ip-10g etsi product description for i6.7(rev1.3)

ETSI Version

Copyright © 2011 by Ceragon Networks Ltd. All rights reserved.

FibeAir® IP-10 G-Series Product Description

February 21, 2011

Hardware Release: R2 and R3

Software Release: i6.7

Document Revision 1.3


Ceragon Proprietary and Confidential of 178

Notice

This document contains information that is proprietary to Ceragon Networks Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed without prior written authorization of Ceragon Networks Ltd. This document is provided as is, without warranty of any kind.

Registered TradeMarks

Ceragon Networks® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. FibeAir® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. CeraView® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

TradeMarks

CeraMap™, PolyView™, EncryptAir™, ConfigAir™, CeraMon™, EtherAir™, and MicroWave Fiber™, are trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Statement of Conditions

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Ceragon Networks Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damage in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this document or equipment supplied with it.

Open Source Statement

The Product may use open source software, among them O/S software released under the GPL or GPL alike license ("GPL License"). Inasmuch that such software is being used, it is released under the GPL License, accordingly. Some software might have changed. The complete list of the software being used in this product including their respective license and the aforementioned public available changes is accessible on http://ne-open-source.licensesystem.com/.

Information to User

Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment and the warranty for such equipment.

Revision History

Rev Date Author Description Approved by Date

http://ne-open-source.licensesystem.com/



Table of Contents

1. About This Guide .............................................................................................. 9

2. What You Should Know ................................................................................... 9

3. Target Audience ............................................................................................... 9

4. Related Documents .......................................................................................... 9

5. Section Summary ........................................................................................... 10

6. Product Overview ........................................................................................... 11

6.1 IP-10 Applications ........................................................................................................ 12 6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul ........................................................................................................... 12 6.1.2 Private Networks .......................................................................................................... 12 6.1.3 WiMAX Backhaul ......................................................................................................... 12 6.1.4 Converged/Fixed Networks .......................................................................................... 12

6.2 IP-10 Highlights ............................................................................................................ 14 6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets ............................................................................. 14 6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency ........................................................................................................ 14 6.2.3 Radio Link .................................................................................................................... 14 6.2.4 Wireless Network ......................................................................................................... 15 6.2.5 Scalability ..................................................................................................................... 15 6.2.6 Availability .................................................................................................................... 15 6.2.7 Network Level Optimization ......................................................................................... 16 6.2.8 Network Management .................................................................................................. 16 6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio ....................................................................... 16

6.3 Feature Support in R2 and R3 ..................................................................................... 17

6.4 Hardware Description ................................................................................................... 18 6.4.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating ................................................................................... 18 6.4.2 Front Panel Interfaces .................................................................................................. 18 6.4.3 Available Assembly Options ........................................................................................ 20 6.4.4 RFU Options ................................................................................................................ 20

6.5 FibeAir IP-10 G Benefits .............................................................................................. 21

6.6 Licensing ...................................................................................................................... 22

6.7 Radio Configuration Options ........................................................................................ 24

6.8 Feature Overview ......................................................................................................... 25 6.8.1 General Features ......................................................................................................... 25 6.8.2 Capacity-Related Features .......................................................................................... 25 6.8.3 Ethernet Features ........................................................................................................ 26 6.8.4 TDM Features .............................................................................................................. 27 6.8.5 Synchronization Features ............................................................................................ 27 6.8.6 Security Features ......................................................................................................... 27 6.8.7 Management Features ................................................................................................. 28

7. Functional Description ................................................................................... 30

7.1 Functional Overview ..................................................................................................... 31



7.2 IDU Interfaces .............................................................................................................. 32 7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 32 7.2.2 TDM Interface Options ................................................................................................. 33 7.2.3 Additional Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 33 7.2.4 Power Options .............................................................................................................. 34

7.3 Nodal Configuration ..................................................................................................... 35 7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits ....................................................................................... 35 7.3.2 IP-10 Nodal Design ...................................................................................................... 35 7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design............................................................................................... 36 7.3.4 Nodal Management ...................................................................................................... 37 7.3.5 Centralized System Features ....................................................................................... 38 7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations ............................................................ 38

7.4 Protection Options ........................................................................................................ 39

8. Main Features ................................................................................................. 40

8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) ...................................................................... 41 8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments ......................................................... 41 8.1.2 ACM Benefits ............................................................................................................... 42 8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service ............................................................................. 43 8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power ............................................................................ 43 8.1.5 ACM for TDM Services ................................................................................................ 44 8.1.6 Multi-Radio with ACM Support ..................................................................................... 45

8.2 XPIC Support ............................................................................................................... 47 8.2.1 XPIC Benefits ............................................................................................................... 47 8.2.2 XPIC Implementation ................................................................................................... 48 8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio ................................................................................................... 49

8.3 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 50 8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS) .......................................................................................... 51 8.3.2 IF Combining (IFC) ....................................................................................................... 51 8.3.3 BBS and IFC Comparison ............................................................................................ 52

8.4 LTE-Ready Latency ..................................................................................................... 53 8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10’s Top-of-the-Line Low Latency ......................................................... 53

8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet................................................................................................. 54 8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types .................................................................................... 55 8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) ....................................................................................... 56 8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 ................................................................... 57 8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure ........................................... 57

8.6 Ethernet Switching ....................................................................................................... 59 8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode ......................................................................................................... 59 8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode................................................................................................. 60 8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode ...................................................................................................... 60

8.7 Integrated QoS Support ............................................................................................... 61 8.7.1 QoS Overview .............................................................................................................. 61 8.7.2 IP-10 Standard QoS ..................................................................................................... 62 8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode .......................................................................... 62 8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode .................................... 63 8.7.5 Enhanced QoS ............................................................................................................. 63 8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection .............................................................................. 64



8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison.................................................................. 66 8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits ............................................................................................... 66

8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support ....................................................................... 67 8.8.1 RSTP ............................................................................................................................ 67 8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP ........................................................ 67 8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations ............................................................................... 68 8.8.4 Basic IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples ................................ 69

8.8.4.1 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing ............................. 69 8.8.4.2 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0 ................................................. 70 8.8.4.3 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site ............................ 70

8.9 TDM Cross-Connect (XC) Unit .................................................................................... 71 8.9.1 TDM Cross-Connect Unit Benefits ............................................................................... 71 8.9.2 TDM Trails Status Handling ......................................................................................... 74

8.10 Wireless SNCP ............................................................................................................ 76 8.10.1 Support for Wireless SNCP in a Mixed Wireless-Optical Network .............................. 77 8.10.2 TDM Rings ................................................................................................................... 78 8.10.3 Wireless SNCP Benefits .............................................................................................. 78

8.11 Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR) .......................................................................... 79 8.11.1 Comparison of TDM Protection Schemes.................................................................... 79 8.11.2 ABR’s Novel Approach to Bandwidth Recovery .......................................................... 81 8.11.3 ABR and Dual Homing ................................................................................................. 82 8.11.4 ABR and Hybrid Fiber/Microwave Networks ................................................................ 82 8.11.5 ABR – Case Study ....................................................................................................... 82 8.11.6 Ethernet Ring Failure States ........................................................................................ 84 8.11.7 Comparison of Protection Methods – To Allocate or Not to Allocate ........................... 85 8.11.8 ABR Benefits ................................................................................................................ 87

8.12 Synchronization Support .............................................................................................. 88 8.12.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges ..................................................................... 88 8.12.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP) .................................................................................. 89 8.12.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) .................................................................................... 89 8.12.4 IP-10 Synchronization Solution .................................................................................... 90 8.12.5 Synchronization Using Native E1 Trails ....................................................................... 91 8.12.6 SyncE from Co-Located E1 Trails ................................................................................ 92 8.12.7 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport ........... 93 8.12.8 Native Sync Distribution Mode ..................................................................................... 94 8.12.9 SyncE “Regenerator” Mode ......................................................................................... 96

9. RFU Descriptions ........................................................................................... 97

9.1 RFU Selection Guide ................................................................................................... 98

9.2 RFU-C .......................................................................................................................... 99 9.2.1 Main Features of RFU-C .............................................................................................. 99 9.2.2 RFU-C Frequency Bands ........................................................................................... 100 9.2.3 RFU-C Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................... 111 9.2.4 RFU-C Antenna Connection ...................................................................................... 111 9.2.5 RFU-C Waveguide Flanges ....................................................................................... 112

9.3 1500HP/RFU-HP ........................................................................................................ 113 9.3.1 Main Features of 1500HP/RFU-HP ........................................................................... 113 9.3.2 1500HP/RFU-HP Frequency Bands .......................................................................... 114 9.3.3 1500HP/RFU-HP Installation Types .......................................................................... 115



9.3.4 1500HP/RFU-HP Supported Configurations ............................................................. 115 9.3.5 1500 HP/RFU-HP All-Indoor Configurations .............................................................. 116 9.3.6 Branching Networks ................................................................................................... 116

9.3.6.1 Split Mount Branching Loss ....................................................................... 118 9.3.6.2 All-Indoor Branching Loss ......................................................................... 119

9.4 RFH-HS ...................................................................................................................... 120 9.4.1 Main Features of RFU-HS.......................................................................................... 120 9.4.2 RFU-HS Frequency Bands ........................................................................................ 121 9.4.3 RFU-HS Antenna Types ............................................................................................ 122 9.4.4 RFU-HS Antenna Connection .................................................................................... 122 9.4.5 RFU-HS Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................ 123

9.5 RFU-SP ...................................................................................................................... 124 9.5.1 Main Features of RFU-SP .......................................................................................... 124 9.5.2 RFU-SP Frequency Bands ........................................................................................ 125 9.5.3 RFU-SP Direct Mount Installation .............................................................................. 126 9.5.4 RFU-SP Antenna Connection .................................................................................... 126 9.5.5 RFU-SP Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................. 127

9.6 RFU-P ........................................................................................................................ 128 9.6.1 RFU-P Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................... 128

10. Typical Configurations ................................................................................. 129

10.1 Point to point configurations ....................................................................................... 129 10.1.1 1+0 ............................................................................................................................. 129 10.1.2 1+1 HSB ..................................................................................................................... 130 10.1.3 1+0 with 32 E1s.......................................................................................................... 130 10.1.4 1+0 with 64 E1s.......................................................................................................... 131 10.1.5 2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1s, “no Multi-Radio” Mode.................................................. 131 10.1.6 2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1s, “Multi-Radio” Mode ....................................................... 132 10.1.7 2+0/XPIC Link, with 32 E1s + STM-1 Mux Interface, no Multi-Radio, up to 168 E1s

over the radio ............................................................................................................. 132 10.1.8 1+1 HSB with 32 E1s ................................................................................................. 133 10.1.9 1+1 HSB with 64 E1s ................................................................................................. 133 10.1.10 1+1 HSB with 75 E1s .............................................................................................. 134 10.1.11 1+1 HSB Link with 16 E1s+ STM-1 Mux Interface (Up to 75 E1s over the radio) .. 134 10.1.12 Native

2 2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link, with 2xSTM-1 Mux (up to 150 E1s over the

radio) ................................................................................................................... 135

10.2 Nodal Configurations .................................................................................................. 136 10.2.1 Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux .............................. 136 10.2.2 Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink ............................................. 136 10.2.3 Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux .............................. 137 10.2.4 Native

