investigation into behaviour of coupled shear walls (1)

7/24/2019 Investigation Into Behaviour of Coupled Shear Walls (1)

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C TU D

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P ..................................................................................................................................................... I

A ................................................................................................................................................... II

A .................................................................................................................................. III

L ...................................................................................................................................... XIII

I............................................................................................................................................. 1

1 ....................... ......................... ............................ .................... ........................... ... 3

2 W : ....................... ............................ ....................... ........................... ........... 6

2.1 A .......................... .......................... ......................... ............................ ......... 10

2.2 S ...................... ............................... ................... .................... 14

2.3 B ........................ ............................ ................... .......................... 16

2.4 D ........................ ...................... ............................ ................... .............................. .... 16

2.5 W .......................... ...................... ............................ .................... ........................... . 19

2.6 A ...................... ............................ .................... ................. 20

2.7 S ............................ ......................... ........................... .......................... ......... 22

D 1: .......................................................................................................................... 25

3 W : ......................... ............................ .................... ................. 31

3.1 W ........................ ............................ .................... ... 33

D 2: .......................................................................................................................... 37

3.2 P ........................ ............................ ................... ............ 41

3.3 W ................... ........................... ........................ .......................... . 44

3.4 W ...................... .............................. .................. 46

4 W .......................... ....................... ................... 49

D 3 ........................................................................................................................... 56

D 4 ........................................................................................................................... 60

4.1 W ..................... ........................... .................... ................. 64

4.2 W ...................... .............................. .................. 665 A ......................... ......................... ................. 69

5.1 I ............................... ................... ............................... ................... ....................... 69

5.2 N ......................... ............................ ..................... .......................... ...... 71

D 5 ........................................................................................................................... 71

D 6: .......................................................................................................................... 76

D 7 ........................................................................................................................... 79

6 I ......................... ...................... . 82


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C TU D

V

6.1 W ........................... ................... . 82

6.1 W ........................... ............ 86

6.1 C ......................... ...................... . 86

B .................................................................................................................. 87

S : ..................................................................................................................... 89

6.2 C Y ..................... ............................ ................... . 93

D 8 ........................................................................................................................... 93

7 E ............................ .................... ................. 95

7.1 E : ...................... ........................... ....................... ........................... . 95

7.2 E ....................... ............................ .................... ... 99

7.3 E ...................... ........................... ....................... .......................... 103

7.4 E ...................... ............................ ...................... ............. 106

8 P ............................ ...................... ............................ .................... .......................... 109

8.1 P ............................ ......................... ........................... .......................... ....... 109

D 1 ......................................................................................................................... 109

D 2 ......................................................................................................................... 115

S : ................................................................................................................... 118

9 C : ....................... ........................... ........................ .......................... ....... 122

9.1 C ............................ ...................... ............................ .................... .......................... 122

9.2 L ...................... ............................ ................... ........................ 122

10 A 1: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 124

10.1 V ......................... ....... 124

10.2 M .......... 125

11 A 2: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 126

A.1: P : ................................................................................................................................ 126

A ............................................................................................. 127

D .................................................................................................................................... 127

M .................................................................................................... 127

A.2: T : .................................................................................................... 130

A .................................................................................................................. 130

S ................................................................................................................................... 130

A ............................................................................................. 130

L ......................................................................................................................... 131

M .................................................................................................... 131

12 A 3: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 135


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VI

12.1 W .......................... ......................... ............... 135

12.2 W .......................... ............... 136

13 A 4: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 137

14 A 5: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 138

15 A 6: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 139

16 A 7: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 140

17 A 8 ....................... ...................... ............................ ................... ............................ ....... 141

18 A 9 ....................... ...................... ............................ ................... ............................ ....... 142

19 A 10 ........................ ...................... .............................. .................... ........................... .. 143

20 R: ......................... ...................... .............................. .................... ............................ . 144


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C TU D

VII

F 1.1 : A B , / 3

F 1.2 : A T ( ) .......... 4

F 2.1 : C ............................ ................... ... 6

F 2.2 : I ..................................................................................... 7

F 2.3 : R .................................................................................... 8

F 2.4 : A .......................................................................................................... 10

F 2.5: V ...................... ...... 13

F 2.6 : . ............................ ............ 15

F 2.7 : V .......................... ................... . 19

F 2.8 : ......................... ................... ............... 20

F 2.9 : V ............................... 22

F 2.10 : S ........................... ..... 24

F 2.11 : V K1 K2........................ 25

F 2.12: E ............................................................................................................... 26

F 2.13: ......................................... . 28

F 3.1: ............................................................................. 31

F 3.2 : E ................................................................................................................. 37

F 3.3 :

.............................................................................................................................................. 38

F 3.4: S ........................ ....................... ... 39

F 3.5 : ................................... 40

F 3.6: S ...................................... 42

F 3.7: A ...................................... 42

F 3.8: D ............................................. 43


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F 3.9: B 1 ............ 43

F 4.1: C .......................................................................... 49

F 4.2 : A .......................................................................................................... 50

F 4.3 : V ............................................................................. 51

F 4.4 : M .......................................................... 52

F 4.5 : E ................................................................................................................. 56

F 4.6 : A

....................................................................................................................................... 58

F 4.7 : S ....................................... 59

F 4.8 : L

...................................................................................................................................................... 59

F 4.9 : V .............................. 62

F 4.10 : V ................. 62

F 4.11 : V ......................... ... 63

F 4.12: L ..................................... 63

F 5.1 : C ............................................................................ 70

F 5.2 : M F 1 ......................................................... 72

F 5.3 : A .......................... ................... . 73

F 5.4 : C 1 ........... 74

F 5.5 : C 2 ........... 74

F 5.6 : E M F ......................................... 75

F 5.7 : E ...................................................................................... 76

F 5.8 : A .................. 77

F 5.9 : B 1 .......................... ... 78

F 5.10 : E E .................................. 79

F 5.11 : V .................... . 80


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F 5.12: V ........... 81

F 6.1: C ........................................................... 82

F 6.2 : I ................................................... 87

F 6.3 : I ...................................................... 93

F 7.1 : D .................................................................................................................... 95

F 7.2 : V ........................................ 97

F 7.3: V ......................... 97

F 7.4: V 1 .................... 98

F 7.5: V 2 ....................... ...... 98

F 7.6 :D ..................................................................................................................... 99

