iot essentials guide · 6 example, companies often provide or publish c++ source and header files...

IoT Essentials Guide

Internet of Things (IoT) and the Smart Home are device concepts that have been steadily gainingpopularity with consumer companies. The idea is simple—connect devices, especially home appliancesor systems, to the Internet to make them “smarter” or easier to use. Our IoT Essentials Guide will help youchoose the right components you need to build your very own IoT smart-home projects from scratch!We are not limited to just finding and buying smart home products—why not make them ourselves?

The topics covered in our IoT Essentials Guide:

●• Microcontroller and basic computer options for your IoT projects●• Overview of various types of sensors and how to implement them in IoT projects●• List of Do-It-Yourself IoT project ideas●• Networking and internet connection board options

You will also have the opportunity to enter to win FREE sample sensor kit! You won’t want to miss this!

Presented by Rohm

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THE ESSENTIALS FOR ANY DIY IOT PROJECT!

This is a comprehensive guide of all the essentials for making your IoT projects! The guide will describesensors, microcontrollers, and internet connection boards, and will provide some examples of DIY IoTprojects around the home for you to start building!

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Microcontroller/Computer:

●• The “brain” of any IoT project●• Users define the functionality of their IoT projects by programming these control boards to repeatedly run a series of routines.●• The routines are generally comprised of three parts (examples of these operations are italicized)● – Acquire Data - check the brightness outside from sunlight● – Process Data - compare the level of brightness to a threshold level● – Trigger resulting events - if the brightness outside is above some threshold, open the blinds

The Essentials for any DIY IoT Project! This is a comprehensive guide of all the essentials for making your IoT projects! The guide will describe sensors, microcontrollers, and internet connection boards, and will provide some examples of DIY IoT projects around the home for you to start building!

Microcontroller/Computer:

● The “brain” of any IoT project ● Users define the functionality of their IoT projects by programming these control boards to repeatedly run a series of routines. ● The routines are generally comprised of three parts (examples of these operations are italicized)

○ Acquire Data - check the brightness outside from sunlight ○ Process Data - compare the level of brightness to a threshold level ○ Trigger resulting events - if the brightness outside is above some threshold, open the blinds

Microcontroller

● A small processor that runs some routines repeatedly, but is limited in capability

● Cannot store files to media drives without some additional hardware, for example

● Some common microcontrollers are the Arduino and spin-offs like the NetDuino

Computer

● A processor capable of performing regular computer functions at a smaller scale

● Generally more powerful than a microcontroller and useful for applications that require a large amount of processing

● Often harder to implement than microcontroller solutions

● Some common small-scale computers are the Raspberry Pi and the BeagleBone

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Arduino

Microcontroller Chip ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Power Supply 7-12V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (6 also provide PWM)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)

of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Dimensions 68.6 mm X 53.4mm

Raspberry Pi

SoC

Broadcom BCM2837

CPU 4× ARM Cortex-A53, 1.2GHz

GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV RAM: 1GB LPDDR2 (900 MHz)

Networking 10/100 Ethernet, 2.4GHz 802.11n wireless

Bluetooth

Bluetooth 4.1 Classic, Bluetooth Low Energy

Storage

microSD

GPIO

40-pin header

Ports HDMI, 3.5mm analogue audio-video jack, 4× USB 2.0, Ethernet, Camera Serial Interface (CSI), Display Serial Interface (DSI)

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Netduino

Microcontroller Chip AT91SAM7X512

GPIO Operating Voltage

3.3V (5V tolerant)

Power Supply 7V to 12V DC

Digital I/O Pins 14 (4 also provide PWM, 4 also serve as UART pins)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 4

Analog Input Pins 6 (2 also serve as I2C SDA/SCL)

DC Current per I/O Pin 16 mA

Flash Memory 128KB code storage, 60KB RAM

Clock Speed 48 MHz

Dimensions 68.6 mm X 53.4mm

Beaglebone

SoC

TI OMAP3530

CPU ARM Cortex-A8, 720MHz

GPU TI TMS320C64x+ and Imagination Technologies PowerVR SGX 2D/3D

Networking 10/100 Ethernet

Storage

Onboard and SD

GPIOs

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GPIO Operating Voltage

3.3V

Ports HDMI, S-Video, USB AB, USB, SD/MMC, Stereo in and out, RS-232, JTAG

Programming Language

Multiple languages: Python, C++, Java, etc.