2 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site ....................... 137

10.2.5 Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site ............... 138

10.2.6 Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux .......... 138 10.2.7 Native

2 Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links, with STM-1 Mux ..................................................... 139

10.2.8 Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0 ....................................................... 139

10.2.9 Native2 Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total), with STM-1 Mux

................................................................................................................................... 140 10.2.10 Native

2 Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total), with 2 x

STM-1 Mux ................................................................................................................. 141



11. Management Overview ................................................................................. 142

11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System .............................................. 143 11.1.1 PolyView Advantages ................................................................................................ 143 11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features ................................................................................... 144

11.1.2.1 General Features ....................................................................................... 144 11.1.2.2 Faults ......................................................................................................... 144 11.1.2.3 Configuration ............................................................................................. 144 11.1.2.4 Security ...................................................................................................... 145 11.1.2.5 Database ................................................................................................... 145 11.1.2.6 Performance .............................................................................................. 145

11.1.3 PolyView Functionality ............................................................................................... 145

11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) ........................................... 147

11.3 CeraBuild ................................................................................................................... 148

11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM ..................................................................................... 149 11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) ..................................................................... 149 11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON) ........................................................................................ 150

11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics .................................................................. 150 11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics .............................................................. 150 11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics ................................................................ 151 11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics ................................................................. 151

12. Specifications ............................................................................................... 152

12.1 General Specifications ............................................................................................... 152 12.1.1 6-18 GHz .................................................................................................................... 152 12.1.2 23-38 GHz .................................................................................................................. 153

12.2 RFU Support .............................................................................................................. 154

12.3 Radio Capacity ........................................................................................................... 155 12.3.1 3.5 MHz ...................................................................................................................... 155 12.3.2 7 MHz ......................................................................................................................... 155 12.3.3 14 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 156 12.3.4 28 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 156 12.3.5 40 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 157 12.3.6 56 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 157 12.3.7 Transmit Power with RFU-C(dBm) ............................................................................ 158 12.3.8 Transmit Power with RFU-SP/HS/HP

(dBm) ............................................................. 158

12.3.9 Transmit Power with RFU-P (dBm) ............................................................................ 159 12.3.10 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-C (dBm @ BER = 10-6) ................................ 160 12.3.11 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-SP/HS/HP/1500HP

(dBm @ BER = 10-6).... 162

12.3.12 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-P (dBm @ BER = 10-6) ................................ 164

12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications ................................................................................. 166 12.4.1 Ethernet Latency – 3.5MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................... 166 12.4.2 Ethernet Latency – 7MHz Channel Bandwidth .......................................................... 166 12.4.3 Ethernet Latency – 14MHz Channel Bandwidth ........................................................ 167 12.4.4 Ethernet Latency – 28MHz Channel Bandwidth ........................................................ 167 12.4.5 Ethernet Latency – 40MHz Channel Bandwidth ........................................................ 168 12.4.6 Ethernet Latency – 56MHz Channel Bandwidth ........................................................ 168

12.5 E1 Latency Specifications .......................................................................................... 169 12.5.1 E1 Latency – 3.5MHz Channel Bandwidth ................................................................ 169



12.5.2 E1 Latency – 7MHz Channel Bandwidth ................................................................... 169 12.5.3 E1 Latency – 14MHz Channel Bandwidth ................................................................. 170 12.5.4 E1 Latency – 28MHz Channel Bandwidth ................................................................. 170 12.5.5 E1 Latency – 40MHz Channel Bandwidth ................................................................. 171 12.5.6 E1 Latency – 56MHz Channel Bandwidth ................................................................. 171

12.6 Ethernet Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 172

12.7 E1 Interface Specifications ........................................................................................ 172 12.7.1 Optical STM-1SFP Specifications .............................................................................. 173 12.7.2 Auxiliary Channels ..................................................................................................... 173

12.8 Carrier Ethernet Functionality .................................................................................... 174

12.9 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms ........................................... 176

12.10 Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 176

12.11 Standard compliance ................................................................................................. 177

12.12 Environmental ............................................................................................................ 177

12.13 Power Input Specifications ......................................................................................... 177

12.14 Power Consumption Specifications ........................................................................... 178



1. About This Guide

This document describes the main features, components, and specifications of the FibeAir IP-10 G-Series high capacity IP and Migration-to-IP network solution. This document also describes a number of typical FibeAir IP-10 G-Series configuration options. This document applies to hardware versions R2 and R3 and software version I6.7.

2. What You Should Know

This document describes applicable ETSI standards and specifications. A North America version of this document (ANSI, FCC) is also available.

3. Target Audience

This manual is intended for use by Ceragon customers, potential customers, and business partners. The purpose of this manual is to provide basic information about the FibeAir IP-10 G-Series for use in system planning, and determining which FibeAir IP-10 G-Series configuration is best suited for a specific network.

4. Related Documents FibeAir IP-10G Installation Guide - DOC-00023199 Rev a.04

FibeAir IP-10 License Management System - DOC-00019183 Rev a.03

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17

FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02

FibeAir RFU-HP Product Description

FibeAir RFU-HP Installation Guide - DOC-00015514 Rev a.12

FibeAir RFU-C Product Description

FibeAir RFU-C Installation Guide - DOC-00017708 Rev a.10

FibeAir RFU-HS Product Description

FibeAir RFU-HS Installation Guide - DOC-00022617 Rev a.01

FibeAir RFU-SP Product Description

FibeAir RFU-SP Installation Guide - DOC-00015515 Rev a.07

RFU-P Installation Guide - DOC-00015520 Rev a.02



5. Section Summary

This Product Description includes the following sections:

Section Summary

Section Summary of Contents

Product Overview Provides an overview of the FibeAir IP-10 G-Series, including basic information about

IP-10 and its features, a description of some common applications in which IP-10 is

used, a description of IP-10’s hardware and interfaces, and an explanation of the

licensing process for certain IP-10 features.

Functional Description Includes a functional block diagram of IP-10, and describes IP-10’s main components

and interfaces, including detailed descriptions of IP-10’s nodal configuration option,

protected configuration options, and TDM Cross-Connect unit.

Main Features Provides detailed descriptions of IP-10’s main features.

RFU Descriptions Describes the Radio Frequency Units (RFU) that can be used in an IP-10 system,

including basic specifications and an RFU comparison chart.

Typical Configurations Provides diagrams of several typical IP-10 configurations.

Management Overview Provides an overview of the Ceragon applications used to manage an IP-10 system,

including the PolyView™ Network Management System (NMS), the Web-Based

Element Management System (Web EMS), and the CeraBuild™ maintenance and

provisioning application, and describes IP-10’s end to end multi-layer OAM

functionality.

Specifications Lists the IP-10 specifications, including general specifications, radio capacity, interface,

power, mechanical, and other specifications.



6. Product Overview

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series is a high capacity carrier-grade wireless Ethernet backhaul product. Combining advanced Ethernet and TDM networking functionality with best-in-class microwave radio performance, FibeAir IP-10 facilitates cost effective, risk-free migration to IP/Ethernet and can be integrated in any pure IP/Ethernet, Native2 (hybrid) or TDM network.

FibeAir IP-10 features a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for advanced networking functionality and an optional TDM Cross-Connect for nodal site applications. With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10 simplifies network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

The FibeAir IP-10 family covers the entire licensed frequency spectrum and offers a wide capacity range, from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps over a single radio carrier, using a single Radio Frequency Unit (RFU), pending on traffic scenario based on payload and header compression. Additional functionality and capacity are enabled via license keys while using the same hardware.

By enabling more capacity, at lower latencies to any location, with proper traffic management mechanisms and an optional downstream boost, FibeAir IP-10 is built to enhance end user Quality of Experience.

Highlights of the FibeAir IP-10 G-Series include:

Best utilization of spectrum assets

Reduced number of network elements

Improved network uptime

Future proof

Risk-free solution



6.1 IP-10 Applications

This section describes some of the most common applications for which the IP-10 G-Series is used.

6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul

Designing LTE-ready backhaul networks is not just about simple transport capacity upgrade. With FibeAir IP-10 operators are able to manage the entire lifecycle of the network’s migration to 4G, while keeping revenue generating 2G and 3G profitable throughout the process. FibeAir IP-10 incorporates Ceragon’s proven Native2

concept and synchronization tools to support hybrid network topologies, as well as all-IP and pseudowire based migration architectures.

6.1.2 Private Networks

FibeAir IP-10 enables government agencies, enterprises and utilities of all kinds to rapidly deploy a cost effective, self-owned private network. Meeting the utmost service availability requirements, FibeAir IP-10 integrated Ethernet and TDM functions deliver high capacity, wherever it is needed. FibeAir IP-10 is available in easy split-mount or all-indoor installations.

6.1.3 WiMAX Backhaul

FibeAir IP-10 enables high-speed connectivity between WiMAX base stations, facilitating the expansion and reach of emerging 4G networks. FibeAir IP-10 provides a robust and cost-efficient solution combining unmatched radio features with advanced Ethernet networking capabilities. Covering all deployment scenarios, IP-10 integrated Ethernet switch enables operators to lower overall costs without compromising on service quality or performance.

6.1.4 Converged/Fixed Networks

FibeAir IP-10 delivers integrated high speed data, video and voice traffic in the most optimum and cost-effective manner. Operators can build an ultra-high capacity converged network to support multiple types of services utilizing FibeAir IP-10 scalable capacity.



Typical FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Applications



6.2 IP-10 Highlights

The following are just some of the highlights of IP-10 G-Series.

6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets

IP-10 provides efficiencies at three levels -- spectral efficiency, radio link, and wireless network. By combing superior radio performance, advanced compression, and an end-to-end holistic approach for capacity, operators may effectively provides up to five times more traffic to their users. In other words, IP-10 enables more revenue generating subscribers in a given RAN.

6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency

IP-10 provides unrivaled spectral efficiency in a given spectrum channel by optimizing capacity of a link using adaptive coding and modulation techniques. In addition, IP-10's intelligent Ethernet and payload compression mechanisms improves effective Ethernet throughput by up to 5 fold without affecting user traffic.

6.2.3 Radio Link

Latency – IP-10 boasts ultra-low latency features that are essential for 3G and LTE deployments. With low latency, IP-10 enables links to cascade further away from the fiber PoP, allowing wider coverage in a given network cluster. Ultra-low latency also translates into longer radio chains, broader radio rings, and shorter recovery times. Moreover, maintaining low packet delay variation ensures proper synchronization propagation across the network.

System Gain – IP-10's unrivalled system gain provides higher link availability, smaller antennas, and longer link spans. IP-10 provides higher overall capacity while maintaining critical and real-time traffic saving both on operational and capital expenditures by using smaller antennas for given link budget.



Power Adaptive ACM – IP-10 sets the industry standard for Advanced Adaptive Code and Modulation (ACM), increasing network capacity over an existing infrastructure while reducing sensitivity to environmental interferences. In addition, IP-10 provides a unique technological combination of ACM with Adaptive Power to ensure high availability and unmatched link utilization.