F 7.7: V ............................................. 100

F 7.8 : V ........................ 100

F 7.9 : V 1 .................. 101

F 7.10: V 2 ................. 101

F 7.11: V ....................................... 102

F 7.12 : D ................................................................................................................ 103

F 7.13: V ........................... ....... 104

F 7.14 : V ..................................................... 104

F 7.15 : V 1 ....................... 105

F 7.16 : V 2 ....................... 105

F 7.17 : V ................................................... 106

F 7.18 : D ................................................................................................................ 107

F 8.1 :S , 1 ................................................. 110

F 8.2 : D ......................................................................................................... 112

F 8.3: D ....................................................................................... 112


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X

F 8.4 : S , 2 ................................................................ 115

F 10.1: ..................................................................................... 124

F 11.1 : ......................................................................................... 126

F 11.2 : V ........................ ............... 128

F 11.3 :

............................................................................................................................................................. 128

F 11.4 : 129

F 11.5 : K1 K2

......................................................................................................................................... 129

F 11.6 :

............................................................................................................................................................. 132

F 11.7 :

............................................................................................................................................................. 132

F 11.8 :

.................................................................................................................................... 133

F 11.9 :

............................................................................................................................................................. 133

F 11.10 : K1 K2

............................................................................................. 134


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C TU D

XI

T 1: ......................... ............................... ................... ....................... 26

T 2: C ................................................ 27

T 3 : P ................................................................................................ 38

T 4 : P ................................................................................................ 38

T 5 : S

............................................................................................................................................................... 40

T 6 : .................................................................................. 57

T 7: P 1 ......................................................................................................... 60

T 8: V 1 ......................................................................... 60

T 9 : P 2 ........................................................................................................ 60

T 10 : V 2 ...................................................................... 60

T 11: P 3 ....................................................................................................... 60

T 12 : V 3 ...................................................................... 60

T 13 : C ..................... ......... 70

T 14 : P ........................................................................................... 71

T 15 : P ......................................................................................................... 71

T 16 : R

..................................................................................................................................... 73

T 17 : S

................................................................................................................................................... 73

T 18 : P .............................................................................................. 76

T 19 : R

..................................................................................................................................... 76

T 20 : S

..................................................................................................................................... 77

T 21 : C . ..................................................................... 79


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C TU D

XII

T 22 : R

..................................................................................................................................... 80

T 23: R ............... 94

T 24: P .................................................................................... 96

T 25 : S ................................................................... 96

T 26 : S ................................................................... 99

T 27 : S ......................... ...................... .................. 103

T 28 : .................................................................. 107

T 29 : A ................ 108

T 30 : B 1

............................................................................................................................................................. 108

T 31: ......................... ....................... ............... 109

T 32: ........................ . 113

T 33: D .............................................................. 115

T 34 : I .............................. 116


15/269

C TU D

XIII

2 1

2 2 ,

, 1/

, , ,

1/

1 2

2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

2

2 . /2

/2, /2 /2

I /2


16/269

C TU D

XIV

I /2 /2

, 1 4 2 4 1 2 4 4 4 1 4 2 4

, 4

, ,

1 / 2 / / 1 . 1 . .


17/269

C TU D

XV

1 2

/3

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() 1 .() 2 .

1 .

2 . . .()

, ./

() () /

/ ,

() / 1


18/269

C TU D

XVI

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/2 /

,

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5.

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(B, A 1962) 1.1 : A B , /

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L 1967 C C [3], [4] R B

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22/269

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R ,

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(S, N 1967)

1.2 : A ( )

T

. H,

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A ,

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ACAD . F, M

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:

o ()o

()

o

()o ()o ()o o ()

( )

1 2

, 1 2

2.2 :


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S

F 2.3 .

2.3 :


27/269

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9

1)

R . (F 2.3 ). D

, . I

,

.

= 2 + . + 2 + . = . ( 2.1 )2)

D . (F 2.3 ). B

1. F 1.

=q.

2 ( 2.2 )

I . N :

= + ( 2.3 ) = 2

. ( 2.4 )

3)

D (F 2.3 ). A ,

, 1

2. N

. = . + ( 2.5 )

4)

V ,

(F 2.3 & ). A

, ,

, .A ,

. I , . = + + = 0 ( 2.6 )1T 1

1.1


28/269

C TU D

10

= () +

()

+

() = 0

( 2.7 )

2.1

C (F 2.4) ,

.

() = () ( 2.8 )B , .

= ( 2.9 )T )

) . C

F 2.4,

:

2.4 : A

()

1N()

Z

Z=H

2

N()2

()

()


29/269

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= () + . ()

= .

( 2.10 )

= 2 + . ()

+ = . ( 2.11 )+ = () () =(+ )

() ( 2.12 )W

,

(), .

()

() . S ( 2.8) :+ = () .()= (+ ) () ( 2.13 )T :

()=

() ()(+ )

( 2.14 )

B ( 2.7 ) ( 2.14 ) ,

:

= () + 112 () 1+ 1 () = 0 ( 2.15 ) () ()(+ ) . 12 + + . . 2 = 0 ( 2.16 )S :

+ = ( 2.17 ) + = ( 2.18 )G:

. 2. . . + . . = . 2. ( 2.19 )


30/269

C TU D

12

A ( 2.19 )

:

. . . . = ( 2.20 )1 + . . . = ( 2.21 )N , () . O .

() . ()= .()( 2.22 )

T (ODE)

. N M . M

1.

B :

T . A

( 2.8 ), . T

=0 ( 2.7 ). I ,

. T

( 2.7 ) . T

, . C

ODE ( 2.22 ) :

1.

= = 0 ( 2.23 )2.

= 0 = 0 ( 2.24 )A , :

= . . . 2 . + . csh +.+csh ( 2.25 )


31/269

C TU D

13

T :

()= ( 2.26 )W () :

= ch ch ( 2.27 )T

F 2.5

2.5:

C F 2.5, , ,

. A ( 2.20 )

( 2.21 ) , , . , ,

. F,

. T ,


32/269

C TU D

14

. A ,

.

I .T ,

. N

0 ( 2.33 ).

2.2

A ( 2.9 ) ,

:

= . 1H.coh() inh() .coh(( ))+.coh().coh() ( 2.28 )T :

()=.

( 2.29 )I := 1H.coh() inh() .coh(( )) + . coh().coh() ( 2.30 )T () F 2.6. A ,

,

. M, .T

. C

.