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Sensors:

Temperature Sensor

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10988

http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Texas-Instruments/LM61CIZ-NOPB

IC TMP36 LM61

Dimensions 5.1mm X 5.1mm X 5.1 mm 5.2mm X 4.2mm X 3.8mm

Sensing Range

Power Supply 2.7V to 5V DC 2.7V to 10V DC

Datasheet http://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Temp/TMP35_36_37.pdf

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm61.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Produces a voltage proportional to the temperature relative to a “zero” value.

What It Measures Temperature of a surface or the surrounding environment

Required Math in Control Software Some sensors will require calculation to relate the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature value (The specific equation for the conversion can usually be found on the sensor’s datasheet) Other sensors will come with provided libraries for the programming language being used. For

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example, companies often provide or publish C++ source and header files as Arduino libraries.

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Networked thermostat: internet-connected statistics on house temperature settings and conditions

● Refrigerator/Freezer failure notifier: notifies the user when the fridge is no longer functional ● Automatic window control: open the windows on warm days to cool the house and save on A/C

energy costs. ● Plant Monitoring and Watering Device: http://www.deviceplus.com/how-tos/arduino-guide/an-

arduino-plant-monitoring-watering-device/

White Light (Photoresistor) Sensor


http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/luna-optoelectronics/PDV-P5003/PDV-P5003-ND/480601

Dimensions 4.3mm X 5.1mm X 36mm 9.3mm X 11mm X 25.4mm

Max Voltage 150V 350V

Resistance Range 8kΩ (light) to 1MΩ (dark) 12kΩ (light) to 1MΩ (dark)

Datasheet http://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/LightImaging/SEN-09088.pdf

http://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Photonic%20Detetectors%20Inc%20PDFs/PDV-P5003.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Resistance changes proportionally with the intensity of light in the surrounding environment. This can be used to produce a proportional voltage.

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Photoresistors come in many sizes in many Ω ranges

What It Measures The brightness of white light present in the surrounding environment

Required Math in Control Software Applications will require comparing the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a threshold value Example: if (brightness > threshold)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Automatic window blinds control: open the blinds during the day and close them during at dusk ● Plant Monitoring and Watering Device: http://www.deviceplus.com/how-tos/arduino-guide/an-

arduino-plant-monitoring-watering-device/

Proximity/Ambient Light Sensor

http://www.robotshop.com/ca/en/roboard-ir-proximity-ambient-light-sensor.html

http://www.icstation.com/ap3216-ambient-light-sensorals-proximity-sensorps-p-7958.html

IC Si1143 AP3216C

Power Supply 1.8V to 3.6V DC 3.3V DC

Communication I2C I2C

Proximity Range 150mm (<2.5kLx light) or 500mm (>2.5kLx light) 365Lx, 1460Lx, 5840Lx, 23360Lx

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Datasheet http://www.robotshop.com/media/files/pdf/datasheet-rm-g201.pdf

http://www.dyna-image.com/upfiles/english/en_product_caty01430291326.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication I2C or SPI protocols: Proximity/Ambient Light Sensors typically communicate via the I2C or SPI protocols, sending data regarding the proximity of nearby objects and the intensity of white light in the surrounding environment

What It Measures Both nearness of other objects and ambient light in the surrounding environment

Required Math in Control Software Calculations for proximity sensing and ambient light-level sensing will typically be handled by either the sensor module itself or by libraries provided by the manufacturer.

Sample Home IoT Projects ● DIY home security system: networked security system that alerts you or the authorities when an intrusion has occurred

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

https://www.parallax.com/product/28015

Dimensions 22mm X 46mm X 16mm

Power Supply 5V DC

Sensing Range 2cm to 3m

Datasheet https://www.parallax.com/sites/default/files/downloads/28015-PING-Documentation-v1.6.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Digital:

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When the microcontroller pin is configured as an output, a digital “high” sends an ultrasonic ping, and “low” stops sending an ultrasonic ping When the microcontroller as an input, a digital “high” indicates that a ultrasonic ping has bounced back to the sensor and been read.

What It Measures Distance to other objects

Required Math in Control Software Ping time must be converted to distance using the ultrasonic signal travel speed and the equation d = r * t / 2, where d is the distance the signal traveled, r is the speed at which the ultrasonic signal travels, and t is the time between the ping send and receive.

