malaysia

there are previous studies on Meraka and Belian hardwoods but there are no research be found

regarding Selangan Batu wood Thus the timber bolted connection test was conducted on

Selangan Batu wood to determine the connection strength of the wood in order to provide

guidelines for timber design purpose because Selangan Batu wood is categorized as strength

group 1 (SG1) in Malaysia Standard 544 and commonly use in heavy construction of structural

members of timber diaphragms in unreinforced masonry buildings In Malaysia the current

standard that can be used to predict the timber bolted connection strength is Malaysia Standard

544 Code of Practice for Structural Use of Timber (Part 5) that only considered ductile failure

in theirs‟ design European Yield Model and Row Shear Model also be used to predict the

strength of the timber bolted connection strength The effectiveness of these three equation can

be determined by doing the comparison with the experimental result

12 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

Wall-diaphragm connection is the important part that needs to be considered in

strengthening old unreinforced masonry buildings However there are a few research in

strengthening old unreinforced masonry by introducing wall-diaphragm connection (Abdul

Karim 2012) There also are lack of research on wall-diaphragm connection of unreinforced

masonry especially in Malaysia Until now there is no study regarding Selangan Batu wood

connection for wood-steel-wood type Current Standard that be used in Malaysia (MS544 2001

Part 5) only considers a ductile failure but there is also a brittle failure that needs to be

considered as proven in many previous research studies In this research the author tries to fill

the gaps from previous research works done to provide strength of Selangan Batu wood

connection through experimental testing Thus a verification can be done to the use of the

current design equation such as MS 544 European Yield Model and Row Shear Model

5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY

In Malaysia there are standard for the structural use of timber known as the Malaysia

Standard (MS5442001) that govern regarding the timber joint The present study was done

because the lack of data regarding the Malaysia wood connection The aim of this study was to

investigate the row shear failure in timber bolted connection of Selangan Batu wood Only

ductile failure is considered in the Malaysia Standard while the brittle failure also need be

considered to determine the bolted connection strength as many previous research observed this

Other than Malaysia Standard Row Shear Model and European Yield Model (EYM) equation

also be used in this thesis to predict the timber bolted connection The test results be compared

with the Malaysia Standard European Yield Model and Row Shear Model equation to determine

the effectiveness of the equation to predict timber bolted connection strength

The main objectives of this study are-

1 To identify basic properties of Selangan Batu woods to use in the strength prediction

calculations

2 To conduct timber bolted connection tests to determine the strength of the connection in

Selangan Batu heavy hardwood

3 To validate the current design equations with the experimental results obtained

14 THESIS OUTLINE

Along this thesis several chapters are discussed This thesis is divided into four (4) chapters

and the arrangement of the chapter shows the flow to fulfill the present study In the paragraph

below represent each chapter as follow

In the Chapter 1 Introduction the background study and scope of the study were discussed

briefly

In Chapter 2 Literature Review journals and thesis that related to the present study scope is

reviewed The history of the unreinforced masonry building and characteristic of the

6

unreinforced masonry building is discussed The performance of the unreinforced masonry

building and possibility of earthquake in Malaysia also be provided in this chapter To

understand the wall-diaphragm connection work previous study of the wall - diaphragm

connection are presented in detail To calculate the timber bolted connection the current

standard and current equation to predict the strength of connection are stated clearly

In Chapter 3 Methodology the author describes the workflow of the procedure to testing the

timber bolted connection moisture content and embedding strength The preparation of the

specimen also be stated in this chapter

In Chapter 4 Results and Discussion the result and data of the bolted connection strength

embedding strength test moisture content and density test are presented The design equation of

European Yield Model Row Shear Model and Malaysia Standard are compared with actual

experimental result to validate which design equation that is more suitable to use

In Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendation the conclusion of the study and

recommendation for future works is reported in this chapter

7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

This chapter reviews about unreinforced masonry buildings characteristics of the

unreinforced masonry building and statistic of the unreinforced masonry building in Malaysia

Photos of the unreinforced masonry building from several places in Malaysia also be included in

this chapter This chapter also discussed regarding the possibility of earthquake at Malaysia and

performance of the unreinforced masonry building during the past earthquakes This discussion

is important to highlight the risk of failure that will happen to the unreinforced masonry building

during an earthquake The previous studies of the wall-diaphragm connection of the unreinforced

masonry building are summarized to discuss the importance of the present study Current timber

standard of Malaysia are reviewed to compare with the existing design equations to verify their

effectiveness in predicting the strength of bolted connections The uses of Selangan Batu in this

testing also be discussed briefly in this chapter to stress out the importance of this study

22 UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING

Masonry building is one of the oldest building that be constructed by mankind and remained

the least knowledge in construction industrial (Schneider amp Dickey 1987) Masonry building

had been recognized for the durability resistance and isolation properties (Barrantes 2012)

There are three types of structural masonry building that exist the first one is plain masonry or

8

unreinforced masonry the second is the reinforced masonry and the last is pre-stressed masonry

