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2 J.K. Faibank (ed.) : The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10. 1978

3 Wolfram Eberhard : A History of China, 1977.

4 W.S.Morton : China, Its History and Culture, 1980.

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5011 pJ1 Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell (ed.) : China Readings, Vol. I., Imperial

China.

2 Jo Needham : Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. I, 1954.

3 Witold Rodzinski : The Walled Kingdom, 1984.

4 J.Milton and W.B. Murphy : Tradition and RevoltImperial China, Islands ofthe Rising Sun, The Rise and Fall of Empires, 1980.

5 Michael Loewe : Imperial China, 1966.

6 xH xH 1352

17

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24

h` vh vIQ v h H H vx*V vx* vx* v v ,% (Bushido) h t + xX h (Latourette) _Honour was dearer than life, and in many sitations self-destruction was regarded not only as right and proper but as the only right course. Disgraceand defeat were atoned for by suicide.

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5111 pJ1 The Cambridge History of Japan.

2 K. Asakawa : The Early Institutional Life of Japan, 1963.

3 R.K. Reischauei : Early Japanese History, Vol. H. 1960.

4 Richard Story : A History of Modern Japan, 1963.

5 Peter Duus : Feudalism in Japan, 1971.

6 P\ 1991

26

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37

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38

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536 pJ1. Yan Chung : China and the Brave New World.

2. Michael Greenberg : British Trade and the Opening of China.

39

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3 *x

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48

v v

vd

vd v

vd v v g

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547 pJ1. The Cambridge History of China, * 2. Jr. Slack, and R. Edward : Opium, State and SocietyChina.

49

55 p v I 550 !551 *t?552 Q?

5521 _h 5522 @\ * GF5523 f *,%5524 v- v 5525 !5526 v- * 5527 * *5528 v 18535529 v hk55210 v hk55211 55212 hkI *55213 xH *

553 Q? v5531 * Q? v P`P5532 * 5533 P`P I V 5534 I 5535 v- Q? 5536 I & @ qQ?5537 I h_h I *

554 555 556 pJ

50

550 ! _

l h

l Q?x* v @ v

l r @ *V k

l !

l t? *

l Q?I Q? v

l vQ? I @ *V

551 *t? k -* v

* v * vh t v 1600 ` 1613 v I *p * v t; E v E @ *V v v Q? -* * I E I t?

552 Q? 1853-18945521 _h

h-I Q?Q T rg v p xH J @ Q? Q?

51

h ,% Q? E k* * @c (Yedo) v * * tH -f * (Satsuma), v- (Choshu) I v v}- I- * * v Q? vx* v t * v Q? k * x*o j h k *

5522 @\ * GF r vx* v k v\

I-k h( Q? o vx* v k *V GF v v Q I Q? v I- v o + vx* v I v I- v ,% * v o _ I- @ v E GF Q; Bo v v P k Q; f vI v* * *,% vv vr * I E )

k *V I- * * v vx*o @c W v

5523 f *,%v- v (Commodore Perry) v

h h I T

52

@ *,% Q; * v Q; goP

,% j v * v w I + *Q? xH vI t? v,% @ f v GF E * I * goP @cE * v *,%

j * * f I w hk @ v v o f - -t hd P 1846 uj h- (KuShyu) P u I v-v v *t; v 1847 uj w goP v

5524 v- v I- E

Qt v o goP- w I * *t; vQ? * goP P k T v- v & Q; v 1853 uj f v v o E

5525 !T k f v ! t? @ t?

*I T f Q; v * ! r t? * @ t? *

53

v I *-f v ` * I P u 1837 uj (Morrison) v v @c @ (Yedo) Q; v _ v hBo d d ` v ! Bo

5526 v- * T + *Q?

v PI x* * r w * v v * C + fQ?Q? ` I o + hk v v,% Q; xH @ I ao tH @

5527 * *ao I vC hk vv vQ?

* @H 1846 uj k v k hk Q; *t? 1848 uj 15 ` k ` v [ * k @ tH I Q; *Q? *Q? vI @ *Q? P ` * hk t? E o *VI ,% ` PI v

54

v v *t; v * hk @ v*

5528 v 1853 v@I E

v v * hk@ 1853 uj v (Yedo) T Q? C k * v,% v*` r v * v Q; I- v oQ? v v v v Q? o v v v Q? r v v-Q? v *t;

v T v I- v Q? v Q? W ,% @ v @ Qt? -* ,% v k xH @ r * * ` Q? ! * g * goP I- @ * *,% * y vov f v v

Q? * v v , o vv Q? ao @ v P goP xH @k

5529 v hkv hk @ v

k tH v hk P r

55

v I * I + *Q? * h o @ v *x*g hk hk v v g

v ` v v* v hk I

I v C ` I k v (Yedo) (Shimoda) ` + P (Hakodate) ` hk (Consul) (Shimoda) v - v v * vr v

v hk @ hk hk v I goP - - v

55210 v hkv hk f v goP

1854 uj v hk * w w C hk o vI hk v v hk tH goP * k

T * v,% E Q; v E Q; v hk (Admiral Putiatin)- v& o ` !_ hk v hk Q; 1855- v hk

56

1854 uj Q? u v-v vd (Sir James Sterling) o ` T v,% hk @ hk GX v v hk GX hk ` v vv hk u k

1856 uj w hk oQ? * Q; Q? *

55211 1857 uj k,% * w (Townsend Harris)

k `I `I ` h k *,% * v I (Extra Territorial Rights) * (CounsulGeneral) v v * - v

v ktH vr v vr w I 1858 uj hk @ T * hk -I 1899 uj Q? v v hk : G * ,% v G uo Q; @ ,%v* @ ` v GX v v w hk P I v v v v * * o+ v tH k * g v P I v

57

55212 hkI *v hk v hk @ _

E go h# v @c @ Q? * v * Q; I- v I- v

w hk & v *k v ao P vr G tH v @ *

55213 xH *1858 uj w A f

w hk C hk @ v k A u o o T f -vI @ * t? *,% u kI hk @ & H k v Q? I @

hkI Q? (ratify) v @ * E v* r * @ * * ,%* * Pk v

553 Q? v5531 * Q? v P`P

v o Q? T f t? *V tH v * ,%@ xH @ @ v v Q?