33/269

C TU D

15

()= ()

( 2.31 )

()= +

inh

( 2.32 )

2.6 : .


34/269

C TU D

16

2.3

B

, , . S , ()

:

=. 12 1 (). ( 2.33 )W N() . A ( 2.26 )

:

= 2. . 1 2 . ( 2.34 )= 2. . 1 2 . ( 2.35 )A

. T , .

2.4

T ( 2.7 )

( 2.14 ) . A ,

.

()=() () ( 2.36 )

()= () () ( 2.37 )= () + 112 () 1+ 1 () = 0 ( 2.38 )S ( 2.36 )

( 2.7 ) .


35/269

C TU D

17

() +

()

().(

+

) 1+ 11 () (+ ) ()= 0( 2.39 )

B , ODE : () () = 1 . () (). ( 1) ( 2.40 )W , :

()=( )2 B

T

:

1.

= 0

= 0 ( 2.41 )

| = 0 ( 2.42 )2.

= | = 0 ( 2.43 )

. = . . ( 2.44 )B N

( 2.36 ) ( 2.7 ), =H .

N,

. C :


36/269

C TU D

18

()= 4

. 1

.

. 6. 4.

+ . 6. + 4. . +24. 2.+24. 24 . +24. 24

( 2.45 )

A () .

T

. I . T,

() (H)

K. T F 2.7.

= 8 . ( 2.46 )W :

= + 8. sinh .csh 8.csh + 4 + 8 ( 2.47 )

C F 2.7, ,

. F, . A ( 2.20 ) ( 2.21 ) . I , . T . A ,

.


37/269

C TU D

19

2.7 :

2.5

T

F 2.8 .

=(+ ) + (+ ). + . 2 + = 0 ( 2.48 )C 2, :

=. 2 . . () ( 2.49 )= . 2 . . () ( 2.50 )I ()

()= ( ) =


38/269

C TU D

20

H, :

=. . 1 2 .() ( 2.51 )=..

1

2 .() ( 2.52 )

I ( 2.28 ) F 2.6. I

,

:

= =2 1 ( 2.53 )

2.6

T

F 2.8.

1 ( 2.8)

= . . + = 0 ( 2.54 )

M2+M2

N+N

S2+S2

S2

N

M2

22

1 2

N+N

S1+S1

N

S1M1

M1+M1

2.8 :


39/269

C TU D

21

2 ( 2.8)

= . + + = 0 ( 2.55 ) =12 . + ( 2.56 ) ( 2.51 ) ( 2.52 ). A .

=

1

...() .

2 . . .coh()+ H.inh( ).coh() ( 2.57 )

T :

= 1. . 2 . , ( 2.58 )I

,

:

,=coh() +.inh(H z)coh()() ( 2.59 )F F 2.9 ,

. C ( 2.58 ),

. F, , .

A ,

. T (), . F , , .


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C TU D

22

2.9 :

2.7

U

, , , . A

. C . T

F 2.10. T

.

=() ,.. + , ( 2.60 )=() ,.. + , ( 2.61 )I , . F, 1 2 1 . N ,

2 C D.


41/269

C TU D

23

T :

1.

A . I

, F 2.10 . I K2

, :

= 00 ( 2.62 )C :

=

+ . . .

+ .

00 ( 2.63 )

= + . . . . 00 ( 2.64 )

2.

A . I

. I K1

:

= 00 ( 2.65 ) = . = . 0 0 00 ( 2.66 ) = . = . 0 0 00 ( 2.67 )

S ( 2.60 ), ( 2.63 ) ( 2.66 ), 2 .

= 200. . . + + 2 ( 2.68 )

T F 2.11. A , ,

. F,

,

. I


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C TU D

24

, .

M,

.

2.10 :

N , . .


43/269

C TU D

25

2.11 : 1 2

1

C F 2.12. T

T 1. I 20

17N/.T , ,

.


44/269


45/269

C TU D

27

2: C

[

4] 3.125

[4] 8.575 [4] 11.7 [2] 1.5 [2] 2.1 = + [2] 3.6 [2] 0.12 [4] 0.0016 1.2

= 0.073728

= + [4] 0.00149.

D = + . . . =1 + 3.611.71.5 2.1 8.5= 1.18 = 1.088=12.. . . =12 0.00149 82.5 3 11.7 = 0.00235 = 0.0485 = 1.099 0.0456 60 = 3.17

.

B F 2.5 ( 2.26 )

.

.

T

( 2.34 ) ( 2.35 ). T

F 2.13

. A ,


46/269

C TU D

28

. F ,

.

2.13: D

.

T , F 2.6 . T

= 0.412

0.36.

:

= . = 1 7 6 01.1858.5 0.36 = 36.5 Nm C :

= . = 109.4 T :

= . 2 =09.36 2.2 = 36.7 . I ,

. T ,

,

. T

108.17 N. N ,

,

.


47/269

C TU D

29

.

T , F 2.7

( 2.46 ). F

= .088

= 3.17,

0.35.

()= 8. = 1 7 6 08 3 6 1 0 11.7 0.35 = 0.0228 A , 0.355

, :

= 8 =0.063 .

N

. U F 2.11 : =4% =%I . = 2 . = 2 7 6 0 = 30600 . P : . = 0.4 30600 = 3770 .T .

M 1: = . . = .. 3770=3678 .M 1: = . . = .. 3770 = 0092 . P : . = 0. 30600 = 6830 .

.

H ,

.

E :

= + + . . =3.2+8.7+ .2.3.6 8 = 67.7 C 7.45

F 2.12.

= 3677.882.3.2 + 68307.467.7 =467.8

= 3677.882.

3.2 +68302.4

67.7 =2390.


48/269

C TU D

30

=009.123.5

8.575 168300.05

67.6 = 4109.9

= 10092.12 3.58.575 168307.0567.6 = 5701.1 I

:

= =. . =306002.511.7 = 6538.5

= =

. . =306003.511.7 = 9153.9 . F,

. U ( 2.51 ) ( 2.52 )

.

=.. 1 2 . ()=17 60 3.12511.7 = 272.5

=..

2 . =

7608.7.7 =747.6

T F 2.9 2.7 . B ( 2.58 ) . = . . 2 . = 7 8.7.7 .88. 3.2.7 8 . 2.2 2. 2.7=7.9 kNB ,

: = 7 0.7329+0.4690.0033 3 = 37.4


49/269

C TU D

31

3

I ,

. H

. A ,

. T .