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Mail Notifier: Notifies a user via SMS when there is mail in his or her mailbox ● Parking assistant: a device on the curb or on the user’s driveway that indicates when the car is at a good

position. Helps keep the car close to the curb while also preventing misjudgment in tricky driving maneuvers ● Arduino Hexapod Robot: http://www.deviceplus.com/how-tos/arduino-guide/how-to-arduino-hexapod-part-1-

mechanics-and-wiring/ ● Motion-Controlled Lamp: http://www.deviceplus.com/how-tos/raspberrypi-guide/how-to-create-a-motion-

control-lamp-with-raspberry-pi/

Hall Effect Sensor


https://www.adafruit.com/product/158

IC US1881 US5881

Power Supply 3.5V to 24V DC 1.8V to 28 DC

Datasheet https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/General/Hall-US1881EUA.pdf

https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/US5881_rev007.pdf

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Specs/Outputs/Communication Digital: The sensor outputs a digital “low” when a magnetic field is present and a “high” when a magnetic field is not present.

What It Measures Presence of a magnetic field

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Garage monitor: Allows the user to remotely check if the garage is open or closed through the internet. Notify the user via text message when he or she has left the garage open for too long (i.e. if he or she has left home). A magnet could be placed on the door and the hall-effect sensor could be placed on the ground.

Accelerometer

https://www.adafruit.com/product/163


IC ADXL377 HMC6343

Dimensions .75in X .75in 0.8 in x0.8 in

Power Supply 5V DC 3.3V DC

Sensing Range ±3g acceleration measurement in each axis ±2g

Output Analog (-3g = 0V, 0g = 3.3V, +3g = 5V)

Datasheet http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADXL377.pdf

https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Magneto/HMC6343.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog or I2C/SPI, depending on the module.

What It Measures Acceleration in 3 axes

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Required Math in Control Software Applications will require comparing the acceleration components’ values to threshold values Example: if (acceleration_x > max_acceleration_x)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Pet detector: keep track of your pets when they enter or leave the house by placing an accelerometer on the pet door to determine when it has been opened.

● Remote light control: turn a light on or off with a flick of a remote ● Smart Bike Lighting System: http://www.deviceplus.com/how-tos/arduino-guide/smart-arduino-

bike-lighting-system/

Gyroscope

https://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-69814/l/gyroscope-module-3-axis-l3g4200d

https://www.adafruit.com/products/1714

IC L3G4200D IC L3DG20H gyroscope and LSM303 accelerometer/magnetic compass

Dimensions .85in X .80in Dimensions 38mm X 23mm

Power Supply 2.7 to 6.5V DC Output 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis magnetic compass (“9 degrees of freedom”)

Communication I2C and SPI Power Supply 2.6V to 3.6V DC

Datasheet https://www.parallax.com/sites/default/files/downloads/27911-Gyroscope-3-Axis-L3G4200D-Guide-v1.1.pdf

Accelerometer Sensing Ranges ±2g, ±4g, ±8g, ±16g options

Gyroscope Sensing Ranges ±250°/s, ±500°/s, ±2000°/s options

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Magnetic Compass Sensing Ranges ±1.3gauss, ±1.9gauss, ±2.5 gauss, ±4.0gauss, ±4.7gauss, ±5.6gauss, ±8.1gauss

Communication I2C

Datasheets https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/LSM303DLHC.PDF --- https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/L3GD20.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication I2C or SPI protocols: Gyroscopes typically communicate via the I2C or SPI protocols, sending separate data for angular velocity around the x, y, and z-axes.

What It Measures Angular velocity (typically in 3 axes)

Required Math in Control Software

Applications will require comparing values for the angular velocity in each axis to threshold values Example: if (omega_x > max_omega_x)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● DIY robot vacuum: Use a gyroscope for accurate (closed-loop) driving/control ● Arduino Bluetooth Gloves: http://www.deviceplus.com/how-tos/arduino-guide/arduino-bluetooth-gloves/

Potentiometer Sensor


http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/tt-electronics-bi/P0915N-FC15BR10K/987-1649-ND/4780740

http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/bourns-inc/PTA3043-2010CIB103/PTA3043-2010CIB103-ND/3781185

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Total Rotation Travel 300° 300°

Resistance Range 5kΩ to 1MΩ 1kΩ to 500kΩ 1kΩ to 250kΩ

Datasheet https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/General/R12-0-.pdf

http://www.bitechnologies.com/pdfs/p09x.pdf http://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/pta.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Resistance changes proportionally with the position of the knob (can be used to produce a proportional voltage) Linear potentiometers have knobs that slide along a straight path, interpreting linear motion. Rotary potentiometers have knobs that turn along a central axis, interpreting angular motion. Come in many sizes in many Ω ranges.

