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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

DRILL

25 MAR 11

Answer the following in your notebook:

If non-renewable fuels come from renewable plants and animals, why do we call them non-renewable?

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

1. Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels2. Classical Mechanics:

Force, Work, Energy, and Power3. Trigonometry and Vectors4. Energy and Power 5. Impacts of Current Generation and Use

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

Topics Covered

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.

2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

1. Often referred to as “gas”2. Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but

includes quantities of other hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C

CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Methods of Extraction1. Associated – found in oil fields2. Non-associated – found in natural gas fields3. Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds4. Before use, it must undergo processing to remove

everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Methods of Extraction1. Geologists locate types of rock that are known to

contain gas and oil deposits.Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source

2. Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore.3. NG flows up the well to the surface.4. Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline5. NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is

added to give it odor – Mercaptan

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Top World Producers

Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply

Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%),

Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%)

90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline).

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Storage and Transport

• NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.• NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in

underground storage systemsOld oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds

• Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

• LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Processing

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Uses - HOME• NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.• ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water

heaters, dryers, and other appliances.• NG is raw material for:

• Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives

• Propane – barbecue grills

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural GasUses – INDUSTRY

Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc.U.S.

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.

2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Methods of Extraction1. Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of

earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine2. Oil wells release petroleum to the surface.

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Methods of ExtractionOil Wells:1. Drill bit begins cutting into

rock2. Drilling fluid (mixture of

fluids, solids, chemicals) 1. Cools the drill bit2. Removes cut rock (shows

released oil when ready)

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Methods of ExtractionOil Wells:3. Often, natural pressure is enough to raise oil through

the well to the surface.If not, pumps:

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Methods of Extraction

California, 1938

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Oil Reserves

• Oil reservoirs contain estimated quantities of oil

• Oil reserves are estimated quantities of recoverable petroleum

• Limits to production (recovery):

• Technology – geology prevents getting there

• Economics – amount is not worth the cost

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Oil Reserves

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Oil Reserves

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Oil Reserves

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Oil Barrels

• 1 Barrel = 42 Gallons

• Other nations use different units

• Oil is no longer transported in barrels – tankers and pipelines

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Refining• Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful• Varies in color – from clear to tar-black• Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid• Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable

forms – separated into parts• Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive

evaporation and condensation

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

• Different components of crude have different boiling points.• When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid

again – like steamed water in a pot

Process:1. Crude is boiled2. Highest boiling points

condense first3. Lower boiling points

condense last

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Refining

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Refining

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Refining

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

Uses

• Primarily used to achieve mobility• Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics,

building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity

• Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption.

FUEL ENERGY2. Fuels are a source of energy.3. Fuels are the material source of energy,

containing it as a potential.

Fuels and Energy

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels

REVIEW

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Non-renewable1. Fossil Fuels

Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)2. Nuclear – Uranium ore

2. RenewableBiofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro,

Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

Fuel Types

Topic 1

Energy Sources – Fuels

REVIEW

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy.2. Formed from the heated and pressurized

remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years.

3. Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed.

4. Volatile: natural gas and petroleum5. Nonvolatile: coal

Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels

REVIEW

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal1. Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial

plants that died around 350 million years ago. 2. Plant remains preserved in water and mud.

Heat and Pressure

REVIEW

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Non-Renewable Fuels – CoalMethods of Extraction

Underground Mining:• 60% of world production• 33% of U.S. mining• Uses timber for support tunnel• Machines enter and extract coal

Surface (Strip) Mining:• More coal extracted than underground mining• Exposes coal by removing land above deposits

REVIEW

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Uses• Coal is mostly used as a solid fuel to produce

electricity and heat through combustion.• It is usually pulverized (crushed into small

particles) then burned in a furnace for electricity generation at a power plant.

• ~40% of world’s electricity comes from coal• ~49% of U.S. electricity comes from coal

REVIEW