I ,

. B ,

.

T

. A .

I ,

. T F 2.3 ,.

3.1: C

A , . T

. T

. T , :


50/269

C TU D

32

= + + + ( 3.1 ), 1 ( 2.1 ), ( 2.2 ) ( 2.5 ) .= . ( 3.2 )I , . .

= += 1+ 1= ( 3.3 )I ,

. H, 1 2 .

= = =+ + ( 3.4 )I :

1

2

.

1

2

1


51/269

C TU D

33

T

, () () .= = ( 3.5 ) = = ( 3.6 )N 1 2 1 2.

I

:

= + 2 + + + . + 0 + = 0( 3.7 )

3.1

T ,

. S

( ( 3.7 )) , ,

. T

.

B ( 3.7 ) . T H

.

= 0 + 2 0 + 0 0. . + 0 + = 0 ( 3.8 ) + 0. 2 0. . 2 0 . . . 2 . = 0 ( 3.9 ) + 0. . 0 0. . . ( 3.10 )


52/269

C TU D

34

S , :

1.

= 0

= . . . ( 3.11 )2. = = 0 ( 3.12 )W:

= 2. ( 3.13 ) = + . ( 3.14 ) = + ( 3.15 )

= + ( 3.16 )

T ODE . F,

.

, = 2 2 2.. 2 + .

+

2

+2

. 2 + . +2+2 / . +. ( 3.17 )


53/269

C TU D

35

,

=

.()+ 2( ) .()+ 2+ 2.()+ 2( ) .() +2()+2(). / () +.()

( 3.18 )

A ( 2.13 )

. H :

,,,()= 2 2.() (2 + ( )) .() + 2+ 2.() (2 + ( )) .() +2.()+ 2()/ .() +.() + /2

( 3.19 )

T ( 3.20 )

.

= . ( 3.20 )

B

1.

At = 0 = 0 ( 3.21 )2.

= 0

= +

+ = 0 0

( 3.22 )


54/269

C TU D

36

I , . T,

=0 . F, ,

. T

.

,()= + .( ) 12 ( 1) 23 + 16 . ( + 1)+ 4 2 + 2 (2 + ( .+ 2 4+ 23 + 6 . + + 2 + 4 + 2+ . + . . + 2 . + . + . / . . +.

( 3.23 )


55/269

C TU D

37

2

T , 0

. F

. T

F 3.2. T . T

T 3 T 4.I

,

.

I.

S

, 3.17.

II.

S ,

, . T

, M (

F 3.3)

3.2 :


56/269

C TU D

38

3 :

[] 0.3

[] 5 [] 0.3 [] 7 [2] 1.5 [2] 2.1 [4] 3.125 [4] 8.575= + [2] 3.6

=

+ [4] 11.7

4 :

[N/3] 102000

= [N.] 318750= [N.] 874650= [N/] 153000= [N/] 214200= [1/2] 0.002356= + 1.185072

A F 3.3,

. F ,

; . B,

. T

.

3.3 :


57/269

C TU D

39

III.

T

= 0.03721

= 68.432

. T

F 3.4 . N

. F,

. N

.

C :

=

. = 68.43 3 = 205.3

T : = . 2 =20.29 2.2 =26.6 .C ,

. T

.

3.4:

IV.

F ,

. A


58/269

C TU D

40

. A

F 3.5. T 0.271 .

5 :

S

[N/2]

F

6 0 0 0

0

3.5 :

V.

S

.


59/269

C TU D

41

=((0) (0). ).

.

+ (0)

=(306002968.548.5) 2.5

11.7 + 2968.54

1.5= 3125.8 = 0 0. . . + 0 =832.2 = 0 0. . . 0 = 306002968.48. 3..7 2968.42. =92. = 0 0. . . + 0 =309.2 C ( T 5) . S

.

3.2

I

. T

. T

: = 02000, 002000,0002000 00002000 /T , ,

F 3.6 F 3.9 .

F , ,

.


60/269

C TU D

42

3.6:

3.7: A


61/269

C TU D

43

3.8: D

3.9: B 1


62/269

C TU D

44

T

:

3.3

T , ,

. N ,

. T

.

()= ( ) ( 3.24 )A

,()= . + . . . + .+ .

/ . + .

( 3.25 )

, = . + . +.

. + . . / . + .sinh ( 3.26 )


63/269

C TU D

45

,,, = + . + . . . + .+ . / . + .

( 3.27 )

, = .sinh + 2 2+ 3 + + 3 + + 2 2 . + + . + . 2 3 + + 2 3 + . + + + . / . +

( 3.28 )


64/269

C TU D

46

3.4

A ,

. T .

()= 6 ( ). (2 + ) ( 3.29 )A

,()= 13 32 + 3. + 2 + 3 .+ 32 3. +

2 + 3 .

+ 3. +/ . + .

( 3.30 )


65/269

C TU D

47

, = 3 32 + 3. 2 2 + 2 + 3 . + 32 3 . 2 2 + 2 + 3 .+3. + / . + .

( 3.31 )

,,,= 6 . 2 + + 3 32 + 3 . + 2 + 3 .

+

32

3. + 2 +3 .+ 3. +/ . + .

( 3.32 )


66/269

C TU D

48

,()=3 3 + 3 + + .( )+ 12 (3+ 6)

+

( 1)

2

+

20

+

+ 2

2 + 32 3 + + . 3 2 2 + 20 +

32

3

+

+ + . 3 . + . + / . +

( 3.33 )


67/269

C TU D

49

4

I

. A ,

. I

( ) ,

. I

. A . T

A.C [4].

4.1: C

A , (F 2.3).

N ( 4.1 )

. T , ( 1)

( F 4.3)

=

0 ( 4.1 )


68/269

C TU D

50

T :

. = () (). ( 4.2 )C F 4.2

:

()= ( 4.3 )

S ( 4.1 )

,

. N

.

() . ()= .()( 4.4 )

W () ( 2.20 ) ( 2.21 ).

T :

. 12,, 1 . 1+ 1 ()

+ . = 0 ( 4.5 )

21 2

N() N()

2

4.2 : A


69/269

C TU D

51

U ( 4.1 ) =0

( ( 4.5 )), .