6.2.4 Wireless Network

Enhanced QoS – IP-10 enables operators to deploy differentiated services with stringent service level agreements while maximizing the utilization of network resources. IP-10 enables granular CoS classification and traffic management, network utilization monitoring, and enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic. Enhanced QoS enables traffic shaping per queue and port in order to limit and control packet bursts, and improves the utilization of TCP flows using WRED protocols.

Protected ABR –IP-10 uses Protected ABR to effectively double the capacity of wireless rings. Protected ABR is a unique network level method of dynamic capacity allocation for TDM and Ethernet flows. By using the bidirectional capabilities of the ring, TDM-based information is transmitted in one direction and unused protection capacity is allocated for Ethernet traffic.

OA&M – With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10 simplifies network design, reduces operational and capital expenditures, and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

6.2.5 Scalability

FibeAir IP-10 is a scalable solution that is based on a common hardware that supports any channel size, modulation scheme, capacity, network topology, and configuration. Scalability and hardware efficiency simplify logistics and allow for commonality of spare parts. A common hardware platform enables customers to upgrade the feature set as the need arises - Pay As You Grow - without requiring hardware replacement.

6.2.6 Availability

MTBF.– FibeAir IP-10 provides an unrivaled reliability benchmark, with radio MTBF exceeding 112 years, and average annual return rate around 1%. Our radios are designed in-house and employ cutting-edge technology with unmatched production yield, and a mature installed-base exceeding 100,000 radios. In addition, advanced radio features such as multi-radio and cross polarization achieves 100% utilization of radio resources by load balancing based on instantaneous capacity per carrier. Important resulting advantages are reduction in capital expenditures due to less spare parts required for roll-out, and reduction in operating expenditures, as maintenance and troubleshooting occurrence is infrequent.



ACM – Adaptive Modulation has a remarkable synergy with FibeAir IP-10's built-in Layer 2 Quality of Service mechanism. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, it is possible to configure the system to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation provides maximum availability and spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario.

6.2.7 Network Level Optimization

FibeAir IP-10 optimizes overall network performance, scalability, resilience, and survivability by using hot-standby configuration with no single point of failure. In addition, ring and mesh deployments increase resiliency with standard STP as well as with a proprietary enhancement to the industry standard RSTP, resulting in faster recovery time. FibeAir IP-10 helps create a more robust network, with minimum downtime and maximum service grade, ensuring better user experience, better immunity to failures, lower churn, and reduced expenditures.

6.2.8 Network Management

FibeAir IP-10 provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP. Ceragon’s network management system offers best-in-class end-to-end Ethernet service management, network monitoring, and NMS survivability by using advanced OAM. PolyView, Ceragon’s network management solution, provides simplified network provisioning, configuration error prevention, monitoring, and troubleshooting tools that ensure better user experience, minimal network downtime and reduced expenditures on network level maintenance.

6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio

FibeAir IP-10 offers an optional ultra-high power radio solution that transmits the highest power in the industry, while employing an innovative "Power Saving Mode" that saves up to 30% power consumption. "Power Saving Mode" enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations. Moreover, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.



6.3 Feature Support in R2 and R3

Certain features described in this document are only supported in hardware version R3. The following table compares feature support in R2 and R3.

Feature Support in R2 and R3

Feature R2 R3

SyncE Support SyncE output only SyncE input and output

SyncE regenerator support

for Smart Pipe mode



6.4 Hardware Description

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series features split-mount architecture consisting of an indoor unit (IDU) and a Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). For more information on RFU options, refer to RFU Descriptions on page 97.

6.4.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating

This section sets forth basic system specifications. For a more extensive description of IP-10’s specifications, refer to Mechanical Specifications on page 176 and Power Input Specifications on page 177.

Dimensions

Height: 42.6 mm (1RU)

Width: 439 mm

Depth: 188 mm (fits in ETSI rack)

DC input voltage nominal rating: -48V

6.4.2 Front Panel Interfaces

This section describes the IP-10’s main interfaces. For a fuller description of the IP-10’s interfaces, refer to IDU Interfaces on page 32.

IP-10 G-Series Front Panel and Interfaces



IP-10 G-Series Front Panel with Dual Feed Power

IP-10 G-Series Front Panel with Dual Feed Power and 16 X E1 T-Card

Main Interfaces:

5 x 10/100Base-T

2 x GbE combo ports: 10/100/1000Base-T or SFP 1000Base-X

16 x E1 (optional)

RFU interface: N-type connector

Optional TDM Interfaces:

TDM T-Card Slot options:

16 x E1

1 x STM-1

The T-cards are field-upgradable, and add a new dimension to the IP-10’s migration flexibility. For more information, refer to TDM Interface Options on page 33.

Additional Interfaces:

Terminal console

AUX package (optional):

Engineering Order Wire (EOW)

User channel (V.11 Asynchronous, RS-232)

External alarms (4 inputs & 1 output)



PROT: Ethernet protection control interface (for 1+1 HSB mode support)

In addition, each of the FE interfaces can be configured to support an alternate mode of operation:

MGT: Ethernet out-of-band management (up to 3 interfaces)

WS: Ethernet wayside

6.4.3 Available Assembly Options

With or without XPIC support

With or without dual-feed power option

6.4.4 RFU Options

FibeAir IP-10 is based on the latest Ceragon technology, and can be installed together with any FibeAir RFU, including:

FibeAir 1500HP (FibeAir RFU-HP-1rx or FibeAir RFU-HP-2rx)

FibeAir 1500HS (FibeAir RFU-HS)

FibeAir 1500SP (FibeAir RFU-SP)

FibeAir 1500P (FibeAir RFU-P)

FibeAir RFU-C

FibeAir RFUs support multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations for various network requirements. The RFUs operate in the frequency range of 6-38 GHz, and support capacities of from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, for TDM and IP interfaces.

For more detailed information on the RFU options for your IP-10 system, refer RFU Descriptions on page 97.



6.5 FibeAir IP-10 G Benefits

IP-10 has many advantages that cover the many aspects of flexible and reliable network building:

Incomparable Economic Value – The IP-10 pay-as-you-grow concept reduces network costs. Each network node is optimized individually, with future capacity growth in mind. Whenever needed, additional functionality is enabled via an upgrade license, using the same hardware. Using this flexible economic approach, a full duplex throughput of more than 400 Mbps over a single channel can be achieved.

Experience Counts – IP-10 was designed with continuity in mind. It is based on Ceragon’s well-established and field-proven IP-MAX Ethernet microwave technology. With Ceragon's large customer base, years of experience in high-capacity IP radios, and seamless integration with all standard IP equipment vendors, IP-10 is poised to be an IP networking standard-bearer.

Native2 – With Native2, you get optimal all-IP or hybrid TDM-IP backhaul networking - ideal for any Radio Access Network (RAN) evolution path!

User-Management Traffic Integration – In-Band Management significantly simplifies backhaul network design and maintenance, reducing both CapEx and OpEx. It also dramatically improves overall network availability and reliability, enabling support for services with stringent SLA.

Unique Full Range Adaptive Modulation – Provides the widest modulation range on the market from QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level real-time hitless and errorless modulation shifting changing dynamically according to environmental conditions - while ensuring zero-downtime connectivity.

Guaranteed Ultra Low Latency (< 0.15 ms @ 400Mbps) – Suitable for delay-sensitive applications, such as VoIP and Video over IP.

Extended Quality of Service (QoS) Support – Enables smart packet queuing and prioritization.

Fully Integrated L2 Ethernet Switching Functionality – Includes VLAN-based switching, MAC address learning, QinQ and Ring-RSTP support.

Multiple Network Topology Support –Mesh, Ring, Chain, Point-to-Point.

Longer Transmission Distances, Smaller Antennas – Reduces network costs and enables a farther reach to the other end.



6.6 Licensing

This section describes FibeAir IP-10’s licensing structure. For more detailed information, refer to FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183 Rev a.03.

FibeAir IP-10 offers a pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs. Future capacity growth and additional functionality is enabled with license keys and an innovative stackable nodal solution using the same hardware. License keys are generated per IDU serial number.

Licenses are divided into two categories:

Per Radio – Each IDU (both sides of the link) require a license.

Per Configuration – Only one license is required for the system.

A 1+1 configuration requires the same set of licenses for both the active and the protected ICU.

In nodal configuration for licenses that are not per radio, licenses should be assigned to the main (bottom) IDU in the enclosure.

As your network expands and additional functionality is desired, license keys can be purchased for the following features:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Enables the Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) feature. An ACM license is required per radio. If additional IDUs are required for non-radio functionality, no license is required for these units. Refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 41.

L2 Switch

Enables Carrier Ethernet Switching functionality (Managed Switch and Metro Switch). A license is required for any IDU that requires the use of two or more Ethernet ports. Refer to Ethernet Switching on page 59.

Capacity Upgrade

Enables you to increase your system’s radio capacity in gradual steps by upgrading your capacity license. Capacity upgrades apply to the sum of Ethernet and TDM capacity.



Network Resiliency

Enables the following features for improving network resiliency:

Ring RSTP – If RSTP is required, an L2 Switch license must also be purchased. Refer to Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP on page 67.

TDM trails protection (SNCP) – Refer to Wireless SNCP on page 76.

Only one Network Resiliency license is required for an east-west configuration.

Synchronization Unit

Enables the Synchronization unit required for Native Sync Distribution mode or SyncE support.

Enhanced QoS

Enables the Enhanced QoS feature, including:

WRED

Eight queues

Shaping per queue

A license is required per radio. Refer to Enhanced QoS on page 63.



6.7 Radio Configuration Options

The following are some of the typical configurations supported by the FibeAir IP-10 G-Series.

1+0

1+1 HSB

1+1 Space Diversity (BBS)

2+0 with XPIC

2+2 HSB with XPIC

For more details about these configuration options, refer to Typical Configurations on page 129.



6.8 Feature Overview

This section provides an overview of FibeAir IP-10’s features. The main features are described in more detail in Main Features on page 40.

6.8.1 General Features

Nodal Configuration – In addition to the standard standalone configuration, FibeAir IP-10 can be set up in a nodal configuration in which several IP-10 IDUs are stacked in a dedicated modular shelf and act as a single network element with multiple radio links. For more information, refer to Nodal Configuration on page 35.

Protection – FibeAir IP-10 offers a number of protection options in both nodal and standalone configurations. For more information, refer to Protection Options on page 39.

Latency – FibeAir IP-10 provides best-in-class latency for all channels. For more information, refer to LTE-Ready Latency on page 53.

Dual-Feed Power Connection – Assembly options include dual-feed power for increased protection against outages. For more information, refer to Power Options on page 34.

6.8.2 Capacity-Related Features

High Spectral Efficiency:

Modulations – QPSK to 256 QAM

Radio capacity (ETSI) – Up to 20/50/100/220/280/500 Mbps over 3.5/7/14/28/40/56 MHz channels

All licensed bands – L6, U6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38 GHz

Highest scalability – From 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, using the same hardware, including the same RFU.

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) – FibeAir IP-10 employs the most advanced ACM technique for maximization of spectrum utilization and capacity over any given bandwidth and changing environmental conditions. For more information, refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 41.

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) – FibeAir IP-10’s implementation of XPIC enables two radio carriers to use the same frequency with a polarity separation between them by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier at the proper phase and level, with the ability to detect both streams even under the worst levels of cross polar discrimination interference such as 10 dB. For more information, refer to XPIC Support on page 47.