58

k tH H Q? @ k ` goP p

5532 * v hk `

t? * k t P`P GF v P k

* f - o f v-v * v v_ f v v o - o + *P`P v v,% v v f v r f kk * v f GF v Q; v o I r @ * v kv *h @ *+ *V I- v vtX v_@ *V * I-

P I- tH@ v v * v v goP * @c v * @c v * v v Q; * @ *V *_v * ! tH v

(Kyoto) @ Q? v ,% goP v v v-v Q; qQ? t? @ @

59

* v @ v- _tH v k *

* I oQ? Q? Q? I * v ` * tHv h# E Bo Q; * Igo @ * vQ? k go * k I @c Q? @ * @ *V I- * v v v @ v k P hk

5553 P`P I- V * hk I- &

T v @ @ I Q; I- r v oQ? @H v v * v go v vE

t k I @ k h v,% f * @ v @ tH @ * I * Q; I vg k go v @ v @ v Ig @ go v * * * Pt? I @ @H @ xH v Q; * h v

60

h @H @ I k xH _ v tH @ I ,% Q; v I- :

5534 I- Q? I v

hkr *: `I v v - * * ` * * @c _ go * + * ) v ho v-v r v *t;

1862 uj u @ g * @ v ho v u v I- * *h Q? v,% u v h tH I v t? v Q? ho u v 1863 uj h- (Kyusu) Q? * (Kagoshima) vP

5535 v- Choshu Q? Q? v- * *

1862 u I Q? @ v- Q? (Shimonoseki) * o v * I -f Ig& ao t? v

Q; I @ g * v * u v v v- ` @ * w v T v v * u

61

* I * Q? t? v- v v Q; I v *

ho t? w A u_ v v-v v [ v h v t? v- ao ao *x*g v v v v v v C ao v * *

I v- Q? ho go t? v v* Q; I k v- Q? v- Q? *x*g I I v v * h v k v v

5536 I & @ qQ?@ I *r Q; I

v @ vh v vI v v * v @ qQ?I ao-hk @ @ *r T _ v P [ I @ @ v

u Q d (Sir Harry Parkes) v hk@ @ v I -v @ (Osaka) ` *-G u @ v vI , v

v I v @ v *

62

@ I v v v @ I qQ? t?

@ v I _ @ Q? I T f Q? v I go I C f Q? *@ I v I I Q; @ k v I t? * *

5537 I h_h I * v GFt I h I

f p @H h ,% *V v,% h o v,% * @ v,% v- Q? @ xH v,% Q; v,% I-

v * ` @c v I @ * o I v Ego P v y 1867 uj 14 = @ v @ I P h vv f I go ` v,%_Q;

* * I * @ tH - I * 1868 uj v h v @ o Q f * v hk xH P k Q; *x* tH ,% t v

I- @ v v - h

63

554 1660 uj v h I

1192 v v T I *P`P k + I @ v v} @ v v v v v v I go @ r v! h @ I k 1867 v 1912 Q? @ v -j h kC v + _t?v * * k f - v tH ,% v uf GF +

555 1 + *x

h * *

@\ v\ v v

!

v v-

* @ *V

2 : + *x

vd f

v- * v

v v hk

v

64

3 *x

f * * Q?VI

I

h v

1837 vdd

v

v vd vd ` v

vd vd v hk

w v

1863 v u P Q?

556 pJ1. R. A. Wilson : Genesis of the Meiji Government in Japan, 1868-1941.

2. Vinacke : A History of the Far East in Modern Times.

3. G. L. Bernstein : Japan and the World.

4. Conrad Totman : Early Modern Japan.

5. W. G. Bearsely : The Modern History of Japan.

65

56 p 1868-1889560 !

561 *t?

562 I v

563 v Ig&

564

5641 GF

5642 vGF

5643 -Q? Q

5644 GF

5645

5646 GF

5647 vr

5648

565 1889-1890

566

567

568 pJ

560 ! v I v v vI _

l I v I

l k I

l I * -f Q?VI @ IQ v

66

l -@ v v Ig&

l v r

l

l 1889- ,%

561 *t?1603 *V vh IQ * J 1853

* v Q? I f K I v -f vV o 1868 @ I v

v j : I-+ @ h f- * v v

562 I- v 1853-18681600 21 = v Sekigahara)- o vV

1603 vh v IQ r ,% Q? u @ x* lc Q? v Q? ` -f v I P`P-_ 1853 - * o v v I Q hh(bakufu)-v h

f hh - v v & Q; k [ IQ V (Abe Masahiro) IQ o v t? - h *

67

I- v k IQ t? vh @ & g v I 1853-68 h (bakumatsu) IQ

Q; v v v I - vr t,% vr v v o v * v v v v Q; - v v *t; v v v Q; - f K hk _ hk (Treaty of Kanagawa) 31 1854 hk 29 1858 k

Q? TI o v vh k Q? t?& v -@ I go

t; vh - vv k v v v f h v Q; v tH I- E t I v vh v Q? h v f v - v h v u I * v _v h o v r o Q?

-f v- v vVI I GF Q v v v-v I go

68

o v (Chonin) * *x*g t? k @- o @ t? IQ @ * 1867 v 1868 g @v 1867 @ v- h IQ v Q? I vh 1867 @H vtHE t?Q? 1868- v v h o I- o: IQ Q?Q v

563 v 1868 Ig&v v t? p

r xX @c P xHo r xX v/ v v X v t; t vV _ v (Koza ha), v (Ronoha) v vV X ,% v vV / & ,% h v Q? Q? *k v (Toyama) v vV Q X r vVhk (Uyeama)- * x* X

gh v v *( X_v +U v v h v E v X v @ X v ! [ ,% h ,% v v

69

g v ! GF v t; v v Q; P

v (Y. Horie)- v vV v vV t?Q? r vx* tH v Q X t; t g Q; o vr * ,% h

t; t ` vtX * @ & *P t? vtX t * P

* Ig& hh v *I - 1871 Q? (han) I : v\ Q v r *V h 1876 Q? / Q; v ao 1871 vv v vv v 1874 GF h g v r v 1872 v v-v v tH E v - v tH- * Q? * h GF W GF- *V

T v r h v& E o v t; @e ao (John Hall) - GX @ Q? v legitimising families / P I (service families), + f t *k hh (Fukuzawa Yukichi)

70

vx* E (upper samurai) @ (lower samurai) T v v T E v @ * @ v @ vV @ t? x* E r x* v x* K t; ,%

564 1868 v I

Q? t; * * *

vh v v +U t? o hh t? v v & r v Q tH v * 300 (han) * h I v *t; @c t; 1850 v * Bo Q; v\ v -f vv v v k / Q; v v

Q? GF- * v Q ,% Q; t? v * v v v Q? v ,% (E. S.Crawcour)- *V Q; oQ? * f

(Kamekichi Takahashi) h Q?