= .(0) ( 4.6 ) =, . , . ( 4.7 )I , ,, , . N, ( , .

= 0 + ( 4.8 ) = + = 0 0. . ( 4.9 )W , : = + ( 4.10 )

= + ( 4.11 )

4.3 :

M10 M20

N0

N0

1 2


70/269

C TU D

52

N , , , 1 2 ( 3.5 ) ( 3.6 ).B F 4.4

.

= . 2 + + 0 . 2 + ( 4.12 ) = . 2 + . 2 + ( 4.13 ) + = .

. + 0 = 0 . 0. ( 4.14 )

S ( 4.6 )( 4.9 ) ( 4.1 )

. F, , .

2 0 . +

+ . 0 0. . 0 + = 0 ( 4.15 )

2221

N(0)

Q0N(0)

Q0

4.4 :


71/269

C TU D

53

B

1.

= 0

0. + . = . 0 0. ( 4.16 )2.

= = 0 ( 4.17 )I :

= + = 2 , = 2

( 4.18 )

N , . S

. W

S ( 4.4 )

.

,= 2 2 + 2 2 . 2 + +.+ 2 + 2 + 2. 2 + . +2 +.+2. / +. + . .

( 4.19 )

B ,

. F,

.


72/269

C TU D

54

,()= 2 + 2 2.+ 2 + .+ 2 + 2 + 2.+2 . +2+.+2. / +. + .

( 4.20 )

B ( 4.2 )

( ( 4.19 )) .

T , .

1.

At = 0 = 0 ( 4.21 ) = 0 0 + . .

0

( 4.22 )

T

.

,= 2 2 + 2 2. + 2 + 23 + 6 . +.+ + 2 + +

2 + + 2

+ 2

2 . + 2 + 23 + 6 + + 2 + + 2 + + 2 + 2 . 2 +. 22 / +. +

( 4.23 )


73/269

C TU D

55

T ( 4.24 )

( 4.2 ).

. = + ( 4.24 )W :

+ = () (). ( 4.25 )A

:

(+ ),() = . 2 + ( 2) 2.() + ( 2 + ( 1). ( +1). ( ))+1. .() + 2 + ( 2). +2.() + . ( 2 + ( 1). ( + 1). ( ). ) .() +2 +1).() +2() / + 1. () + ()

( 4.26 )

N , ,

. T . T M 3.


74/269

C TU D

56

3

C . B

(S F 4.5). A

. I

.

4.5 :

T T 6. F

.

I.

B ( 4.19 ) ( 4.20 ) . A

. T F 4.6


75/269

C TU D

57

6 :

, [] 0.4

, [] 0.3, [N/2] 36000000, [4] 0.0016 =,, [] 3.221184= [1/] 0.831419

=

[1/] 0.153872

[N.] 1193400 [N/] 89250= + [1/] 0.985291A ,

. A ,

.

A ,

. T

.

II.

A ,

F 4.7. A

= 0.118 .

M : = 61.018 M : = 6.08 3 = 83.24 M :

83.24 . = 228.8 .

T F 4.7

. T

. I

,

. T,

.


76/269

C TU D

58

4.6 : A

III.

L

. T

. T,

. A F 4.8 . T

. H

27.1 26

.

IV.

S

.

=((0) (0). ).

.

+ (0)

=(306002789.448.5) 2.511.7

+ 2789.441.5= 3331.8 = 0 0. . . + 0 =387.

= 0 0. . . 0 = 306002789.448. 3..7 2789.442. =732.8 = 0 0. .

.

+ 0

=3389.4


77/269

C TU D

59

4.7 :

4.8 :

C

. I

.


78/269

C TU D

60

4

I

. A ( 4.7 ) ( ). T, F 4.5 . I , . T

. N ,

= 000 . T T 7 T 12.

7: 1

B 1, [] 0.4, [] 0.3, [N/2] 36000000, [4] 0.0016 = ,. , [] 3.221184

8: 1

= [1/] 0.831419 = [1/] 0.153872 [N.] 1193400 [N/] 89250 = + [1/] 0.985291 9 : 2

B 2, [] 0.8, [] 0.6, [N/2] 36000000, [4] 0.0256 = ,. , [] 51.53894

10 : 2

= [1/] 0.41571 = [1/] 0.076936 [N.] 2386800 [N/] 178500 = + [1/] 0.492646

11: 3

B 3, [] 1.2, [] 0.8, [N/2] 36000000, [4] 0.1152 = ,. , [] 231.9252

12 : 3

= [1/] 0.311782 = [1/] 0.057702 [N.] 3182400 [N/] 238000

= + [1/] 0.369484


79/269

C TU D

61

T , ,

F 4.9

F 4.12. C , ,

. B

. A

. F,

. T

, . H,

,

. I

, .

A ( 4.6 ), ( 4.8 ) ( 4.9 ) ,

.

= . (0)= 3.22 58.7 = 189.04 =.38.72=964.8 = 23.92 .34 = 240. , = 0 + = 2789.+89.048920 =3.330 , = 203+964.87800 =.680 , = 782.8+240.238000 =.270 , = 0 0 + . = 30600 2789.+89.04 8.93400 = 4 . 4 0 , = 30600 203+964.8 8.

2386800= 2 . 0

, = 30600 782.8+240. 8.382400 = . 0 A .

F,

,

.


80/269

C TU D

62

4.9 :

4.10 :


81/269

C TU D

63

4.11 :

4.12:


82/269

C TU D

64

4.1

F ,

. T ( 4.27 ) T ( 4.34 ).

A , = + . + . + . + / +. + .

( 4.27 )

,

=

+

. +

+ . + . ./ +. + .( 4.28 )

+ ,

= + .+ + + .+ + + + .+ + / +. + .

( 4.29 )


83/269

C TU D

65

, = + . + 2 3 + + + 2 3 + + 2 + .

+ 2

3

+

+ 2 3 + + + + / +. + .

( 4.30 )


84/269

C TU D

66

4.2

A

, = 3 32 + 32 +3 + 3 . + 2 + 3 + .+ 32 + 32 3 3 .

+ 2 + 3 .+ 3 +. + / +. + .

( 4.31 )

,= 3 32 + 32 +3 + 3 .+ 32 + 2 + .+ 32 + 32 +3 + 3 .

+ 32 2 + .+3 + . + / + + .