What It Measures Linear or Rotary Position

Required Math in Control Software

Applications will require comparing the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a threshold value Example: if (linear_position > threshold)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● DIY dimming lamps: allows lights around the home to be dimmed to the user’s preference

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Pressure (Force-Resistive) Sensor


http://www.robotshop.com/en/interlink-electronics-circular-fsr-short-34-00015.html

Force Sensitivity Range .1N to 10N .2N to 20N

Resistance Range 2.5kΩ (max pressure) to 1MΩ (no pressure) >10 MΩ

Sensing Pad .3in diameter 14.7mm diameter

Dimensions 1.76in X .28in 30mm X 25mm

Datasheet http://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/ForceFlex/2010-10-26-DataSheet-FSR400-Layout2.pdf

http://www.robotshop.com/media/files/pdf/datasheet-34-00005.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Resistance changes proportionally with the pressure applied (can be used to produce a proportional voltage)

What It Measures Force applied (warning: large instantaneous forces can damage the sensor)

Required Math in Control Software Voltage Analog-Digital conversion integer value must be calibrated (define zero-load integer value and max-load integer value) Applications will require comparing the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a threshold value Example: if (pressure > threshold)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● DIY security system: place pressure sensors under or on items or places that you don’t want touched. The system could send alerts about and record which items are taken.

● Smart laundry: reminds the user to do the laundry when the bin is nearly full.

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Barometric Pressure Sensor

http://www.robotshop.com/en/bmp180-barometric-pressure-temperaturealtitude-sensor.html


IC BMP180

Communication I2C

Power Supply 1.8V to 3.6V DC

Measurement Range 300 to 1100 hPa

Measurement Resolution .02 to .06 hPa

Datasheet http://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Pressure/BMP180.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication I2C or SPI protocols: Barometric pressure modules typically communicate via the I2C or SPI protocols, sending barometric pressure data in Pa or hPa.

What It Measures Atmospheric pressure in the surrounding environment

Required Math in Control Software Applications will require comparing values for the barometric pressure to threshold values Example: if (air_pressure > threshold)

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Sample Home IoT Projects ● DIY weather gauge: Monitor and record different aspects of the weather. ● Plant water-o-meter: Uses weather forecast data online combined with current weather conditions

to control plant watering to save water

Ultraviolet Sensor


http://www.rohm.com/web/global/sensor-shield-support/uv-sensor

IC ML8511A

Power Supply 5V DC

Detectable Wavelengths of UV light 280nm to 390nm

Datasheet https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/LightImaging/ML8511_3-8-13.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Produces a voltage proportional to the intensity of ultraviolet light

What It Measures The intensity of ultraviolet light present in the surrounding environment

Required Math in Control Software Applications will require comparing the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a threshold value Example: if (uv_intensity > threshold)

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Sample Home IoT Projects ● Sunlight UV data logger: Measure and track UV radiation through the day. Notify the user to protect himself or herself during periods of high radiation

Fingerprint Sensor


https://www.seeedstudio.com/Grove-Fingerprint-Sensor-p-1424.html

Sensor Module GT511-C3

Dimensions 37mm X 17mm X 9.5mm 21mm x 21mm x 21mm

Power Supply 3.3V to 6V DC 3.6~6.0 V DC

Communication (Read and Write fingerprint/data) UART (Arduino library: http://wordpress.hawleyhosting.com/ramblings/?p=375)

Arduino library: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SeeedDocument/Grove-Fingerprint_Sensor/master/res/Fingerprint_library.rar

Storage Capacity 200 fingerprints 162 templates

Datasheet http://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Biometric/GT-511C3_datasheet_V1%201_20130411[4].pdf

http://www.mouser.com/catalog/specsheets/Seeed_101020057.pdf

What It Measures Fingerprints placed on the touch surface (compared to a stored list of fingerprints to determine a match)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Secret Safe: Turn any cupboard or closet into a locked system that can only be opened by one fingerprint using a servo motor for the locking mechanism and the fingerprint sensor to scan users.