Space Diversity – FibeAir IP-10 supports Space Diversity through Baseband Switching (BBS) and IF combining (IFC). Both forms of Space Diversity provide an added level of protection to negate the effects of multipath phenomenon by providing for signal diversity such that if one signal is impaired, the other signal can replace or compensate for the impaired signal. For more information, refer to Space Diversity on page 50.

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending) – Improves effective throughput by up to 45% without affecting user traffic.

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression

Ethernet Packet Size (Bytes) Capacity Increase by Compression

64 45%

96 29%

128 22%

256 11%

512 5%

TDM Voice Transmission with Dynamic Allocation – With the n x E1 option, only enabled E1 ports are allocated with capacity. The remaining capacity is dynamically allocated to the Ethernet ports to ensure maximum Ethernet capacity.

6.8.3 Ethernet Features

MEF-Certified Carry Grade Ethernet – FibeAir IP-10 is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN). For more information, refer to Carrier Grade Ethernet on page 54.

Enhanced Ethernet Switching – FibeAir IP-10 supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.

Managed Switch – Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on VLANs.

Metro Switch – Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on an S-VLAN-aware bridge.

For more information about Ethernet switching in FibeAir IP-10, refer to

Ethernet Switching on page 59.

Integrated QoS Support – FibeAir IP-10 offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10 offers an enhanced QoS feature that includes eight queues instead of four, enhanced classification criteria, and WRED for congestion management. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 61.



Spanning Tree Protocol – FibeAir IP-10 supports Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to ensure a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. IP-10 also includes a proprietary implementation of RSTP that is optimized for ring topologies. For more information, refer to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support on page 67.

6.8.4 TDM Features

TDM Cross-Connect Unit –FibeAir IP-10 includes a Cross-Connect Unit for transporting TDM traffic from any given port "x" to any given port "y". Integrated TDM Cross-Connect is performed by defining end to end trails. For more information, refer to TDM Cross-Connect (XC) Unit on page 71.

Wireless Sub-Network Connection Protection (SNCP) – FibeAir IP-10 provides integrated VC trail protection. For more information, refer to Wireless SNCP on page 76.

Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR) – FibeAir IP-10 enables full utilization of the bidirectional capabilities inherent in ring technologies to provide TDM path protection while utilizing the protection paths whenever possible for both TDM and Ethernet traffic. For more information, refer to Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR) on page 79.

AIS Signaling and Detection – FibeAir IP-10 supports detection of AIS in incoming signals at TDM line interfaces. Also supports AIS signaling in the optional STM-1 interface. In case of signal failure at the trail going out from the STM-1 interface, AIS is transmitted at the payload of the VC-11/12. In addition, IP-10 can be configured to signal AIS at the VC level, in order to provide indications to SDH multiplexing equipment which may not have the ability to detect AIS at the payload level.

6.8.5 Synchronization Features

Combinations of the following techniques can be used:

Synchronization using native E1 trails

PTP optimized transport

Native sync distribution for nodal configurations

“SyncE regenerator" mode for pipe configurations

For more information about IP-10 synchronization, refer to Synchronization Support on page 88.

6.8.6 Security Features

Timeout – FibeAir IP-10 includes a configurable inactivity time-out for closing management channels.

Password Security – FibeAir IP-10 enforces password strength and aging rules.

User Suspension and Expiration – Users can be suspended after a configurable number of unsuccessful login attempts and to expire at a certain, configurable date.

SSH Support – FibeAir IP-10 supports SHHv1 and SSHv2.



HTTPS Support – FibeAir IP-10 can be managed using HTTPS protocol.

Secure FTP (SFTP) – FibeAir IP-10 supports SFTP for certain management operations, such as uploading and downloading configuration files and downloading software updates.

6.8.7 Management Features

Network Management System (NMS) – PolyView provides management functions for FibeAir IP-10 at the network level, as well as at the individual network element level. Using PolyView, you can perform the following for Ceragon elements in the network:

Performance Reporting

Inventory Reporting

Software Download

Configuration Management

Trail Management

View Current Alarms (with alarm synchronization)

View an Alarm Log

Create Alarm Triggers

For more information about PolyView, refer to PolyView End-To-End Network

Management System on page 143.

Web-Based Element Management –FibeAir IP-10 web-based element management is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system. For more information, refer to Web-Based Element Management on page 147.

Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics:

Statistics are collected at 15-minute and 24-hour intervals

Historical statistics are stored and made available when needed

Capacity/ACM statistics include:

Maximum modulation in interval

Minimum modulation in interval

Number of seconds in an interval, during which active modulation was below the user-configured threshold

Utilization statistics include:

Maximal radio link utilization in an interval

Average radio link utilization in an interval

-Number of seconds in an interval, during which radio link utilization was above the user-configured threshold

SNMP Support – FibeAir IP-10 supports SNMPv1 and SNMPv3.

RMON Support for Ethernet Statistics – FibeAir IP-10 supports RMON Ethernet statistic counters. For more information, refer to Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 150.



In-Band Management – FibeAir IP-10 can optionally be managed in-band, via its radio and Ethernet interfaces. This method of management eliminates the need for a dedicated interface and network. In-band management uses a dedicated management VLAN, which is user-configurable.

Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) – FibeAir IP-10 supports OAM functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signaling, including LOS and, AIS, and RDI

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as Loopbacks and APS commands

For more information about OAM in IP-10, refer to End to End Multi-Layer

OAM on page 149.

Ethernet Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) – FibeAir IP-10 utilizes IEEE 802.1ag CFM protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow. For more information, refer to Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) on page 149.



7. Functional Description

Featuring an advanced architecture, FibeAir IP-10 uniquely integrates the latest radio technology with TDM and Ethernet networking. The FibeAir IP-10 radio core engine is designed to support both native Ethernet and native TDM over the air interface enhanced with Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) for maximum spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario. This versatile solution is equipped with an optional integrated TDM Cross-Connect and an SNCP TDM protection engine on top of a MEF-certified Ethernet switch. The modular design is easily scalable with the addition of units or license keys.

IP-10 supports the following modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



For more information on IP-10’s switching options, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 59.

Functional Block Diagram



7.1 Functional Overview

IP-10 G-Series can be installed in a standalone or a nodal configuration. The nodal configuration adds a backplane, which is required for certain functionality such as the TDM Cross-Connect and XPIC. For more information on the nodal configuration option and its benefits, refer to Nodal Configuration on page 35.

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Block Diagram

The CPU acts as the IDU’s central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU. In a nodal configuration, the main unit’s CPU serves as the central controller for the entire node.

The Mux assembles the radio frames, and holds the logic for protection and Space Diversity.

The modem represents the physical layer, modulating, transmitting, and receiving the data stream.



7.2 IDU Interfaces

This section describes in detail the IP-10’s interfaces, including optional interface options.

7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series contains two GbE Ethernet interfaces and six FE interfaces on the front panel. For the GbE interfaces, you can choose between two optical and two electrical physical interfaces. Both pairs of GbE interfaces are labeled Eth1 and Eth2. The optical interfaces are located to the left of the electrical interfaces.

The remaining Ethernet interfaces (Eth3 through Eth7) are FE ports. All except Eth3 are dual function interfaces. They can be configured as traffic ports or functional ports for wayside or management, as shown in the following table.

Ethernet Interface Functionality

Interface Name

Interface Rate Functionality

Smart Pipe Carrier Ethernet Switching

Protection FE 10/100 External protection/disabled External protection/disabled

Eth1 Electrical GbE

10/100/1000 OR Optical

GbE – 1000

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth2 Electrical GbE

10/100/1000 OR Optical

GbE – 1000

Disabled Disabled/Traffic

Eth3 FE 10/100 Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth4 FE 10/100 Disabled/Wayside Disabled/Traffic/Wayside

Eth5 FE 10/100 Disabled/Management Disabled/Traffic/Management



Eth8 According to Radio

script

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

IP-10 also includes an FE protection interface (RJ-45) for external protection. The protection interface is located towards the left side of the front panel, and is for use in standalone configurations.

In Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface can be used. Options are:

Eth1: Electrical GbE or Optical TGbE

Eth 3: Electrical FE



7.2.2 TDM Interface Options

IP-10 G-Series contains an MDR69 connector in which 16 E1 ports are available (ports 1 through 16).

Above the MDR69 connector is an add-on slot which can contain a field-upgradable T-Card with either 16 additional E1 ports or an STM-1 port.

T-Card in Add-In Slot

The STM-1 port provides an interface for up to 63 E1 lines inside a standard channelized STM-1 signal. Each E1 line is transported by a VC-12 container, which behaves like a regular line interface.

16 X E1 T-Card

STM 1 Mux T-Card

7.2.3 Additional Interfaces

Terminal Console – A local craft terminal can be connected to the terminal console for local CLI management of the individual IDU. If the IDU is the main unit, access to other units in the configuration is also available through the Terminal Console.

Engineering Order Wire (EOW) (optional)

User Channels – The following options are available for the User Channels:

Two RS-232 Asynchronous user channels (9600bps each)



Two V.11 Asynchronous user channels (9600bps each)

One RS-232 Asynchronous user channel, and one V.11 Asynchronous user channel (9600bps each)

One V.11 Synchronous Co-Directional user channel (64Kbps)

One V.11 Synchronous Contra Directional user channel (64Kbps)

External Alarms – IP-10 supports five external alarms, located towards the left of the front panel. There are five inputs, with configurable triggers, alarm texts, and alarm severity, and one output.

Backplane Connector – IP-10 has an extra connector on the back panel for connection to the backplane used in nodal configurations. Refer to Nodal Configuration on page 35.

7.2.4 Power Options

IP-10 G-Series has a DC input voltage nominal rating of -48V.

Some hardware versions include a dual-feed power connection for increased protection. In dual power units, the system will indicate whether received voltage in each connection is above or below the threshold power of approximately 40.5V, as follows:

The LED (and its WEB representation) will only be on if the voltage is above the threshold.

An alarm is raised if voltage is below the threshold.



7.3 Nodal Configuration

IP-10 can be used in two distinct modes of operation:

Standalone configuration – Each IP-10 IDU is managed individually.

Nodal configuration – Up to six IP-10 IDUs are stacked in a dedicated modular shelf, and act as a single network element with multiple radio links.

The following features are centralized in a nodal configuration:

Management

Ethernet Switching

TDM Cross-Connect

A nodal setup supports any combination of 1+0, 1+1, and 2+0/XPIC configurations.

7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits

The stackable nodal configuration offers many advantages. For new systems, the nodal configuration offers:

Low initial investment without compromising future growth potential

Risk-free deployment in light of unknown future growth patterns:

Additional capacity

Additional sites

Additional redundancy

For migration and replacement scenarios, the nodal configuration offers:

Optimized tail-site solution

Low initial footprint that can be increased gradually as legacy equipment is swapped

7.3.2 IP-10 Nodal Design

Each IP-10 IDU in a nodal configuration operates as either the main unit or an extension unit. The IDU’s role is determined by its position in the nodal enclosure, with the lowest unit in the enclosure (Unit Number 1) always serving as the main unit.

The main unit performs the following functions:

Provides a central controller for management

Provides the Cross-Connect for TDM traffic

Provides radio and line interfaces

Extension units provide radio and line interfaces, and are accessed through the main unit.