( 4.32 )


85/269

C TU D

67

(+ ),= 3 32 + 32 +3 + 3 .+ + 2 + 3 +.+ 32 + 32 3 3 .

+

+2

+

3

.+3 +. + / +. + .

( 4.33 )


86/269

C TU D

68

, = 3 + 32 + 32 + 3+ 3 . + 2 + 2 + 20 + + 2 4 + 2 + 20 +

+ 32 + 32 2 + +3+ 3 .+ 2 2 + 20 + 2 2 + 20 + + 3

2 + + 3

2 + 3

2 +

2 +3

3 3. 3 +. + .+ / +. + .

( 4.34 )


87/269

C TU D

69

5

A , :

. U

. F,

. I

. F,

.

5.1

I ,

. O . T

. T

. T

,

,

.

A ,

. F,

, . T

, . T

.

I

, 103 104

. A,

. J

S . T

T 13. (F F 5.1).


88/269

C TU D

70

5.1 : C

13 : C

0.5 50 200

1.0 100 700

2.0 200 2600

3.0 300 6300

5.0 500 21500

(J S, 1969)

=

=

1 ( )

() ()


89/269

C TU D

71

5.2

F ,

. F , M F, . T

, F 5.2. T . T

4.

5

I , . T

. N ,

(E) 36*106N/2. F,

17 N/ . T

. F : , ,

. T T 14 T 15. M

1.

14 :

S P4

S [2] 1.5

S [4] 3.125

S 3S [2] 2.1

S [4] 8.575

1

S [2] 1.2*101

S [4] 1.6*103

S [N/2] 3.6*107

S 0.2

15 :

S P12

S [2] 21.4

S [4] 4.16

S [N/2] 3.6*1015

S 0.2


90/269

C TU D

72

5.2 : 1


91/269

C TU D

73

N , . T M F

P . A

M F , T 16 T 17.

A, 1 2 . (S F 5.3 F 5.5 )

16 :

W C M

M [N] 1681.9 1712.5

B 1 [N.] 4354.67 4482.8

B 2 [N.] 11949.21 11550.9

M [N] 109.36 110.3

B [N.] 136.7 137.9

M [] 0.022 0.022

17 :

W C M

S A [N/2] 4617.77 4.73*1000S B [N/2] 2390.06 2.44*1000

S C [N/2] 4109.87 3.9*1000

S D [N/2] 5701.1 5.53*1000

5.3 : A


92/269

C TU D

74

5.4 : C 1

5.5 : C 2


93/269

C TU D

75

T ,

1% 3% .

O ,

, . T

M F

. A

. N , F 5.3

.

I , M

F . T M F

. S

, ,

. F .

5.6 :

A ,

. B

. T .


94/269

C TU D

76

6

I

. C 2 . T

. T ,

. T

T 18. T 17 N/. T

.

18 :

[N/]

[N/]

[N/] 153000.00 [N/] 214200.00 [N.] 318750.00 [N.] 874650.00

5.7 :

A , . T

( F 5.7). T

. T

. T 5.

19 :

W C M

M [N] 2968.55 2971.5

B 1 [N.] 1433.58 1440.3

B 2 [N.] 3933.74 3945.1

M [N] 205.29 222.0

B [N.] 256.61 277.5

M [] 0.271 0.271


95/269

C TU D

77

20 :

W C M

S A [N/2] 3125.9 3.13*1000S B [N/2] 832.16 0.83*1000

S C [N/2] 192.01 0.2*1000

S D [N/2] 3019.2 3.03*1000

I ,

. F 5.8 F 5.9

1 . A

. N ,

MF

. A ,

, .R M F ,

30% . A ,

30%

.

5.8 : A


96/269

C TU D

78

5.9 : B 1


97/269

C TU D

79

7

I ,

M F . C 3. T

MF. T

T 14 T 15. A

. T

T 18.

5.10 :

T . A

, ,

. T,

. (S F 5.10

). T .

21 : C .

S P12

[2] 21.4

[4] 4.16

[N/2] 3.6*1015

0.2

A . T . T

17 N/. T

6. F,

. A


98/269

C TU D

80

T 22

. I ,

.

A T 22 1 5 .

22 :

W C M

M [N] 2789.1 2797.4

B 1 [N.] 1840.97 2141.3

B 2 [N.] 5051.64 4809.6

M [N] 183.01 195.7

B [N.] 228.77 244.7

M [] 0.270 0.271

S [N] 189.03 192.5

5.11 :


99/269

C TU D

81

5.12:


100/269

C TU D

82

6

U Y

. I ,

. F,

. T,

Y . F ,

Y .

6.1: C

6.1

C ,

F 6.1. T 2 . B

Y . T . T .

C , .


101/269

C TU D

83

= + + = 0 ( 6.1 ) = () + () + () = 0 ( 6.2 )N , F 2.3 ( 2.1 ), ( 2.2 )

( 2.5 ). S ,

.

C ( F 2.4)

.

() = () ( 6.3 ) ()=() ()(+ ) ( 6.4 )D ( 6.2 ) ,

.

() . ()= .() ( 6.5 )W:

12.. . . = ( 6.6 )

1 + . . . = ( 6.7 )= ( 6.8 )T , () () (). C , = 1 ( 6.5 ) , ( 2.22 )


102/269

C TU D

84

. I , . T ODE .

B

1. = 0

= 0 ( 6.9 )2.

= = 0 ( 6.10 )

N , =0 ( 6.2 )

S ODE

:

,

= .

. . 2 .

+ . csh +.csh ( 6.11 )A , ODE ( 2.25 ) , . A ,

. N , M 7.

,= . . .+. . ( 6.12 )


103/269

C TU D

85

T ODE

1. T

= ( ( 2.44 )),

.

B

1. = 0

= 0 ( 6.13 ) | = 0 ( 6.14 )2.

= | = 0 ( 6.15 ) . = . .

( 6.16 )

A , ODE , ( 6.2 ).( 2.7 )

= . . ( 6.17 )S ODE,

:

, =4

. 4. + + 23 + 6 + 4 2 . 4.+4. 4

( 6.18 )

M,

. F F 2.10. T

, :


104/269

C TU D

86

= 00

(). 1

. () .( )

() + 1 +

2 ( )

( 6.19 )

I :

= 100 ( 6.20 )6.1

T

,

. A ,

, . T

8.

6.1

I ,

. A , E . T,

E .