(Ramli Abdullah amp Nawi 2014) In this thesis the author focused on unreinforced masonry

building FEMA (2009) state that unreinforced masonry building can be described as the

building that have a brick wall with no steel reinforcing bars embedded within them There are

still many unreinforced masonry buildings in Malaysia especially in Melaka and Penang from

the British colonial period The unreinforced masonry buildings in Malaysia are made from the

same materials but there is different in their architecture design of the unreinforced masonry

buildings The design of the unreinforced masonry buildings in Malaysia be affected by many

other cultures such as British Chinese Indian and Arabic culture apart from local Malay

traditional cultures (Chun et al 2005) The combination of local and foreign cultures produce a

unique building design that only can be found in Malaysia and this will attract more tourist to

visit Malaysia if the older unreinforced masonry buildings well preserved

In the recent years many of the unreinforced masonry buildings become historical building

that had be gazetted by government because each of the unreinforced masonry building has a

unique histories since it was build There are several unreinforced masonry buildings that

become a landmark and historical building in Malaysia for example St Micheal‟s amp All Angles

Church and Kuala Lumpur Railway Station St Micheal‟s and All Angles Churches in Figure 21

located at the Sandakan Sabah was built on 29 September 1893 by the Governor Charles

Vandeleur and the design of this building be affected from European style This unreinforced

masonry building was designed by the New Zealander Mr BW Mountfort and was first built

with Belian timber followed by brick and lastly using a stone as a material of the structures

(Balakrishnan 2015) Kuala Lumpur Railway Station in Figure 22 is also one of the examples

of the unreinforced masonry building that still be used and become a landmark in Malaysia The

Kuala Lumpur Railway Station was built in 1892 and in 2007 this building was gazetted as the

heritage building by the Malaysia government (Baharuddin et al 2014) Al-Shams and

Badarulzaman (2014) stated that the design of Kuala Lumpur Railway Station is adopting

Mughal style and it gives aesthetic value to the building

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade _____

Please tick (J)

Final Year Project Report ~

Ivlasters D PhD D

DECLAILTIO~ OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 7 day oc 3y 2017

Students Declaratinn

I MUHAMMAD AlMAN BIN MAT GHANI (42379) from FACULTY OF ENGINEERING hereby declale that the work entitled IoNESTIGATING ROW SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTED CONlECTION TN SELANGAN BATU rOOD is my oritill ai wotlL 1 have not copied from any other students work or from any other SOUlCCS except wheTe due refer ence or acknowledgement is made egtlllicitly in the tt nOT has any p mi been written for me by another person

l~ -- y ~ fUHAMMAP ArMAN BTN MAT GHA -r (4 2379) Date submitted Name of the student (Matrie No )

Supervi sors Declaration

I DR ABDUL RAZ-K ABDUL KARIM hereby certifies thaI the work enti tJed INVESTIGATrO~ ROW SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIOJli IN SELANGA BAlU WOOD was prepared ur the above named studen t and was submitted to the FACULTY as a paJllallfullk

fulfillment foJ the coruerment of DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (RONS) (CIVU ENGINEERING) and the aforementioned work to the best of Ill kn owledge is the said studenLs work

Received for examination by DR ABDUL RAz1K ABDUL MRLr Oame of the supervisor)

















SELANGAN BATU WOOD




(Civil Engineering)



2017


i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT








done











Thank you

ii

ABSTRACT




















iii

ABSTRAK






















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1


13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7






EARTHQUAKE 22




v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8












































SELANGAN BATU WOOD




(Civil Engineering)



2017


i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT








done











Thank you

ii

ABSTRACT




















iii

ABSTRAK






















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1


13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7






EARTHQUAKE 22




v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8





























i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT








done











Thank you

ii

ABSTRACT




















iii

ABSTRAK






















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1


13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7






EARTHQUAKE 22




v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























ii

ABSTRACT




















iii

ABSTRAK






















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1


13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7






EARTHQUAKE 22




v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























iii

ABSTRAK






















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1


13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7






EARTHQUAKE 22




v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

NOMENCLATURE x

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1

11 BACKGROUND 1


13 SCOPE OF STUDY 5

14 THESIS OUTLINE 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 GENERAL 7






EARTHQUAKE 22




v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























v




211 SUMMARY 36

Chapter 3 37

METHODOLOGY 37

31 GENERAL 37









Chapter 4 48


41 GENERAL 48









Chapter 5 61


vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























vi

41 GENERAL 61

42 CONCLUSION 61


REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX A 68

APPENDIX B 72

APPENDIX C 78

APPENDIX D 85

APPENDIX E 87

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



2015)

9



9






India StreetKuching

12









25


2012)

25



33

viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























viii







40














53




54




55



for Group 5 1011121314151819 and 20

56



59

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


in Malaysia

16



19


Intensity

20



22




29



31




38





hardwood

50

Table 43


prediction results

57

x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























x

NOMENCLATURE




C1 average density









internal member)

t member thickness






xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























xi


ρ5th

5




R5th

5th






G 5th







1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND



















2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























2























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























3


















activity














4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























4





























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























5

13 SCOPE OF STUDY













calculations




14 THESIS OUTLINE





briefly



6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























6















7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 GENERAL

















8




























8




























investigating the row shear failure of bolted …

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