7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design

Two types of shelves are available for a nodal configuration:

Main Nodal Enclosure – Each node must have a main nodal enclosure, which can hold two IP-10 IDUs.

Extension Nodal Enclosure –Up to two extension nodal enclosures can be stacked on top of the main nodal enclosure. Each extension nodal enclosure can contain two IP-10 IDUs.

Main Nodal Enclosure

Extension Nodal Enclosure

Each nodal enclosure includes a backplane. The rear panel of an IP-10 IDU includes an extra connector for connection to the backplane. The following interfaces are implemented through the backplane:

TDM Cross-Connect

Multi-Radio

Protection

XPIC

IP-10 IDUs are hot-swappable, and additional extension nodal enclosures and IDUs can be added in the field as required, without affecting traffic.



Scalable Nodal Enclosure

Using the stacking method, units in the bottom nodal enclosure act as main units, whereby a mandatory active main unit can be located in either of the two slots, and an optional standby main unit can be installed in the other slot. The switchover time is <50 msecs for all traffic-affecting functions. Units located in nodal enclosures other than the one on the bottom act as expansion units.

Radios in each pair of units can be configured as either dual independent 1+0 links, or single fully-redundant 1+1 HSB links.

7.3.4 Nodal Management

In a nodal configuration, all management is performed through the main unit. The main unit communicates with the extension units through the nodal backplane.

The main unit’s CPU operates as the node’s central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU.

A nodal configuration has a single IP management address, which is the address of the main unit. In a protected 1+1 configuration, the node has two IP addresses, those of each of the main units. The IP address of the active main unit is used to manage the node.

Several methods can be used for IP-10 node management:

Local terminal CLI

CLI via telnet

Web-based management

SNMP



The PolyView NMS represents the node as a single unit.

The Web-Based EMS enables access to all IDUs in the node from its main window.

In addition, the management system provides access to other network equipment through in-band or out-of-band network management.

To ease the reading and analysis of several IDU alarms and logs, the system time should be synchronized to the main unit’s time.

7.3.5 Centralized System Features

The following IP-10 functions are configured centrally through the main unit in a nodal configuration:

IP Communications – All communication channels are opened through the main unit’s IP address.

User Management – Login, adding users, and deleting users are performed centrally.

TDM Cross-Connect – TDM trail definition, PM measurement, and status reporting are performed centrally from the main unit.

Nodal Time Synchronization – System time is automatically synchronized for all IDUs in the node.

Nodal Software Version Management – Software can be upgraded or downgraded in all IDUs in the node from the main unit.

Nodal Configuration Backup – Configuration files can be created, downloaded, and uploaded from the main unit.

Nodal Reset – Extension units can be reset individually or collectively both from the main unit and locally.

All other functions are performed for each IDU individually.

7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations

Ethernet traffic in a nodal configuration is supported by interconnecting IDU switches with external cables. Traffic flow (dropping to local ports, sending to radio) is performed by the switches, in accordance with learning tables.

Each IDU in the stack can be configured individually for Smart Pipe or Carrier Ethernet Switching modes. For more information about Ethernet switching, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 59.



7.4 Protection Options

Equipment protection is possible in both standalone and nodal configurations.

In a 1+1 configuration, the protection options are as follows:

Standalone – The IDUs must be connected by a dedicated Ethernet protection cable. Each IDU has a unique IP address.

Nodal – The IDUs are connected by the backplane of the nodal enclosure. There is one IP address for each of the main units.

A 2+2 protection scheme must be implemented by means of a nodal configuration. A 2+2 configuration consists of two pairs of IP-10 IDUs, each inserted in its own main nodal enclosure, with a protection cable to connect the main IDUs in each node. Protection is performed between the pairs. At any given time, one pair is active and the other is standby.

A 2+2 scheme is only possible between units in the main nodal enclosure. Extension nodal enclosures cannot be used in a 2+2 configuration.



8. Main Features

This section describes some of the most important IP-10 features, including:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

XPIC Support

Space Diversity

LTE-Ready Latency

Carrier Grade Ethernet

Ethernet Switching

Integrated QoS Support

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

TDM Cross-Connect (XC) Unit

Support for Wireless SNCP in a Mixed Wireless-Optical Network

Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR)

Synchronization Support



8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) refers to the automatic adjustment that a wireless system can make in order to optimize over-the-air transmission and prevent weather-related fading from causing communication on the link to be disrupted. When extreme weather conditions, such as a storm, affect the transmission and receipt of data and voice over the wireless network, an ACM-enabled radio system automatically changes modulation allowing real-time applications to continue to run uninterrupted. Varying the modulation also varies the number of bits that are transferred per signal, thereby enabling higher throughputs and better spectral efficiencies. For example, a 256 QAM modulation can deliver approximately four times the throughput of 4 QAM (QPSK).

FibeAir IP-10 employs full-range dynamic ACM. IP-10’s ACM mechanism copes with 90 dB per second fading in order to ensure high transmission quality. IP-10’s ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10’s QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent service level agreements (SLAs).

The hitless and errorless functionality of IP-10’s ACM has another major advantage in that it ensures that TCP/IP sessions do not time-out. Without ACM, even interruptions as short as 50 milliseconds can lead to timeout of TCP/IP sessions, which are followed by a drastic throughout decrease while these sessions recover.

8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments

ACM works as follows. Assuming a system configured for 128 QAM with ~170 Mbps capacity over a 28 MHz channel, when the receive signal Bit Error Ratio (BER) level reaches a predetermined threshold, the system preemptively switches to 64 QAM and the throughput is stepped down to ~140 Mbps. This is an errorless, virtually instantaneous switch. The system continues to operate at 64 QAM until the fading condition either intensifies or disappears. If the fade intensifies, another switch takes the system down to 32 QAM. If, on the other hand, the weather condition improves, the modulation is switched back to the next higher step (e.g., 128 QAM) and so on, step by step .The switching continues automatically and as quickly as needed, and can reach all the way down to QPSK during extreme conditions.



Adaptive Coding and Modulation

8.1.2 ACM Benefits

The advantages of IP-10’s dynamic ACM include:

Maximized spectrum usage

Increased capacity over a given bandwidth

Eight modulation/coding work points (~3 db system gain for each point change)

Supports both Ethernet and TDM traffic

Hitless and errorless modulation/coding changes, based on signal quality

Adaptive Radio Tx Power per modulation for maximal system gain per working point

Configurable drop priority between TDM traffic and Ethernet traffic

An integrated QoS mechanism that enables intelligent congestion management to ensure that high priority traffic is not affected during link fading

Each E1 channel is assigned a priority to enable differentiated E1 dropping during severe link degradation

16 QAM

QPSK

99.995 %

200

Unavailability

Rx

level

Capacity

(@ 28 MHz channel)

32 QAM

64 QAM

128 QAM

256 QAM

99.999 %

99.99 %

99.95 %

99.9 %

Mbps170 200 140 100 200 120 200



Adaptive Coding and Modulation with Eight Working Points

8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service

IP-10’s ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10’s QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent SLAs. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, you can configure IP-10 to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. For more information on IP-10’s QoS and Enhanced QoS functionality, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 61.

If you want to rely on an external switch’s QoS, ACM can work with them via the flow control mechanism supported in the radio.

8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power

When planning ACM-based radio links, the radio planner attempts to apply the lowest transmit power that will perform satisfactorily at the highest level of modulation. During fade conditions requiring a modulation drop, most radio systems cannot increase transmit power to compensate for the signal degradation, resulting in a deeper reduction in capacity. IP-10 is capable of adjusting power on the fly, and optimizing the available capacity at every modulation point, as illustrated in the figure below. This figure shows how operators that want to use ACM to benefit from high levels of modulation (e.g., 256 QAM) must settle for low system gain, in this case, 18 dB, for all the other modulations as well. With FibeAir IP-10, operators can automatically adjust power levels, achieving the extra 4 dB system gain that is required to maintain optimal throughput levels under all conditions.



IP-10 ACM with Adaptive Power Contrasted to Other ACM Implementations

8.1.5 ACM for TDM Services

Another unique advantage of IP-10’s ACM implementation is its ability to use sophisticated adaptive techniques in a hybrid, TDM/packet model. Using Ceragon’s innovative Native2 migration solution, in which TDM and Ethernet traffic is natively and simultaneously carried over a single microwave link, both TDM and Ethernet services can have configurable priority. When more than one E1 channel is connected to a cell site, one of the channels can be given a higher priority in order to maintain network synchronization as well as a minimum level of service. The rest of the E1 channels may be forwarded at a lower priority.



Ceragon’s Unique ACM Adaption for TDM

There are substantial benefits to be gained from applying ACM in a TDM network. The operator can increase capacity on an existing link while maintaining the same availability for its existing revenue-generating services. Additional data E1 channels are easily offloaded in this virtual link to a channel offering slightly lower availability. Optimally, one E1 channel can be given a higher priority connection to maintain synchronization and a minimum level of service at all times (greater than 99.999% availability). The rest of the E1 channels can be associated with a lower priority. This model can be applied effectively even in a TDM-to-Ethernet migration scenario. It is important to note that it is possible to define packet-based services at a higher priority than for TDM services, as some real-time services may run on Ethernet ports, while other, best-effort data services are forwarded over legacy TDM networks.

8.1.6 Multi-Radio with ACM Support

When operating in a dual-carrier configuration, an IP-10 system can be optionally configured to work in multi-radio mode. In this mode, traffic is divided among the two carriers optimally at the radio frame level without requiring Ethernet Link Aggregation, and is not dependent on the number of MAC addresses, the number of traffic flows, or momentary traffic capacity. During fading events which cause ACM modulation changes, each carrier fluctuates independently with hitless switchovers between modulations, increasing capacity over a given bandwidth and maximizing spectrum utilization.

The result is 100% utilization of radio resources in which traffic load is balanced based on instantaneous radio capacity per carrier and is



independent of data/application characteristics, such as the number of flows or capacity per flow.

Typical 2+2 Multi-Radio Terminal Configuration with HSB Protection

Typical 2+0 Multi-Radio Link Configuration



8.2 XPIC Support

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) is one of the best ways to break the barriers of spectral efficiency. Using dual-polarization radio over a single-frequency channel, a dual polarization radio transmits two separate carrier waves over the same frequency, but using alternating polarities. Despite the obvious advantages of dual-polarization, one must also keep in mind that typical antennas cannot completely isolate the two polarizations. In addition, propagation effects such as rain can cause polarization rotation, making cross-polarization interference unavoidable.

Dual Polarization

The relative level of interference is referred to as cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). While lower spectral efficiency systems (with low SNR requirements such as QPSK) can easily tolerate such interference, higher modulation schemes cannot and require XPIC. IP-10’s XPIC algorithm enables detection of both streams even under the worst levels of XPD such as 10 dB. IP-10 accomplishes this by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier, at the right phase and level. For high-modulation schemes such as 256 QAM, an improvement factor of more than 20 dB is required so that cross-interference does not adversely affect performance.

8.2.1 XPIC Benefits

The advantages of FibeAir IP-10’s XPIC option include:

BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB

Multi-Radio Support



8.2.2 XPIC Implementation

In a single channel application, when an interfering channel is transmitted on the same bandwidth as the desired channel, the interference that results may lead to BER in the desired channel.