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Flex Sensor


Dimensions 4.5in X .25in

Resistance Range 10kΩ to 110kΩ

Active Length 3.75in

Datasheet https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/ForceFlex/FLEXSENSORREVA1.pdf

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Resistance changes proportionally with the flex (can be used to produce a proportional voltage) Sparkfun: Resistance in range 10kΩ to 110kΩ, 3.75in active length, Dimensions (4.5in X .25in)

What It Measures Flex of the sensor

Required Math in Control Software Voltage Analog-Digital conversion integer value must be calibrated (define zero-load integer value and max-load integer value)

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Applications will require comparing the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a threshold value Example: if (flex > threshold)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● Gesture glove: Control lights and electronics around the home remotely with finger and hand gestures while wearing a glove with multiple flex sensors

Gas Sensors (Carbon Monoxide, LPG, etc.)


https://www.pololu.com/product/1480

Model Sparkfun Carbon Monoxide MQ-7 Pololu Flammable Gas and Smoke Sensor MQ-2

Power Supply 5V DC 5V

Concentration Detection Range 20ppm to 2000ppm 300ppm to 10000ppm

Datasheet https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Biometric/MQ-7%20Ver1.3%20-%20Manual.pdf

https://www.pololu.com/file/download/MQ2.pdf?file_id=0J309

Specs/Outputs/Communication Analog: Produces a voltage proportional to the concentration of gas particles The MQ-series of gas sensors contains many different models for measuring different types of gases (http://www.china-total.com/Product/meter/gas-sensor/Gas-sensor.htm)

What It Measures The concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) or other gases in the surrounding air

Required Math in Control Software Applications will require comparing the Analog-Digital conversion integer value to a threshold value

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Example: if (gas_concentration > threshold)

Sample Home IoT Projects ● DIY carbon monoxide alarm: protect yourself against dangerous undetectable carbon monoxide leaks in your home/garage

● Gas leak notifier: detect gas leaks in the kitchen or in the garage and notify the user

Connecting Microcontrollers to Each Other and the Internet:

Module Features and Specs / Cost

XBee RF Modules

(http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Digi-International/XB24-AWI-001/)

● 3.3V Vcc and logic ● Range: ~300ft ● Dimensions: 27.61mm by 24.38mm ● Requires breakout to be used with

breadboard/protoboard(http://www.robotshop.com/en/droids-xbee-simple-board.html)

● Can be programmed and configured with AT commands and with

the X-CTU software (https://www.digi.com/products/xbee-rf-solutions/xctu-software/xctu)

● UART communication with microcontroller ● Networks with other XBee modules in several networking modes

(https://xbee.wikispaces.com/MESH)

Arduino Ethernet Shields (for Arduino) ● 3.3V logic (5V tolerant) ● Http request abilities ● Can be used as a simple webserver ● Can be used as a webclient using DHCP and DNS lookup to submit

GET or POST requests to webpages

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(https://www.adafruit.com/products/2971)

● More documentation on https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Ethernet

○ The vendor may have their own custom Ethernet Shield library!

● Typically around $25-$35

Arduino WiFi Shields (for Arduino)

(https://www.adafruit.com/products/2891)

● Specs are same as Arduino Ethernet Shield, except a physical (ethernet cable) connection is not required to connect the Arduino to the internet

● Typically around $40-$50 ● More documentation on https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/WiFi

○ The vendor may have their own custom Ethernet Shield library!

ESP8266 Modules ● 3.3V logic (pairing the ESP8266 with Arduinos that run on 5V logic can damage the ESP8266!)

○ Logic level-shift required from 5V to 3.3V--can be done with a resistor voltage divider

● Usually powered directly from the power supply, not from the Arduino: the Arduino’s 3.3V output cannot handle the larger current draw from this device

● UART communication with microcontroller ● Controlled by AT commands

(https://www.itead.cc/wiki/ESP8266_Serial_WIFI_Module) ○ Different AT commands perform different operations such as

connecting to a network, submitting an HTTP request, and more

● Libraries to interface it with the Arduino do exist, but are less

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(http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/WRL-13678/1568-1235-ND/5725944)

numerous. Sending AT commands through Serial UART is an option, but is more tedious.

● Wiring Diagram for the ESP8266:

● Typically costs around $3-$10

Image Credits: tested.com, arduino.cc , mouser.com, adafruit.com, dev.px4.io, sparkfun.com, robotshop.com, adafruit.com, element14.com, digikey.com, element14.com, and robotistan.com

iot essentials guide · 6 example, companies often provide or publish c++ source and header files...

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