F ,

( 1) . S

, . T

F 6.2,

, M F.

:

A , ULS. T

.

N

. B

. (M 2).

. = 1.5 + .2


105/269

C TU D

87

6.2 :

T 2.5 400 300 .

C45/55 .

A E 9.2.1.2 ,

. T 0.15.

,= .15 208.3 = 239.54 . A:

o E : XC2

o C : C45/55

o M EC2, 4.4.1.1:2 = + = 2 + 0 = 3 T GTB 2010 (

11.7) :

2B E 2 NENEN 199211


106/269

C TU D

88

=

.

. 10.52

( 6.21 )

= + 2 + = 4 0 0 2 + 22 + 3 = 340. = 2400.30.340 =6900 00 = .84

= . . = . 8 4 0 300 340. = 879.6 I 2 , 4 , 4 =963.49 = 963.4340.300 =0.09

A EC2, 9.2.1.1 ,, =0.26 . = 0 . 2 6 3.800 300 340. = 20.8 F, , . T , E 0.04 .

, = 0.04 =0.04300400=4800 A .


107/269


108/269

C TU D

90

A ,

. N

. I 12 ,

= .. ( 6.23 )

I :

. W , =0.9 : 1 < < 2.5

= 2 124 = 226.19 = 0.9 340. = 306.4 2.5A :

= .. . = 306.42.43226.969.0 = 444.72

T ,.3, = 300

4, =0.7+ =0.7340. + 0 =2.37


109/269

C TU D

91

A

. T, .

N, .

T , (9.2.2.(8))

, =0.7=2.37600 = 3 0 0 23 + 6 = 28 , C , 12255 .B ,

. T ,. T , 9.2.2(5) EC2 .

, = 0.08 =0.08 400 =.070

= . = 226.93002 =2.90 > , :

T (NEEN 1992

6.2.3(3), 6.9) .

, = +W:

4A EC2 9.2.2(6)


110/269

C TU D

92

, , . I

, =0.9 .

T 0.6 < 60 1 . B .

, = 3 0 0 3 0 6 . 4 0.6302.+0.4 0 =70.63 T :

, = = 6.2.8 = 434.87 < , A

. O : Y

? T Y

. T

Y 18*106

. T F 6.3

( , M F ).

C , ,

. T,

. B

, .

I . H ,

. I ,

E .


111/269

C TU D

93

6.3 :

I ,

. I

, Y

. T,

.

6.2

T ,

1

.

C F 2.12 .T

T 1 T 2. T ,

. I 4.2510. T , . T M . N

6.1. T T 23.

=14.25 10

3 6 1 0 = 0.3958


112/269


113/269

C TU D

95

7

U

. I

. T

.

7.1

T . T

,

: 1, 2.5,4,5 7 . I , .

C F 7.1. T

T 24. T M

MF .

7.1 : D

A T 25, () . F , .


114/269

C TU D

96

24:

[] 5

[] 2.5 [] 7 [] 3.5 [] [] [] 3 [] 60 [] 0.3

[] 0.4

[N/

2] 15000000

[N/2] 36000000 0.2 [N/] 17 25 :

1 2.5 4 5 6 = + 1.2729 1.1851 1.1337 1.1105 1.0929

= 0.0183 0.0024 0.0008 0.0004 0.0004 9.1695 3.1702 1.8414 1.1902 1.1902T , ,

,

, F 7.2 F 7.5.

A ,

, (

) .

F, . T

. A

.

F,

. A,

. T

1 ,

2 .


115/269

C TU D

97

7.2 :

7.3:


116/269

C TU D

98

7.4: 1

7.5: 2


117/269

C TU D

99

7.2

F

. F , F 7.6

, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 0.6 .

T T 26. T F 7.7

F 7.10 , .

7.6 :D

26 :

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6= + 1.1851 1.1851 1.1851 1.1851= 0.0010 0.0024 1.1851 0.0073

2.0907 3.1702 4.3473 5.5891


118/269

C TU D

100

7.7:

7.8 :


119/269

C TU D

101

7.9 : 1

7.10: 2


120/269


121/269

C TU D

103

7.3

T . T

. T F 7.12

, 2.5, 3, 3.5 5 . T F 7.13

F 7.16.

7.12 : D

27 :

2.5 3 3.5 5= + 1.1851 1.1851 1.1851 1.1851

=

0.0028 0.0024 0.0020 0.0014

2.8940 3.1702 3.4242 4.0927


122/269

C TU D

104

7.13:

7.14 :


123/269

C TU D

105

7.15 : 1

7.16 : 2


124/269

C TU D

106

7.17 :

A

, .

F, . I ,

. T

,

. C

.

7.4

T 1 2

. A F 7.18. I

1 . T 1 1

10 1.

T . A

T 29 T 30.


125/269

C TU D

107

7.18 : D

28 :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

= + 1.09917 1.20663 1.38754 1.60937 1.85746 2.1235 2.4024 2.6907 2.9863 3.2876= 0.00854 0.00307 0.00145 0.00086 0.00059 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

5.81584 3.65591 2.69895 2.24442 1.99161 1.83431 1.72840 1.65285 1.5965 1.55313


126/269

C TU D

108

29 : A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C

3618.5 2157.6 1306.1 841.3 575.3 413.6 310.1 239.6 190.48 154.7

D

3643.3 2190.5 1334.6 866 595.3 429.7 322.8 250.5 199.5 162.5

D % 0.679 1.497 2.131 2.844 3.354 3.738 3.924 4.323 4.520 4.761

C ,

. A

6 3% . F

10 5%. F

.

30 : B 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C

5314.5 1848.2 828.6 468.7 313.1 235.8 193.3 168 152.1 141.6

D

5348.9 1721.7 696.3 341.32 190.34 116.2 75.8 52.17 37.4 27.63

D % 0.648 6.839 15.96 27.17 39.20 50.70 60.74 68.94 75.40 80.48

A , 6 1

. T

6.

F

. B

,

, 1 3

.

I

. D

, .


127/269

C TU D

109

I

. A

. F,

. T,

. T V B

A . T

, ,

. B

A

M

T M

T

M

T

. I .

.1

T , . T . T

. T

. T

.