IP-10 supports a co-channel sensitivity of 33 dB at a BER of 10e-6. When applying XPIC, IP-10 transmits data using two polarizations: horizontal and vertical. These polarizations, in theory, are orthogonal to each other, as shown in the figure below

XPIC - Orthogonal Polarizations

In a link installation, there is a separation of 30 dB of the antenna between the polarizations, and due to misalignments and/or channel degradation, the polarizations are no longer orthogonal. This is shown in the figure below.

XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

Note that on the right side of the figure you can see that CarrierR receives the H+v signal, which is the combination of the desired signal H (horizontal) and the interfering signal V (in lower case, to denote that it is the interfering signal). The same happens in CarrierL = “V+h. The XPIC mechanism takes the data from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a cost function, produces the desired data.



XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

IP-10’s XPIC reaches a BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB! The improvement factor in an XPIC system is defined as the SNR@threshold of 10e-6, with or without the XPIC mechanism.

8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio

XPIC radio may be used to deliver two separate data streams, such as 2xSTM-1 or 2xFE. But it can also deliver a single stream of information such as Gigabit Ethernet, or STM-4. The latter requires a de-multiplexer to split the stream into two transmitters, as well as a multiplexer to join it again in the right timing because the different channels may experience a different delay. This feature is called Multi-Radio.



8.3 Space Diversity

In long distance wireless links, multipath phenomena are common. Both direct and reflected signals are received, which can cause distortion of the signal resulting in signal fade. The impact of this distortion can vary over time, space, and frequency. This fading phenomenon depends mainly on the link geometry and is more severe at long distance links and over flat surfaces or water. It is also affected by air turbulence and water vapor, and can vary quickly during temperature changes due to rapid changes in the reflections phase.

Fading can be flat or dispersive. In flat fading, all frequency components of the signal experience the same magnitude of fading. In dispersive, or frequency-selective fading, different frequency components of the signal experience decorrelated fading.

Direct and Reflected Signals

Space Diversity is a common way to negate the effects of fading caused by multipath phenomena. By placing two separate antennas at a sufficient distance from one another, it is statistically likely that if one antenna suffers from fading caused by signal reflection, the other antenna will continue to receive a viable signal.

IP-10 offers two methods of Space Diversity:

Baseband Switching (BBS) – Each IDU receives a separate signal from a separate antenna. Each IDU compares each of the received signals, and enables the bitstream coming from the receiver with the best signal. Switchover is errorless (“hitless switching”).

IF Combining (IFC) – Signals from two separate antennas are combined in phase with each other to maximize the signal to noise ratio. IF Combining is performed in the RFU.



BBS and IFC Space Diversity

8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS)

BBS Space Diversity requires two antennas and RFUs. The antennas must be separated by approximately 15 to 20 meters. Any RFU type supported by IP-10 can be used in a BBS Space Diversity configuration.

One RFU sends its signal to the active IDU, while the other RFU sends its signal to the standby IDU. The IDUs share these signals through the nodal backplane, such that each IDU receives data from both RFUs. The diversity mechanism, which is located within the IDU Mux, is active in both IDUs, and selects the better signal based on:

Faulty signal indication – An indication from the Modem to the Mux, signaling that there are more errors in the traffic stream than it can correct. The purpose of this indication is to alert the Mux to the fact that those errors are on their way, requiring a hitless switchover in order to prevent them from entering the data stream from the Mux onward.

OOF (Out-of-Frame) – When the Mux identifies an OOF event, it will initiate a switchover.

BBS Space Diversity requires a 1+1 configuration in which there are two IDUs and two RFUs protecting each other at both ends of the link. In the event of IDU failure, Space Diversity is lost until recovery, but the system remains protected through the ordinary switchover mechanism.

8.3.2 IF Combining (IFC)

IFC requires a dual-receiver RFU such as the FibeAir 1500HP. The RFU receives and processes both signals, and combines them into a single, optimized signal. The IFC mechanism gains up to 2.5 dB in system gain.



8.3.3 BBS and IFC Comparison

The following table shows the relative benefits and limitations of BBS and IFC Space Diversity.

BBS and IFC Comparison

IFC BBS

RFU Support 1500HP (split mount or all indoor) All Ceragon RFUs

Gain Hitless and Errorless – Gaining

up to 2.5 dB in system gain.

Hitless and Errorless – Does not

add to system gain, but is more

reliable with sporadic errors.

Limitations Symbol rate-dependant.

Configurations 1+0

1+1

2+2

N+0

N+1

1+1



8.4 LTE-Ready Latency

IP-10 G-Series provides best-in-class latency (RFC-2544) for all channels, making it LTE (Long-Term Evolution) ready:

<0.21msec for 28/56MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

<0.4 msec for 14MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

<0.9 msec for 7MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

For detailed latency specifications, refer to Ethernet Latency Specifications on page 166.

8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10’s Top-of-the-Line Low Latency

IP-10’s ability to meet the stringent latency requirements for LTE systems provides the key to expanded broadband wireless services:

Longer radio chains

Larger radio rings

Shorter recovery times

More capacity

Easing of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) limitations



8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet

FibeAir IP-10 is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN).

Carrier Ethernet is a high speed medium for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). It defines native Ethernet packet access to the Internet and is being deployed more and more in wireless networks.

The first native Ethernet services to emerge were point to point-based, followed by emulated LAN (multipoint to multipoint-based). Services were first defined and limited to MANs. They have now been extended across Wide Area Networks (WANs) and are available worldwide from many service providers.

The term Carrier Ethernet implies that Ethernet services are Carrier Grade. The benchmark for Carrier Grade was set by legacy TDM telephony networks to describe services that achieve 99.999% (“five nines”) uptime. Although it is debatable whether Carrier Ethernet will reach that level of reliability, the goal of one particular standards organization is to accelerate the development and deployment of services that live up to the name.

Carrier Ethernet is poised to become the major component of next-generation MANs, which serve as the aggregation layer between customers and core carrier networks. A metro Ethernet network, which uses IP Layer 3 MPLS forwarding, is currently the primary focus of Carrier Ethernet activity.

Carrier Grade Ethernet Feature Summary

Note: IP-10’s support for advanced Ethernet statistics reporting is described in Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 150.



8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types

The standard service types for Carrier Ethernet include:

E-Line Service – This service is employed for Ethernet private lines, virtual private lines, and Ethernet Internet access.

E-Line Service Type

E-LAN Service – This service is employed for multipoint Layer 2 VPNs, transparent LAN service, foundation for IPTV, and multicast networks.

E-LAN Service Type



8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)

IP-10 meets all MEF Carrier Ethernet service specifications .The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is a global industry alliance started in 2001. In 2005, the MEF committed to the new Carrier Ethernet standard, and launched a Carrier Ethernet Certification Program to facilitate delivery of services to end users.

The MEF 6 specification defines carrier Ethernet as "a ubiquitous, standardized, carrier-class Service and Network defined by five attributes that distinguish it from familiar LAN based Ethernet." These five attributes include:

Standardized Services

Quality of Service (QoS)

Service Management

Scalability

Reliability

For service providers, the technology convergence of Carrier Ethernet ensures a decrease in CAPEX and OPEX.

Access networks employ Ethernet to provide backhaul for IP DSLAMs, PON, WiMAX, and direct Ethernet over fiber/copper. Flexible Layer 2 VPN services, such as private line, virtual private line, or emulated LAN, offer new revenue streams.

For enterprises, a reduction in cost is achieved through converged networks for VoIP, data, video conferencing, and other services.

In addition, Ethernet standardization reduces network complexity.

The MEF certification program covers the following areas:

MEF-9 – Service certification

MEF-14 – Traffic management and service performance



8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10

In the following figure, end-to-end connectivity per service is verified using periodic 802.1ag CCm messages between service end points.

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10

8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure



Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10 - Node Failure (continued)



8.6 Ethernet Switching

IP-10 supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



Ethernet Switching

Each switching mode supports QoS. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 61.

Smart Pipe is the default mode. Managed Switch and Metro Switch require a license. For more information, refer to Licensing on page 22.

8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode

Using Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic and IP-10 acts as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio. In Smart Pipe mode, any of the following ports can be used for Ethernet traffic:

Eth1: GbE interface (Optical GbE-SFP or Electrical GbE – 10/100/1000)

Eth3: Fast Ethernet interface

All traffic entering the IDU is sent directly to the radio, and all traffic from the radio is sent directly to the Ethernet interface.

In Smart Pipe mode, the other Fast Ethernet interfaces can either be configured as management interfaces or they are shut down. In protection mode, only the Optical GbE-SFP port acts as a trigger for switchover.



8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode

Managed Switch mode is an 802.1Q VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured as an Access port or a Trunk port.

Managed Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Access Specific VLAN should be attached

to an Access port.

Untagged frames only (or

frames tagged with VID=0 –

“Priority Tagged”)

Untagged frames.

Trunk A range of VLANs, or all VLANs

should be attached to a Trunk port.

Only tagged frames. Tagged frames.

All Ethernet ports are enabled for traffic in Managed Switch mode.

8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode

Metro Switch mode is an 802.1AD S-VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on S-VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured to be a Customer Network port or a Provider network port.

Metro Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Customer

Network

Specific S-VLAN should be

attached to a Customer Network

port.

Untagged frames (or frames

tagged with VID=0 – “Priority

Tagged”) or C-VLAN-tagged

frames.

Untagged frames (or

frames tagged with

VID=0 – “Priority

Tagged”) or C-VLAN-

tagged frames.

Provider

Network

A range of S-VLANs, or all S-

VLANs should be attached to a

Provider Network port.

S-VLAN- tagged frames. S-VLAN-tagged

frames.



8.7 Integrated QoS Support

IP-10 offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10 offers an enhanced QoS feature. Enhanced QoS is license-activated.

IP-10’s standard QoS provides for four queues and six classification criteria. Ingress traffic is limited per port, Class of Service (CoS), and traffic type. Scheduling is performed according to either Strict Priority (SP), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), or Hybrid WRR/SP scheduling.

IP-10’s enhanced QoS adds four additional queues for a total of eight. Enhanced QoS also adds an additional two classification criteria. Ingress traffic is limited by DrTCM per VLAN/VLAN+CoS. Enhanced QoS provides hierarchical scheduling, with four scheduling priorities and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFK) between queues in the same priority. Enhanced QoS also offers Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) for congestion management, in addition to tail-drop, as provided by standard QoS.

For a full comparison between IP-10’s standard and enhanced QoS features, refer to Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison on page 66.

8.7.1 QoS Overview

QoS is a method of classification and scheduling employed to ensure that Ethernet packets are forwarded and discarded according to their priority. QoS works by slowing unimportant packets down, or, in cases of extreme network traffic, discarding them entirely. This enables more important packets to reach their destination as quickly as possible. Once the router knows how much data it can queue on the modem at any given time, it can shape traffic by delaying unimportant packets and filling the pipe with important packets first, then using any leftover space to fill the pipe in descending order of importance.

Since QoS cannot speed up packets, it takes the total available upstream bandwidth, calculates the amount of high priority data, places the high priority data in the buffer, and repeats the process with each lower priority class in turn until the buffer is full or there is no further data. Any excess data is held back or "re-queued" at the front of the line, where it will be evaluated in the next pass.