71

[ * Q; r 8 9 Q? v v k v f W I v X + +U v vx* Q? P v v vx* Q?E vr v b v @c

t; v 4 Q? [ 5 vx* t? E * 1868 * I- (Edo) vh IQ v P 1869 t? vVI (clan) vV t? (census books)- @ h v Q? Ig& * vV v vV v\ P k vV vV tH ,% tH v\ * vV t? * 1870 vVIt oQ? v h 1871 v\ / Q? @ [ 1876 `- * (family pension) *

+ Q?* vr *t; f v vr k ,%_ t; ,% k Q; GF ,

5641 GFvh v vh IQ v Ig&

h GF v GF v + *x Q; vr v -GF_GF Q? I tH *

(Ishikawa Masatatsu)- v- @ (Kashima Mampei) GF Ig& 1872

72

v * GF tH * v tHC h *V (Okada Ryoichiro) tH r v tH r ` GF v v * v

1878 v 1882 Q? v t? ! h o v v v v vw(I. Denda)- ,% v * / r k v / * vx*hk

1882 * r GF v (Shibusawa Eiichi), v@ t v v@v v v tH r GF v * vr * v r t;1880- v T r *k

5642 v GFh v vr v v I v

v vr (Maebashi) tHo v (Hayami Kenso)- 1870 f v (filature) *t; 1871 G v@- ,% v v v@ (Ono co.)- (Tsukiji mill) (Kyoto)- *o v- hg (Furukawa), @ GX ! k hg GF *V

vI,%Q? x* v GF t? vr Ig& k xH Q vr v

73

I v t? t? v v -

5643 -Q? QGF vr GX -Q? Q r

v@ GX * (Tanaka Works), h 1875 t?GF (Tanaka Hasshige) *V v - ,% k 74 v \ v * Q*t; r GF k v- * Q *t;

1890 h (Hakunetsusha) v@ vxH . (incandescent lamp) *t; *t; h (Fujioka Ichisuge),

5644 - GF- GF t? tH v

* vr Ig& - v v (Kawasaki Shozo), *k - r v

74

Kaisha) v

1872 * * v v (Mitsui), (Ono) -vh (Ichijima-Tokujiro)- @ I v

5646 GF GF v v t?GF v

v v- (Horie) * * v tH vh * vo / Q; vh Q? vo v vo t vx* +U t V f h v v t? h

vh Q? v v v @ Q? v ,% - v h vh ,% h t? g v*

5647 vr r GFr v v- vr

v r t,% 1872 v{@H GF 8 8 * xH 32 E * E 210 * _* 600 _v 6 * 16

75

5648 Ig& ,% Q?Q

h * Q? vV (clan)- / P Ig& h I GF ,% v/ h vI Ig& v h Ig& v v v / h + *V @

565 1889-901868 v v Q? v v

k v Q v - vr * vr vr E 55 - + 1945 xHo Q?

1881 @ vr v 1890 ` g v v 1882 (Ito Hirobumi) @ hk * v v * Q * v Q?hk 1889 1890

(W. G. Beasley) + vdd (Lorenz Von Stein) Q +U * tH vx* [ *t; vr v ,% k tH v /

` P,% (Diet) E E

76

P h @ k k * @ * v g 15 v 1890 4 50 v-v v * v * * @+ _ vr tH

(Ryosuke Ishii)- ,% Q @ GF k (Oligarchy) v t; v v @ v v* v r @ v @ @ P @ (Diet) @ @ t?* & v v- * @ * Q k @ o @ Q? v Q

t; t +U v k vr v v Q t?& * v (Fairbank) v v f v` t? o v vQ? & Q v Q;,% k v @ v r v

v P v v r @ & t? v@ *r Oligarch- @ v Q; v v Oligarch vV GX vI v v t,% v vd vd @ tHC Oligarch- *Q

77

(W. W. McLaren)- Q Q?Q (absolute monarchy) v Q (limited monarchy) vQ; v v v v v Q? Q @k v Q? h ,% r

566 1868 v *V r

Q?*h v - @ * * v v v v + *V v+_ * r tH v GX vv r gy Q?Q *V * 1889 Q Q Q _ t,% v Q? Q @k Q? ,% 1889-

567 1 IQ v

2 1868 v r Ig& g

3 vr v v

4 vd vd vr *

5 @

6 Q? @ E @c

7 r xX g

1 hh 2 v GF 3 4 v GF 5 r

78

568 pJ1 o I

2 v* v *

3 Richard Storry : A History of Modern Japan.

4 K. Takahashi : The rise and development of Japans Modern economy.

5 W. W. Lockwood (ed) : The state and economic enterprise in Japan.

6 T. M. Huber : The revolutionary origins of modern Japan.

7 W. G. Beasley : The Modern history of Japan.

8 Perry Anderson : Lineages of the absolutist state.

79

57 p t ` v : Q X 1898-1911

570 !571 *t?572 1898 t `573 t ` *574 1900 R v-h

5741 R 5742 R ,%5743 R *5744 R

575 --v 1866-1925 1911 : Q X5751 X 5752 X *t;5753 --v 5754 Q X

576 577 578 579 pJ

570 ! v I ,% _

l f k * *

l * t? v v Q? t o *

l f ,%I * J * R ` K*

l 1911 X --v v& *Q *V

80

571 *t?,% j v v h Q ,% v&

Q f v - o 1842 @ - ao h Q * u -Q? * v f ,%k v v * v - x* vx* tH *h x* * v v *,% v v t ` g t `

t? I: P , o v t] o 1885-1910 Q? 430 v v k - o R * h v v v -Q? o XrI GX - (Min-Pao) go v --v v& h-v-T @ X *Q v& 1911 *Q --v

572 1898- t ` v * w f k

h hk tH v r v t? v Q?Q - v tH ! GF vV u A k,% - v v

81

* - g ,% r Q 82 Q? ` k vI 16 Concession Q? 200 v v v 10 v GF v 80 v 90 Q vGF CQ? * T o 1985 - o 1897 hk tH v Q? v W *V v *h v : I [*: * v v v T u v v v } oI Q? * Q