1

C F 8.1. T

30 90 . T

6.3 2.4 . T

3 N/2. C .

31:

[] 3

[] 90

[] 6.3

[] 0.250

[] 0.6

[] 0.250

[N/2] 25*106

[N/2] 15*106


128/269

C TU D

110

8.1 : , 1


129/269

C TU D

111

H , = 3 ,= 3 7 .5 = 22.5 = 6 20000 = 9 0 0 = 2 22.90 = 9 0 . = = 9 09 0 = 0 /

=0.67=0.0 = 0 3 = 9.0 8.200 = 90 0 = 2 22.90 =9.0 .3 = 2 22.87 =8.20 . I = = 29 T , = 2 90+ 902 = 442 , = , 2 = 4 4 2 2.42 = 3 .

= 8 = 9 0820000 70.3 = 0.07 = 70 = 2 0.2 = 70.3 , = 2 7 . =


130/269

C TU D

112

D

8.2 : D

=3 =

9 0 .231500010 4.5 10 2 = 0.005 =

= 442. = 290 = 2 0.20.6 = 4 . 0

8.3: D

=0.

0000. =0 .

0000.2400 =6.70

= = 6 . 7 2 0 9 0 0 = 9 I , = . =96.7 = 2 = ... = 3.33 = 39.4


131/269

C TU D

113

= + + = 70 + 40 + (7 0 + 4 0)3 = 47.7 T T 32. M

9.

= . .

+

= 878.26 3.0.4

+ 6.69.7

= 9.6 /N , 1 2 . 1 2 1 2.A :

I . = 29 29 = 8 32:

28.95 []

296.08 295 [N]

6155.69 8555 [N]

(

)0.111 0.11 []

(

)0.148 0.147 []

0.00 []

1 18785.26 45500 [N.]

2 18785.26 45500 [N.]

69.67 []

1 1381.56 [N.]

2 1381.56 [N.]


132/269

C TU D

114

A

. T

. B

. T,

. F

. H

.

O , . A

,

. I ,

. T,

1) 2)

.

F,

. N .

C , ,

.


133/269

C TU D

115

2

C F 8.4. T T . T

4 . T T 33. T 13 38.48

. T 25 N/. T

1.1 2.15 . T,

.

8.4 : , 2

33: D

[] 2.96

[] 38.48

[] 0.25

[] 0.535

[] 0.25

[N/2] 11*106

[N/2] 11*106

[] 1.2

[] 0.5

1 23 4


134/269

C TU D

116

T :

O

= = 9. 8 1 0

I = = 7 10

N , , 1 3 1 2

2. T .

1

, = 1

,+ 1

,= 1

9.810

+ 7 10+ 1

9.8 10 , = 506896.6

, = . = 9 . 8 0 0.23.72 + 7 0 2.223.72 + 7 0 .223.72 + 9 . 8 0 7.323.72 =276600 ./ = = 29.80 + 2 2 2 7 0 + 2 2 7 0 +7329.802 9 . 8 0 + 2 7 0 = 372 B . T

T 34. C ,

. M 10.

34 :

=2.15 =1.1

13.67 9.83 []

183.03 282.25 [N]

1703 2263.9 [N]

0.071 0.053 []

0 0 []

1 8686.72 5761.9 [N.]

2 105 619.6 [N.]

330 468.9 [N]


135/269

C TU D

117

S :

= 24 , =.22438.48=08.22 /^2P : = 36 , =363=468 /V : = . , = .4 3 = 8.2 /L :

.2 +. =.2468+.8.2=88.9 /M :

=.. +08.22=3463.8

=3.46 /

M : = 0 . 9 . +2438.48=2608.3 =2.6 /

= . . . + = 8686.7 .493.266 + 703.62 = .0 /

= . . .

+ =

8686.7 2.833.266 +

703.62 = 6. /

M : =3.46+.6.=3.2 U C28/35, = . = 8.67 / > M : =2.6+..0=4.9 T . T

.

, =.3302./2=32.2 .


136/269

C TU D

118

A:

o E : XC2

o

C : C28/35o M EC2, 4.4.1.1:5= + = 5 + 0 = 35

T GTB 2010 ( 11.2).

= + 2 + =200 2 + 22 + 3 = 40. = 330..40 8.7 =43.82

= . . = . 4 6 0 40.00=830.28

4 2 . A 6 =98.74

= 98.7440.00 =0.007

A EC2, 9.2.1.1 ,, =0.26 . = 0 . 2 6 2.800 0040.=830.28 = 0.04 = 0.04 00 40. = 2280 A .

A 6.2.2 NENEN 199211,

:

, = , . 00.. + . . ( 8.1 )I :

5B E 2 NENEN 199211


137/269

C TU D

119

, =0.12

= + 2 . 0 = + . =.4 0.02 = 0.

, =0.2.4000.0030040.=22.6 kN


138/269


139/269

C TU D

121

B ,

. T ,. T

, 9.2.2(5) EC2 .

,=0.08 = 0.08 35500= 9.46 10=. = 150.7500235= 1.28 10> , :

T (NEEN 1992

6.2.3(3), 6.9) .

, = +W:

T 0.6 < 60 1 . B ., =00026.4 0.68.72.+0.4 0 = 982. T :

, = = 703.42.8 = 894. < ,


140/269

C TU D

122

T

. T

I .

.1

T

. T .

I

. T

.

T

,

. T

,

,

. N ,

.

F, .C

. A

.

S ,

. T

VBA

D E . T

,

. N

1 3 .

.2

T

. H

. O

. T,

.


141/269

C TU D

123

F, ,

. O

. A FEM

.


142/269

C TU D

124

10 1

10.1

C , . I , , , . T .

.

, = . 3. .

, = . . . , .

() . , . , . . , . . ,

, . ,

.

o = . o = o 1.2 .o o

8A GTB 2010 . 7.1

9A J.A.N,

10.1:


143/269

C TU D

125

= . ,+ , = 2. . (). 23. + . (). 2 . .

, 2

. .

=

12+ . . . ()

= 1+ 12 . . . . 12 . ()= . . + 12.. . . . . .. 12 . ()= 1 + (12. . ). . . .. 12 . ()

= (..).. . = = + . . 2 . = . . 2 .10.2

M :


144/269


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>>

>>

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>>

>>


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>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

shear-of-each-connecting-beam:


156/269

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

>>

normal-force-beam;


157/269

>>

>>

>>


158/269

>>

>>

alternative-method;


159/269


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>>


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180/2

investigation into behaviour of coupled shear walls (1)

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