Priority is determined by packet. The number of levels depends on the router. As the names imply, Low/Bulk priority packets are given the lowest priority, while High/Premium packets are given the highest priority.

QoS packets may be prioritized by a number of criteria, including criteria generated by applications themselves. The most common QoS classification techniques are MAC Address, Ethernet Port, and TCP/IP Port.



8.7.2 IP-10 Standard QoS

Using IP-10’s standard QoS functionality, the system examines the incoming traffic and assigns the desired priority according to the marking of the packets (based on the user port/L2/L3 marking in the packet). In case of congestion in the ingress port, low priority packets are discarded first.

The user has the following classification options:

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p

VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 TOS/DSCP

IPv6 Traffic Class

After classification, traffic policing/rate-limiting can optionally be applied per port/CoS.

IP-10 system has four priority queues that are served according to three types of scheduling, as follows:

Strict Priority – All top priority frames egress towards the radio until the top priority queue is empty. Then, the next lowest priority queue’s frames egress, and so on. This approach ensures that high priority frames are always transmitted as soon as possible.

Weighted Round Robin (WRR) – Each queue can be assigned a user-configurable weight from 1 to 32.

Hybrid – One or two highest priority queues use Strict Priority and the others use WRR.

Shaping is supported per interface on egress.

8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode

The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10 operating in Smart Pipe mode.

Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow



8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode

The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10 operating in Managed Switch or Metro Switch mode.

Managed Switch and Metro Switch QoS Traffic Flow

8.7.5 Enhanced QoS

Enhanced QoS provides additional QoS functionality on the egress path towards the radio interface. Enhanced QoS requires an upgrade license. Refer to Licensing on page 22.

The following are the main features of enhanced QoS:

Eight queues instead of four

Enhanced classification:

Classifier assigns each frame a queue and a CIR/EIR designation

Criteria – Same as standard QoS with addition of:

- MPLS EXP bits

- UDP port

Re-marking of 802.1p bit in the frame VLAN header (optional)

Configurable frame buffer size per queue

Congestion management

Tail-drop or WRED

Color awareness (EIR/CIR support)

Transmitted and dropped traffic counters per queue

Hierarchical scheduling scheme



4 scheduling priorities (each queue can be independently configured to any of the 4 priorities)

WFQ between queues in same priority with configurable weights

Shaping per port and per queue

Enhanced QoS enables differentiated services with strict SLA while maximizing network resource utilization.

IP-10 Enhanced QoS

8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection

One of the key features of IP-10’s enhanced QoS is the use of Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) to manage congestion scenarios. WRED provides several advantages over the standard tail-drop congestion management method.

WRED enables differentiation between higher and lower priority traffic based on CoS.

Moreover, WRED can increase capacity utilization by eliminating the phenomenon of global synchronization, which can occur when TCP flows sharing bottleneck conditions receive loss indications at around the same time. This can result in periods during which link bandwidth utilization can drop to as low as 75%.



Synchronized Packet Loss

In contrast, WRED begins dropping packets randomly when the queue begins to fill up, with increased probability. This increases capacity utilization to almost 100%.

Random Packet Loss with Increased Capacity Utilization Using WRED



8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison

The following table summarizes the basic features of IP-10’s standard and enhanced QoS functionality.

IP-10 Standard and Enhanced QoS Features

Feature Standard QoS Enhanced QoS

Number of CoS Queues

Per Port

4 8

CoS Classification Criteria Source Port

VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 DSCP/TOS

IPv6 TC

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 DSCP/TOS

IPv6 TC

UDP Port

MPLS EXP bits

Scheduling Method SP, WRR, or Hybrid Hierarchical Scheduling: Four scheduling

priorities with WFQ between queues in the

same priority

Ethernet Statistics RMON RMON, with statistics per CoS queue

Shaping Per port Per port and per queue

Congestion Management Tail-drop Tail-drop, and Weighted Random Early

Discard (WRED)

CIR/EIR Support (Color-

Awareness)

CIR only Cir and EIR

8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits

The main benefits of enhanced QoS are:

The addition of UDP ports and MPLS EXP bits as classification criteria provides for more granular CoS classification (i.e., for 1588v2 control frames and MPLS PWE3 services).

The use of eight CoS queues with enhanced scheduling schemes support enables highly granular traffic management for differentiated services.

Statistics per CoS queue, including transmitted and dropped frames, enables monitoring network utilization and the detection of “pinch points.”

Shaping per queue as well as per port limits and controls packet bursts, resulting in improved utilization and end-to-end latency.

Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) improves utilization and behavior of TCP flows.

CIR/EIR-based congestion management support (color-awareness) enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic.



8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

IP-10 supports the following spanning tree Ethernet resiliency protocols:

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) (802.1w)

Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-optimized RSTP

8.8.1 RSTP

RSTP ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. Spanning tree enables a network design to include spare (redundant) links for automatic backup paths, with no danger of bridge loops, and without the need for manual enabling and disabling of the backup links. Bridge loops must be avoided since they result in network flooding.

In a general topology, there can be more than one loop, and therefore more than one bridge with ports in a blocking state. For this reason, RSTP defines a negotiation protocol between each two bridges, and processing of the BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units), before each bridge propagates the information. This serial processing increases the convergence time.

8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP

IP-10’s proprietary RSTP implementation is optimized for Carrier Ethernet wireless rings. Ring-optimized RSTP enhances the RSTP algorithm for ring topologies, accelerating the failure propagation relative to ordinary RSTP.

In a ring topology, after the convergence of RSTP, only one port is in a blocking state. RSTP is enhanced for ring topologies by broadcasting the BPDU in order to transmit the notification of the failure to all bridges in the ring.

With IP-10’s ring-optimized RSTP, failure propagation is much faster than with regular RSTP. Instead of link-by-link serial propagation, the failure is propagated in parallel to all bridges. In this way, the bridges that have ports in alternate states immediately place them in the forwarding state.

The figure below shows an example of a ring topology using ring-optimized RSTP. In this figure, Switch A is the Root bridge. After the protocol converges, a port in Switch C becomes the Alternate Port, and blocks all transmitted and received traffic.



Ring-Optimized RSTP Solution

8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations

IP-10’s proprietary ring-optimized RSTP is not interoperable with other ring RSTP implementations from third-party vendors.

Ring RSTP is designed to provide improved performance in ring topologies. For other topologies, the RSTP algorithm will converge but performance may take several seconds. For this reason, there should be only two edge ports in every node, and only one loop.

Ring RSTP can be used in Managed Switch and Metro Switch applications, but not in Smart Pipe applications.

Ring RSTP can be used in a 1+1 protection configuration, but in some cases, the convergence time may be above one second.



8.8.4 Basic IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples

The figure below provides a basic example of an IP-10 wireless Carrier Ethernet ring.

Basic IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring

8.8.4.1 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing

The following figure shows a redundant site connected to a fiber aggregation network.

IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing



8.8.4.2 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0

IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0

8.8.4.3 IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site

IP-10 Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site



8.9 TDM Cross-Connect (XC) Unit

The FibeAir IP-10 Cross-Connect (XC) Unit is a high-speed circuit connection scheme for transporting TDM traffic from any given port "x" to any given port "y". Integrated TDM Cross-Connect is performed by defining end to end trails. Each trail consists of segments represented by Virtual Containers (VCs). The Cross-Connect functions as the forwarding mechanism between the two ends of a trail.

The Cross-Connect capacity is 180 E1 VCs. Each E1 interface or "logical interface" in a radio in any unit of the stack can be assigned to any VC.

The Cross-Connect function is performed through the nodal enclosure backplane. Thus, Cross-Connect functionality requires a nodal configuration.

In a protected system, the Cross-Connect function is performed by the active main unit. If a failure occurs, the standby main unit takes over (<50 msecs down time).

The figure below illustrates the basic Cross-Connect concept.

Basic Cross-Connect Operation

As shown above, trails are defined from one end of a line to the other. The Cross-Connect

Unit forwards signals generated by the radios to and from the IDUs based on their designated

VCs. For instance, in the example above, the Cross-Connect Unit can forward signals on

Trail C from Radio 1, VC 3 to Radio 4, VC 1.

8.9.1 TDM Cross-Connect Unit Benefits

Benefits of the IP-10 Cross-Connect Unit include:

E1 trails are supported based on the integrated E1 Cross-Connect

Cross-Connect capacity is 180 E1 trails

Cross-Connect is performed between any two physical or logical interfaces in the node, including:

E1 interface



Radio “VC” (84 “VCs” supported per radio carrier)

STM-1 Mux VC12

Each trail is timed independently by the Cross-Connect Unit

Modularity and flexibility

Modular design: pay-as-you-grow

Simplicity, with minimum components (IDU, backplane)

Supports XPIC, Multi-Radio, and Space Diversity

The Cross-Connect function provides connectivity for the following types of configurations:

Cross-Connect Configurations

For each trail, the following end-to-end OAM functions are supported:

Alarms and maintenance signals, including AIS and RDI

Performance monitoring counters, including ES, SES, and UAS.

Trace ID for provisioning mismatch detection.

A VC overhead is added to each VC trail to support the end-to-end OAM functionality and synchronization justification requirements.



The figure below provides an example of Cross-Connect aggregation:

TDM Cross-Connect Aggregation Example



8.9.2 TDM Trails Status Handling

A TDM trail is defined as E1 data delivered unchanged from one line interface to another, through one or more radio links. In each node along the trail path, data can be assigned to a different VC number, but its identity across the network is maintained by a Trail ID defined by the user.

Each TDM trail in the system is monitored end-to-end. If a problem is found, the following occurs:

An alarm is raised indicating that there is a failure in at least one TDM trail.

Each trail is updated with its current status.

An event is raised stating the problem that was raised or cleared, and in which trail. This information is logged in the event log.

An SNMP trap is sent.

The following problems may be detected in a TDM trail:

Signal Failure – There is a severe communication problem somewhere along the path of the trail. End-point interfaces transmit AIS.

Trail ID Mismatch – The trail ID received from the incoming radio differs from the ID defined by the user for this trail.



Invalid Trail Status – The software was unable to read statuses for the trail.

For trouble shooting end-to-end E1 trails across the network, additional performance monitoring is necessary. Performance monitoring is based on BER measurements rather than code violations; in this way, TDM trail performance monitoring differs from line interface performance monitoring.

Performance monitoring for TDM trails is measured in the following cases:

End-Point Interfaces – Line interfaces in which a trail ends.

Radio interfaces which perform SNCP.

PolyView™, Ceragon’s innovative, user-friendly Network Management System (NMS), provides complete TDM trail management support. PolyView’s efficient trail maintenance capabilities enable network technicians to create, delete, modify, and monitor TDM trails. Trails can be built either automatically, based on user-defined trail endpoints, or manually, according to varying degrees of manual input, with full resource control. For more information on PolyView, refer to PolyView End-To-End Network Management System on page 143.



8.10 Wireless SNCP

IP-10 supports an integrated VC trail protection mechanism called Wireless Sub-Network Connection Protection (SNCP).

With Wireless SNCP, a backup VC trail can optionally be defined for each individual VC trail.