* Q? P`P u vQ? x* go * k 1860- * ao 1870 1880 I: Ir t? vI v& v r 1890- go T ` v T * u -u 1880- v v t ` ` v GF h x* tHx*v o v h `k v hh v v ao f v P`P * 1898- ` t ` t t; t v 103 11 1898_16 v{@H1898 ` E v

82

1895 v 1300 o @ -- v I hk hk tH k t tI W-Q? @ t k GF vr */ * h h *

v ` v t ` I @ v * vh T v * tH ,%

@ *I GF v g E v t k o ,% t? vh * vVhk t k Q v v v h t ` v\ T * k vr v v T tH h Ig& vx* t` h x* ` Q? t?& tH M Q; tH v hk h @c T t v v

t ` * Q?dd + v - vh * tH 1891 ` v h h f h v - v * ao t h Q? k * b P Q? Q?

83

- v t? t?& : Q?

v Q?dd h -h -

t +U go o h ao * t,% v v hk

* tH E tH @ V h t Q? *k v Q?* Wh Q @ r t Q *k / Q *kv E vV `

E vV t? k + *V t GF k v@I v v v v Q?hk v Ig&

t Q?r v x* * ` * v v h GF E v vx* -) * r Q; ` g vx* vr Ig& * v ` Ig t-o v t Q? K g

x* CQ? g GF g t-oT o r v Q; Q? * * k t @ ao o v

84

1897 v t u @H @ v v t Ig& h v v h v r

1898 * * qC 1898 11 @ v (edict) P I@ oQ?2 * t ` 103 16 v{@H :

1898- v v{@H T v I * vr t T * : h v v vI ao t? * @ v

t? ` vI v CQ? xH *V xHI vI hk r * v v *t; * GF GFI v k t v

@ @ @ h -t v* v h- -t] * v v ! -Q? h I v @ k v t? @ h-v ` t v * xH *V Q? t? v

573 t ` *t ` - ,%

v t T t-o t? t- * @ v GF t ` h tH * v t

85

Q? @ kI * ao t v * f k t vh ` k ` + @c - - ` @c ` v v @ v v,% t r */ v X ! * [ v t ` k GX v v * v ` v k t v v kI v ao

t ` v * v h o v t? k vVI * v* Q; t v Q? / t X ` v v --v

574 1900 R v-h - o Q? @ * o

* u ` t` v Ex* r v& I: I v v ` V @ u go

5741 R go v * v :

r *- GFr v tHC 1841 ` - v

86

1884-85 Q? vV vg u * ` v / Q; *dd- *- Po 1890- v h v g h vV t? E -

f * go vr : r v w GFX * v ` Q ` v v u r ` r / v r v vI v / v v vI ` ` vI GF Q 1880- [ v v v * v v

@ * * vr u vr f k u r t @ Q? u T Q? Q? u v + v , I Tr v Q? t @

1860 v @ IQ? [ u 1891 v v u- `I T tH-v` vx* v go * t v v vr I:I u- h( v

t? x*g R h( u go Q? *dd- I: v* go Q [ ` tH f- _ h( @c h

87

5742 R ,%1895 v I v h

* v xH I K h TT h `h- `h- / v `h k t?

t; 1895 1899 E K C - u v go v * x* go + - o * o + v o h v v u h h k Q?

v v t? v ,% v 18 vv 43 v o t] go 1850-1877 k * o v j v o v h (A. Feuerwerker) 1873-93 o v 8 v o v r 1 tH v r f h * @c v h h *

v * *vr v k vt? v v g v T dd hvdd v * t? To v * * t? [

88

v E t; 1886 1897 * 60 v t?

v ` v @ * v GF v * v v v t GF o t?GF [*: v , v v U

: Q; vh G Q v h: v v vrxH Q? 1885-1900 - Q? Q? tHC x*W - xH u

v h * -Q? v t] v v1880 v * t? * * @ - o h- T o 1898 v\ v Q? + * 90 v A v Q?hk v v Q? v 10 v v *

h * Q? u 80 v k v u _v v h- I t? ,%

1896-98- h- go T ` I: v& h Ig& ,%o v h V ao& / v\ h * ` r - h- v

89

* I h -

,% r ,%o v k v+U ` r *dd- Q? _ vtX v @ v v v *

,%o tH h v v\ v& E v -h v g Q? t? t? v ,%o Q; v v v\ v& v& v t? +U v& v tHC h- v X-h v / v

R vx* 70 x* v v t v v tH t?GF v` ` v

R Ig& ,% t; Q? + h - go v * v R vv v 12 v 18 Q? v . vVhk t . vVhk tt . vVhk v (Jean Chesneaux) I:I v v v u vdd

5733 R ** v R K r v

Q? v W v Q; g ` r h- - r R * [ 1898 = I Q; Q; GF

90

I 1900 - R + u ` v\` T d Q? +- Q I: * ` ,%C K*

Q? Q? kI W v v W ,% v v * * . 1900 * v u A ,% I . P

1901 16 @ * k t? v v 1901 hk (Protocol of 1901) tH hk h v h v v t-o45 v v R 5 t? ao v - t? o 45 v v t? v v v 2 v t

t,% v hk Q? vr yt? * @ v , v t? @c : h E & @

5744 R h R tHGF v

@ v @c v ` v vR t; / v h * vr v h tHC vxH k vV h t?& v v vVI k Q; 1900 *` * h T v-

91

Q?- Q `- v R - ` h @v rg @

R ,% v : @ h R f * v v v P`P @ P`P/ R rg @ go v * k o

hdddd (G. Dunstheimer)- R ` ao/ *dd-GF R * t xH / go * E I v vx* @ E Q; GX v v go R v rg tH v R ` go * ` t?& k ` * ` u o @ - oQ?

575 --v 1866-1925 1911 : Q X

1911 X h- *Q @- Q?- X Q X h v @ * go E ` x*g x* * --v X v x* @ Q? P`P rg v X v

1911 X t? * t? 1894-1904/ P t? 1905-1908/ t? 1909-1911 t? * k

92

h v` f o t h & v t p I: v- r --v- v& X vh --v X v\ tH v\ k * *

1866 vh * - v v --v v Q?dd v f vr v PJ ,% v Q? v v o 1883 u - u ` r

5751 X 1890- v f * `I f

t v 1890-92 --v * t-@ *t? v Q; *,% X h( h- *Q *V ! 1894 gy -h-T v vt? t? - - v- * r I: (Greenwood)vV --v 1895 ` * X h( GF / Q; GF v

v v v * w 1897 Q?v w u u R v vt t h * Q?dd P * Q ` v Q? v w

93

v q v K o v v t? x* -@ Bo v @ Q +U * t X ` h Q? - --v Q?Q X v Q Q? k v v v Q v * v Q Q; --v v Q Q h - --v X Q X v @c tH

--v *V -h-T XV vI Ig& h h-T T -T gy dd- --v T v v

1895 - o f v ` v * v -t 1898 t-` xH v v v* t X 1899- - k h -,% v v v h - k v: - h h X Q? v Q; 1899 v ,%I -,% v h h- kI * v: v @c v 10 --v X *

Q? v E k t? v v *,% h v v

94

v Q? 1986 h- v A v vQ? Q? k g * r t? v X h( X * t]h U R vtX o v t? v v v

t ` k t? --v Bo v X h( h- @c 1900-01 vV T-h( GF Q; h(I

h g v v v t? *,% t h v Xh( *,% X v v h R ` ` v Q; +U ` v v

1930 I o ` k v tH @c 1898 v t hj g f v h- * v h- [ v @ - v v & v tI v k ` ` h 1908 27 t

5752 X *t; X P t? r 1905 ,%

--v v r o v v f v v 1895 v h KxH v v v

95

R ` tH 1901- hk v v E v r h t? X v * v v t? -Q X v& v x*g --v *V h v T X 1905 *V X ` ht?

dd - h- t? k o * vVI E h( v ,% v kI t? v r --v I Ig& r v X & H k t? v v Ig& X ` v v @ v tHE` v t? v r --v * h v T r k

h v-v v X I I: r v h v-T h t v X v\` ` v Q? -h-T ` `\ h v * X - X tHx* h- o I:

5753 --v --v t; vtX h

*Q *V vtX + vI Q v * Q v ` v v vh tH v v k v Q?

96

X Q; Q t dddd -Q X Q * x*x* v v P h-tHQ Q? @v GX

h- h @ @ ,% v vv vr X ,% h- k @ * v & *V Xrr * ao v v v v *v @ * v Q; @ * * v r / W v vr k h * t? v k * v X t? hk @+ + * @ v o T v* v v

--v X t Q? t v - xH v / v v v *t? Q Q h v Q? v --v X t? v GX@] xH / Q? Q v X * -t?- * t? v + t? P t? + A v t? k Q o ` h + h

h v v v --v bb f Q _ k vI -Q?

97

Q_ v t? tH v tH v v X X - f vI Q *V * vVI - @ v h @Q

_ * * * X+ o v v o r v * tH K

j * k y K TI v o t? u_ GF Q? vr - P`P * k h v 1909 @H k,% GF GF +- *v v v v vI k,% u A ^ 1910- hk o v v * Q? *

h @ * u v vx* tHt] E t * v t; 1905-1911 - X h( tHC T h T v& T ` x* v& vh * T - v * v h h h T v& * - - v& ` h( *Q; t? +U h(

98

X Q? v X

5754 Q X ` r 1909 h

t ! X `v t v/ ! t? * v\ Q v\ *,% Q? v Q?

t? * v v\ Q vI @ k Q v tH * g ` ` ` h- * v v v v / P v tH v tH t? + h o v + v v & tH v: * h `

h t * t ` @- *- tao h V ,% --vv& h v-T- v @ v *t;E @ I:I v k -- h- X ` C v x* _ h

1911 X r v{@H h h( 9 = - v t t t] X h(GF v - v` * v 11 = X - v r 13 * X o --v h*Q v v --v Q?

99

h *Q 1112 1 - v *Q -- Q?hk Q *Q + Q -

1911 X Q X vx* Q? X Ig& * X v - v@H t GF * GF v\ X h * * v v@H v h I v T* - GF * t tH

576 1911- X I @

* 1839-42 o hk tH Q? hv- I: X ox* x* _ @ X v v v X v Q; X v v v I I t? ao t? X v --v * h v T *V ,% rv X * I:I v vr r X Po -Q X h- *Q *V

* r +U X o vT- Q? @ k * go v k v I tH X @ ,% Q? k vh

100

@ Q Q? h +U r v -- & r v 1911- X : r v-h- v& --v X t; 1949 -Q X -Q X v& v

577 * *V hk go

+U h P f k * @ go h Q? go X R 1911 *Q X *Q 1911 X @ Q? X h *Q Q; ,% Q Q?b*V @ t? f Q? * *Q 1911 X *V X @ X--v *V -- h *v ,% Q; h *Q ,% --Q Q *V X t? --v Q t? * Q *V ---go P X * P X --vh h Q *Q --v f ,% v hkI v,% 1925 : + -v-- v& 1949 *Q X

578 1 + *x

1898 t ` * g

t + g

101

t ` g

R v-h ` *

R ` ,%

R ` o g

--v X ` +

t-` X ` g

--v g

X t? vI ,% g

1911- X @

2 v

--/ t @Hao / R ` / 1901- k/ -h-T/ h v T - t/ X I: / k,% GF/ ` -

579 pJ1 o I v*

2 v* v * t?

3 Isreal Epstein : From Opium War to Liberation.

4 Peking series : The Reform Movement of 1898.

5 Peking series : The Yi Ho Tuan Movement of 1900.

6 Peking series : The Revolution of 1911.

7 Jean Chesmeaux : From the Opium War to the 1911 Revolution.

8 W. Franke : A Centuary of the Chienese Revolution.

9 Lyon Sharman : Sun Yat-Sen.

10 H. Z. Sehiffrin : Sun Yat-Sen and The Origins of the Chinese Revolution.

102

58 p h k *V 1911-1921

580 !

581 *t?

582 h k 1912-1918

583

584 GF

585 t vr

586 4 v 1919 `_v

5861 v*

5862

5863 ` r *

5864 ` Ig&

5865 `

5866 ` o

5867 `

587 1921

588

589

5810 pJ

580 !1911 : Q X v 1921 *V Q? _

l -- & *V v,% l *,% go v --v X *

103

l v l GF -t l 1919- 4 v- ` v* l 4 v- ` - * l *V

581 *t?1911 Q X h- Q; v

--v o -- v v -- Er @ tH v Q; tH 1916 h hh * X * vr *t; GF t vr dd --v 1919 4v- ` R* 1921 *V 1911 v 1921 v v ` r

582 h k 1912-19181911 : Q X --v h v-T

hdd r r v X/ Q; h X X

1911 h +U --v v o 1912 14 vug -- ,% v v v vI o o *Qr t? k o h ,% tH v kI v r-- ,% v *t; --v Q? *

,% v -- & *V ,% v

104

* t? Q o Q? WvVI g v v h v v * ` h dd V -v *Q * Q; h dd- h @ * v -- Xgo o v / u WI fQ? 25 v r kk v EU *

1913 xH v ` --v go P X v o v v o h( X k * ` v v o hdd-vv v

1914 * xHo g h r v r o `h* v o K o v Q? v @ k v

* 1915 18 ,% v ,%--- h v v Iv v t? v v ,% 1919- 4 v ` v

583 I (Goodnow)- -- @

1916- 1 Q; : (Tsai Ao), h v (Chu Teh) - v v E * tH --v v v * Q go v u v--- h @ 1916 h

105

v V r / v t? v ,% Q v (Anhwei) * vV ,% v (Hopei) *V u ,% ,% vV_ h v vV v * v\ h * E t? @ k t o tv Q? Q

vV * - ,% vV v h - (Tuan Chi-jui) v 200 v (Nishihara loan) 1917- k,% go o v vV xHo r v * tH v v ` * o v Q; vV * t v V

--- h --v xHo oQ? v v r v o v t? @ Q go o ! *V r v Q; * v *t; v

584 GF* xHo Q? GF @c P k o g

r / WI v v v@ ao v GF v v hk Iv @c

GF P 1914 v 1924 Q? GF v GF GF v

106

v h v I Ig& Q; GF v / * v v lc * r GF o v GF v x* *v v v GF / h v ` GF GF v t? h GF tGF h v v * t; x* v GX * v Q ,% - v * tH v lc Q;,% @c

585 t vr * o Q? vo

1916 * *r * ao h Q Q? t? r v ` (pai hua) v * v v r v v @ v v v @c v v vr Ig& h- GX ` 4 v ` V @k

586 4 v 1919 `_v 1919 4 v - r * go

` ` r r o vo X C v ` 4 v-` C / r o 1917 v 1921 Q? t; 4 v` t * r f v v ` v * Ig&

107

* v* @ v v v * v r v / Q? Q?Q -N v P v f * v t? v * v r * xHo g o v *h GF t? W *V v * h Q? xHo v Q? *-*+ o vI Q? v GFI @

vr k V vV/ tHx* v`x* h h vx*_h GF T x*x* Q? v ao v v v v t; v Q? (warlords) * @H 4 v` I o k tH v` h o vx* vx* f v E vtX v o t; 4 v ` t? k o

5861 v* r ` T

I& v v v Ig& 4 v o Bo v tH ,% *V go g 1894-95 - o v vtX o * @ * v g v Bo 1915 21- - ,%

108

1915 18 k Q (Hioki Eki) ,% -- h- v I h Q?- `h - - Q I v * Q @ h- Q?hk I vr* t * * rr * -Q? TI o * [ v r 7v T v v T tH ,%-- 9v t? v v tHC ` r k 7v 9v v- (Chow Ise-tsung)- h v t,% * h Bo v v * t (Scott Nearing)- Bo 4 v ` v vtX k vr k * -h P Q? vr v GF v ,% vV hdd---

t; v - ` v * 1915 19 vug h-- v* 1915 18 *V - r oQ? ` v ` ` Qt? v 25 -- ` * ` vQ? v t? v GF

t ` v r P ,% v t? v r vI A h-- r v v h + ,%

109

r r v v r go o v r GX T X ` v / h + T- r X * vr X X v r @ h @c P ` *

r v t v r ,% r 4 v `v& / ` h v p X * - X o A * v X - v h-- v o v * v h-- X v t; 4 v `

1915 h- v v r v v v h- r * 4 v ` Ig& vh v r v t,% k * v r ! Q? t T- v v Q; vr T v v r v v - gy

1917 g v r X g 1916 26@H h o v - (Tsai Yuan-Pei) xHA v v - r o xH v v t ` h A vxH - +U v h xH Q? t GX --v X hv-T- * vr P * v *

110

xH E v@ Q; xH ,% ,% Q r tH xH @H o P`P o h

1918 - r h v (Hsin Chao) gy r * r v ,% Q? j r * * 1919 1 * v tH r * aoI = X * t,% * * ao v - xH * * Ig& v v v k v v v ao / v v ,% v X v Q v = X v Q ktHQ t Q k+ v-- Q?r R / Q? Q Q x* v

h v vg (Kuo-Ku) r o h t * *k Q; o * t?

h t ` v g o @ T * v t,% v h ` - ,% r * vo vr ` * 1917 v h v T * v-h *V h - v - *V * o p p k p o - t p v t r * r T P v-h

111

5862 4 v ` 1919- Q? h @

k h- v v h- v k t? h-2 h- t? Q; v / v v v *

vr xH v v

5863 ` r *1919 4 v - r `

h v tH t? v r v: - r 3 300 v r v: t? Q` r `

4 v v 3 ` * t? P t? r v t?` v\` v - h t? x*x* v& 5 v 11 Q? tGF hGF 70 x* t u I x* v v v v v v * x*x* ` x* v v ` vh t? - r ` vv 5 GF I ao v `

4 v ` - x*r vVhk v* `v v o ` r v v Q? v * hk tH v v 4 v `

5864 ` Ig& v-- 4 v- `

112

* o Bo v * f v vo * P v * o f k v / v o v f v * * 1894-95 o Q? v P @c o v f v v v h 4 v ` o v +UI f xX v / @ @ h t h

5865 ` 4 v ` g v T rr *

t * Ig& v Q? Q? k hQ?

GX vr o h h * ao* 1916 r * ao v - Q? Q v h Q? vx*V o *Vv-h-- h Q? v lc h tH * (Wu Yu)- h Q V tH + o +U * t?& xH *

vr v vr h ,% + v` t;V t? * v o v @c * E v h X Q v GF ht u

113

* v - (Hsu Mou-Yung) X - h

vr v v V v v*+ Ig& v vV go r *V Q? v v-h- b vV tH T E go K 4 v ` h v K v-h-v v ao ! vt? Q? v * h Q? * v & v k v +* b ao v v v g / t? 4 v` Q? X h

v tH x* Q? o T x*x* ` k

4 v ` * * -,% o Q Q k tH o Q? Ig& v @ t; ` x*g 1921 *V 4 v ` 1949 Q X

5866 ` o4 v ` +U o

v-- 4 v ` v Ig& h Ig& ,% xX t vr ,% v - o @c

5867 ` 4 v ` r

114

,% *k T - v h- T ,% * v-h

*k 4 ` v- ` * k tH & P`P/ h

v- v- h h v * v X Q? t? xH o -N t? v P v- Q?k * -v Q? 4 v ` ` ! v* h v v v v f * h , - v- k v 4 v ` v h ,%

,% *k v-h- 4 v ` @- Q?- -Q X GX@] ` * * go t X ,% - 4 v ` h Q v/ = X * * xH X @- k v x* r lc x* Ig& v ` v 1919- 4 v` h

587 19211919- 4 v ` x* ` t?

Po o T x* v v Y v r * x*x* Q? * x* ` R-v vr

115

1920 , * R vV *V Q T R vV Q v v v 1921 Q? v

588 1912 14 vug X tH v*` --v

Q? k + - - k o t? *Q vV h ,% & Q? tH f @ kI v*`

1913 @ * - h v *xH -v v& P X *I h( o

v --v 1914 * *t; v h o bo v T v X *V 1914 * xHo g h * v v rk v v 1916 @ v,%

* Q? E T * E u v * p h v v * *h -

*h v h Q ` X E 1919- 4 v ` = X x*g R 4 v ` I& 4 v R g v v v v - v&

116

v g 1921 * V -

589 1 + *x

- & v vdd * 1919 4 v `

g 4 v ` vI ,% g 4 v ` o xX g 4 v ` Ig&

2 v / GF/ h- / -/ v h-/

5810 pJ1 Isreal Epstein : From Opium War to Liberation.2 Jean Chesneaux : From the 1911 Revolution to Liberation.3 Jian Bogan, Shao Xungzeng & Hunua : A Concise History of China.4 Chow Tse-tsung : The May 4th Movement Intellectual Revolution in Modern

China.

5 Lucien Brinio : Origins of the Chinese Revolution.6 Amitendranath Tagore : Literary Debotes in Modern China 1919-1937.

117

59 p 1890-1915 Q? (

590 !591 *t?592 (593 - o 1894-95

5931 - o !5932 - o 5933 - o

594 g- o 1904-055941 g- o 5942 g- o

595 @e ,% 5951 Q? - 1905-19155952 Q? *

596 597 598 pJ

590 *t? v v I _

l goo ,% f k * *

l (

l @ * v

l k Q? vr *V GF ,% h

l * ,% *

118

591 *t? j v * * ,% k

,%C ( 1867 uj Q *V * Q? vr Q?Q ,% v v *

Q *V k v\ k tHE` *

592 ( ( v @

CQ? * @ t; rg v + v * r ( v Q? * @

1860- Q? u 1860- v 1880- Q? u k v / v ,% @ u k P t? hk-`I+ @c o +U v-v v h u v v *+ v vt? v f vI @c g u@ v @c f k Q? v Q? vr Ig& - * u Q?@ vr / Q; 1880- P v v * v * t,% v ,% u k v v o

v

119

rg P Q? v v - v I& v-v Ig& v t;vh v v Q? vr v * v` v f Q? tHC t v` h + hh vA +U v *,% vV v v v,% v vV v * v v * v v t Ig&

1878 g w v 1879 v 1883 v v 12 Q? 73 o v v 2 v 1894 t 1883- v` J v :*-o o * o

v t? r v 1872 v-Q 17 o- v 14 1875-76 k 1878 v w v 1882 1886 1892 h h v v 1894 o v 57000 28 24 v v v vr Ig& t; - !o v GF @ Q v v Q 1890 v v v Q v30 / 1906 ! v

120

* t; * * k

593 - o 1894-95 r v f v

h Ig& t?d t? Ig& v hk tH ao I * x* * E v v v @c ,% 1881 h v v* v @eQ? t? v` v v v v v\ oQ? v v Q? vr t? tH *

5931 - o ! d (W.G. Beasley)- v @c v-v

* v t vv & v t f go P @c f k- h v v v vv v v v f vI v v t; ! h k *V

5932 - o t; 1894-95- - o v v 1876

v v ` * k Q; v vh v ,% (Vassual state), v v v v hk o v r * t? v

121

V 1884 v k @c

Q; 1894 v v Q?- - h( v ,% h v + v k v 1885 tH v v *h+ v - h ,% v Ig& v v\ v Ig& ,% v +- @ t? *P v @c P v v * goQ?

v v Q? v vt v t ! v * * t? T v v GF v * v - o@c

5933 - o 1894-95 o 1895 *

v hk tH hk hk vtH tH v h v v + / h k / Q? v/ v tH

- o * v * h v Q? vr k Ig& o v

122

@c h Q? k * v 1896 v h 6 k 1898 v v` u v t h v o v * ! o 1893 ! 1 v 50 / 1896 v 5 v 30 v v

GF v v GF Ig& J GF GF v GF ,%V k

go o t v1899 h * v h R v& v v Ig& 1901 hk tH v *: v GX v v @ 1904 k o

594 g- o 1904-051904 g- o *V k lc

k o o v - h v - v v aotH o

5941 g- o t; v v\ go o

t 1895 hk tH v * t? g R g h @+ v h v v h v v v 25 v v

123

` v ,% t? W v v v v v v v v v v t?

v tH h v\ v v v @e v k v Q? h tH t? 1902 u hk o utH v v v vr r hk v o u A o v v u hk xHv h tH

GX v R g v h * * k,% 1898 dd- * t? g h k P v-v v v v v*x*g v v E / h * Q; k,% u * @c +U 1903 @ h tHxX,% v

t,% v tH o h v v E / h Q? -Q? v *t; v Er v h# W h *t; / v vr tH t?&tH v v Q

o v v v 1902 tH- hk hk tH 1904 vug g- o g

124

o * vr Q; +U v ,% v ,% v*` g^ 1905 @ v v v o v X Q; Q? E o @c

5942 g- o 1905 v{@H v hk tH v hk

hk * v tH tH P v v h v v h v h vGF v v v v v h h - v P v V o` v/r * h v/ 2 v v * : * v h t v* ,% v v y * h v v v h v v v GF

v hk * Q; @ Q; v - t? P P v v v h o - @ t? )v v v v v *t? o h xHk K* @ h( T * k k * v_ ` vr h v *

125

` g v v g / o v f k t go o @ ( 1910 v K*

595 @e ,%

5951 Q? 1905-1915@ v t

h o xH + v *h v GF v v v@ * tH hk-`I v / I k t; 1901 1905 v r ! v g f vI h r 1911 h *Q *V Q? t? o A w k,% W *h v *t? v v v v / v v h v vV Q?hk v v C

* xHo g 1914 u hk - u Q? v tH v t? o k rt? *Q? t? v 15 v t? J v v v v v go * xHo v v *Q? PJ h

126

* v @ @

Q? * v 1915 k Q (Hioki Eki) h-- v I v v t? I k I h Q? h - Q t; t? * & h- y * k v I v v v Q? vr v Q v vr / Ig& I-v\I v * Q / v v - J v t v / * v vr h * v

5952 Q? * h-- * v

I v v tH v x* * t * v Ev vI t? k,% k go 7 v r v 8 v * I v v I @Hao oQ? v h

v*` -- I v v v 7 9 v _ ` Q? h / xH v v vv go g - v Q? :- GF

127

596 Q *V v v*

GF rI v @ GF *

597 1 + *x

( * g

( k

- o 1894-95 g

g- o 1904-05 g

Q? t? * g

2

hk 1895

v hk 1905

h-- 1915

598 pJ1 o I

2 Richard Story : A History of Modern Japan.

3 W. G. Beasley : The Modern History of Japan.

4 K. S. Latourette : The History of Japan.

5 F. O. Reischauer : Japan, Past and Present.

128

60 p @ ,%C *V 1915-1931

600 !601 *t?602 603 -@ - 1914-1922604 @ @H 1921-vug 1922

6041 @ Ig&605 @ v h Q? Q?

1922-19316051 Q?

606 R *607 608 609 pJ

600 ! @ ,%C *

v I _l l vV t @ Ql @ ol - @l @l Q? l Q ol - R Q

129

601 *t?* xHo * * *

t? 1915-1931 Q? * ( 1915 21 v v xHo * I + v * * v k * f *Q? vr *P`P * @ 1921 @ *Q? v-k *P`P u ao *t; v @ ) h * ,%

1889 k *V ,% v *VI vd t *V E o vV vV GF * v v v GF-*V v W * Q *+ * vV @

602 (Zaibatsu System) j h vV (financial clique)

vV Q?hk v h GF *,% v *h GF * GF v v@ v GF v v@ vh h x*o @c ao o v * (Diet)- go v k vVhk _v

130

*P`P * v v Vhk v - g (InouyeKaoru)- @ @ * vr 1889- v * vr t?

* xHo GFr v GF o o+ f v Q T W v ao / GF & GF t? v Iv v@I Q I *t? v * vr g

vd vd v GF v Q? v v P v vI k GF v hg h 1930- t k h h v -

f v v r / v vv v@ v/ v v v GF / v & / vI & r W t;1920 1930- xH k Q?hk

603 @ - 1914-1922* xHo g v @ Q? @

t? * xHo xH h @ k

131

o o k - k ,% o u go o v 1914 h v vv 1915 21- @H r v v v + 1918 w A t? 1917 g X v v Q v - v xH v k ,% Q v v v v T * w A * t? v v 1920 v + v k 1922 v 1925 + v h t; * xHo k @ k K* k,% @ k fQ?

* xHo v h Q? @ v*` o @c Q? @c o- P hk o- Thk v ! @

604 @ @H 1921_vug 1922 @ v * vr

v v ao h k tH tH v h- v v v k,% W v @c o u + v Q? t? I Q v} v Q *V v k * @c h t? Q? t; k,% @

132

v v v o @c E u k,% o - hk u 1921 *t? + *Q? t? @ 1921-22 V

hk 1921 @H k * *Q? - v tH v 7 hk 3 hk *

1 *Q? PI N @ & u A k,% tH hk hk 13 @H1921 tH hk hk t v v v

2 - vk v-* u k,% u A tH k hk hk vd v o d v (W. R. Keylor)- @ * k tH hk v o vI 10 v 8 v k k,% u A v 5 5 3 1 175 175 v ho u- k,% *Q? t? I h v - k,% u @ v - v

3 k hk vug 1922 k u k,% A v v vh *xHo -Q h vxHo v @ +U h tH v @ k,% h * v 4 vug P hk tH k hk tH & tH v tH tH v v Ig& v v @ k* v hk v v v `

133

t? C v v t; Q? v k v G vr v Q & f * +U h * Ig& v

6041 @ Ig& xH @ @ d (W.

G. Beasley)- @ Q? @ vr+ W khk @ k vk o * / k hk - h v v,% @ v v tH @

@ o v k hkvk o * *Q? vk **V v (W. R. Keylor)- v h h tH k,% u - @c f *Q? *P * *V

h * v r v o hk 1842 tH v u A k,% v * k Q? h V K Q? y t? Q? f v/ - k Q & t; u @ k v @ . t v v h * v Q? Q / * Q Qv v t; Q? vr + * v*

@ Ig& - v v,% v hk v tH hk v + hk

134

! - v u hk @c E t; @ v - v - o Pk-v v v vr u v k,% + vr v w u- I + M

@ hk tH 1925 + v @ v 1931 Q? t? ,% t? v v v Q Q? o @ ) 1931 h hh h *V

605 @ v h Q? Q? 1922-1931

v v g 1931 Q? ( @ r K*

* xHo * o-,% v *h o t : ao * g r ` v@ t? GF v t : * * k,% GF v v v *t; v v Q? GFr v v I h vVI *

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135

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608 pJ1 Fairbank, Reischeaner, Craig : East Asia Tradition and Transformation.

2 K. S. Latourette : The History of Japan.

3 W. R. Keylor : The Twentieth Century World.

4 Reihard Storry : A History of Modern Japan.

5 John Halliday : A Political History of Japanese Capitalism.

6 o I *

141

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