For each backup VC, the following needs to be defined:

Two “branching points” from the main VC that it is protecting.

A path for the backup VC (typically separate from the path of the main VC that it is protecting).

For each direction of the backup VC, the following is performed independently:

At the first branching point, duplication of the traffic from the main VC to the backup VC.

At the second branching point, selection of traffic from either the main VC or the backup VC.

Traffic from the backup VC is used if a failure is detected in main VC.

Switchover is performed within <50 msecs.

The figure below shows how Wireless SNCP operates.

Wireless SNCP Operation



For each main VC trail, the branching points can be any Cross-Connect node along the path of the trail.

Wireless SNCP - Branching Points

8.10.1 Support for Wireless SNCP in a Mixed Wireless-Optical Network

Wireless SNCP is supported over fiber links using IP-10 STM-1 Mux interfaces. This feature provides a fully integrated solution for protected E1 services over a mixed wireless-optical network.

Wireless SNCP – Mixed Wireless Optical Network



8.10.2 TDM Rings

SNCP replaces a failed sub-network connection with a standby sub network connection. In IP-10, this capability is provided at the points where trails leave sub networks.

The switching criterion is based on SNCP/I. This protocol specifies that automatic switching is performed if an AIS or LOP fault is detected in the working sub network connection. If neither AIS nor LOP faults are detected, and the protection lockout is not in effect, the scheme used is 1+1 singled-ended.

The NMS provides Manual switch to protection and Protection lockout commands. A notification is sent to the management station when an automatic switch occurs. The status of the selectors and the sub network connections are displayed on the NMS screen.

8.10.3 Wireless SNCP Benefits

Flexibility

All network topologies are supported (ring, mesh, tree)

All traffic distribution patterns are supported (excels in hub traffic concentration)

Any mix of protected and non-protected trails is supported

No hard limit on the number of nodes in a ring

Simple provisioning of protection

Performance

Non traffic-affecting switching to protection (<50 msec)

Switch to protection is done at the E1 VC trail level, works perfectly with ACM (no need to switch the entire traffic on a link)

Optimal latency under protection

Interoperability

Protection is done at the end points, independent of equipment/vendor networks

Interoperable with networks that use other types of protection (such as BLSR)



8.11 Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR)

As an alternative to Wireless SNCP, Adaptive Bandwidth Recovery (ABR) enables full utilization of the bidirectional capabilities inherent in ring technologies to provide TDM path protection while utilizing the protection paths whenever possible for both TDM and Ethernet traffic.

With ABR, TDM-based information is transmitted in one direction only, while the unused protection capacity is allocated for Ethernet traffic. In the event of a failure, the unused capacity is re-allocated for TDM transmission.

Using ABR, each E1 flow consists of a primary and a protection path. Capacity on the protection path is reserved, but not allocated. Actual capacity allocation only occurs on demand in the event of a failure. In an ordinary non-failure state, only the primary path consumes capacity, freeing capacity on the protection path to other applications, such as mobile broadband.

This technique extends the Native2 approach to dynamic allocation of link capacity between TDM and Ethernet flows to the network level.

8.11.1 Comparison of TDM Protection Schemes

The following are some of the more commonly used TDM protection schemes:

Diverse Path – Usually involving redundant equipment and/or links, this scheme depends on the availability of alternative ports, cell sites, and base stations.

Bidirectional Line Switch Ring (BLSR) – A bidirectional ring, in which logical “working” and “protection” rings forward traffic in opposite directions. Protection switching is performed on a per-link basis (not per E1), and is often wasteful of bandwidth capacity, while possibly increasing delay.

SNCP 1+1 Unidirectional Protection – The most widely implemented of ring-based protection schemes. Each E1 flow consists of a primary path and a protection or standby path, represented in the figure below by the blue arrow and the green arrow, respectively.

ABR – Ceragon’s proprietary TDM protection scheme in which each E1 flow consists of a primary path and a protection path whose bandwidth is used for protection signaling and Ethernet traffic, represented in the figure below by the blue arrow and the gray-white arrow, respectively.



Graphical Depiction of TDM Ring Protection Schemes

The following table compares each of the TDM-based ring protection schemes with regard to resiliency and capacity:

Protection Scheme Comparison

Protection Scheme Resilience Capacity Requirements

Diverse Path Handled at cell site or base station

and core sites.

No spare capacity requirement.

BLSR

Very Fast. Protection is per-link, and

not per E1. Risk of increased delay

and delay variation.

Some spare capacity is required.

SNCP 1+1

Unidirectional

Very Fast. Phone service and

synchronization not affected.

For 100% recovery, ring must

reserve 50% spare capacity.

ABR (SNCP 1:1

Bidirectional)

Very Fast. Phone and

synchronization not affected. No spare capacity requirement.

These protection schemes must be able to deal with additional challenges that add complexity to TDM ring protection:

Hybrid Fiber/Microwave Rings – Microwave rings containing fiber segments must be able to propagate E1 frames, fault indications, and other signals vital to the network.

Dual Homing – Protection rings remain vulnerable in situations where a fiber node suffers an equipment failure. In order to ensure network availability, protection schemes must be able to handle the forwarding of primary and standby transmissions from two different points of entry, as shown in the figure below.



Dual Homing with ABR-Based TDM Protection

8.11.2 ABR’s Novel Approach to Bandwidth Recovery

In a typical SDH network, the receiving node monitors the transmission quality at its “east” and “west” link interfaces, and selects the direction from which it will receive transmissions. The transmitting node, therefore, sends traffic in both the east and west directions, causing the redundant use of bandwidth. This form of protection is known as SNCP 1+1 Unidirectional Protection, and while it can generally provide 50 millisecond protection switching, it does so by reserving large quantities of bandwidth over a very expensive wireless spectrum.

The novel approach used by ABR involves a change in the role of the transmitting element. In this approach, the transmitting element determines the direction of information transmission – east or west. The direction is determined independently for each E1 path, based on status information sent periodically by the receiving node back to the transmitter. The receiving node continues to monitor both directions for the arrival of information, as described previously. This method achieves the goal of protecting traffic without wasting capacity on unused reserved bandwidth.

In the standby direction, the transmitting node – along with all the nodes in the standby path to the receiver – removes the E1 bandwidth allocation, and sends periodic signals to the receiver to help it monitor the transmissions from east and west. The de-allocated (recovered) E1 bandwidth can now be utilized by Ethernet traffic.

Note: This requires special handling in hybrid fiber/microwave networks.

The receiving node continues to accept information flows from either the east or west direction, and detects the path in which the E1 payload is actually transmitted.

When a failure occurs in the working direction, the receiving node sends a Reverse Defect Indication (RDI) signal to the transmitter, which automatically switches to the standby path.



ABR can be selected for any number of E1 channels, and the resulting path co-exists with all other paths in the network – be they unidirectional, bidirectional, protected, or unprotected. The case study below describes a real-life example of how ABR delivers normal-state Ethernet capacity that may triple the Ethernet capacity delivered when using SNCP 1+1. While malfunctions under SNCP 1+1 automatically result in network degradation to a worst-case scenario (known as “failure state”), a network fault under ABR results in a level of degradation that depends on the exact location of the failure, and worst-case degradation is usually avoided. Refer to ABR – Case Study on page 82.

8.11.3 ABR and Dual Homing

ABR can be used in a dual homing configuration, in which there are two possible points of entry into the ring network. This provides added resiliency in case of failure in the transmitting node. In dual homing mode, one transmission node sends the E1 payload, while the other transmission node sends “standby” signaling as mentioned earlier.

8.11.4 ABR and Hybrid Fiber/Microwave Networks

In segments of a microwave network that are connected by fiber-optic links, E1 frames must be propagated onto the optical cable, and restored again on the next microwave segment. The same goes for fault indicators. When a wireless E1 is de-allocated and its bandwidth freed for Ethernet traffic, the periodic signals sent from the transmitter to the receiver are also propagated optically and then regenerated on the next microwave segment.

8.11.5 ABR – Case Study

In the figure below, the traffic emanating from 18 cell sites is merged into four aggregation sites, making up a metro ring consisting of 28 MHz channels in a 1+0 configuration. In this basic scenario, 2G BTSs support 4 E1s each, yielding a total of 72 E1s. SNCP 1+1 Protection is employed.

TDM and Ethernet Aggregation Case Study



In this scenario, the main question is how to migrate the network to support 3G-based data services, given the severe spectrum limitations. This common legacy configuration leaves almost no capacity for Ethernet traffic – in this case, approximately 2.3 Mbps per site of guaranteed Ethernet traffic (assuming 64 Bytes frame size).

TDM-only Aggregation Ring with 100% Protection Based on SNCP 1+1

In the simple, TDM-only, SNCP 1+1 case presented in the figure above, all E1s flow in both directions, meaning that 50% of the total capacity is reserved for failure states. In case of such a failure, E1 traffic is forwarded in the opposite direction. From a capacity point of view, there is no difference between normal state and failure state.

TDM Aggregation Ring - SNCP 1:1 Protection Bandwidth is Used for Ethernet

In the SNCP 1:1 scenario depicted in the above figure, TDM-only E1s flow only in one direction. An alternate path is reserved, but no capacity is allocated. In case of a failure, E1s are re-routed in the opposite direction over the reserved path, receiving the non-allocated capacity.

When planning a data network for broadband services, one should compute the guaranteed traffic (Committed Information Rate – CIR), as well as the possible upside (Excess Information Rate – EIR). Given the availability of bandwidth for both classes, you can determine the subscriber’s overall Quality of Experience.



A Native Ethernet Ring with 100% or Partial Protection Based on STP

In the scenario that appears in the figure above, when applying 100% protection – or in case of a worst case failure, up to 14.5 Mbps of Ethernet capacity are available per site. The whole ring can support 262 Mbps of traffic. So if the 262 Mbps of protected path bandwidth is reserved but not allocated, Ethernet capacity is increased to 29 Mbps per cell site aggregated into 116 Mbps in aggregation site S2, etc. In Ethernet, the various failure state scenarios each have a different effect on capacity, as described in the next section.

8.11.6 Ethernet Ring Failure States

The figure below depicts three failure states of varying severities, denoted 2, 3 and 4.

Non-Affecting Failure. The failure in link A3 does not affect traffic, as STP has in any case blocked this link. Ethernet traffic does not traverse this link.

Medium-Severity Failure. The link failure at A2 causes some traffic to flow normally, while some traffic uses the reserved alternate path.

Worst-Case Scenario Failure – A failure in link A1 causes all traffic to flow over the reserved alternate path



Ethernet rings: Different Severities of Failure States

There is no need for an STP block in any of the failure scenarios (1-3), since at least one link in the ring is in any case out of service.

8.11.7 Comparison of Protection Methods – To Allocate or Not to Allocate

Traditional protection schemes include bandwidth reservation and actual allocation of capacity for the alternate path. The reasoning for this was simple – in failure state, the network would not be able to restore connectivity in a timely fashion. Today, higher processing speeds and improved network recovery algorithms allow products such as IP-10 to restore connectivity instantly, without pre-allocation of capacity. Therefore, while high-priority E1 traffic is protected, alternate path capacity is reserved, but the unused capacity can be utilized for the delivery of broadband services, allowing data users to enjoy additional capacity when it becomes available. For example:



A Native2 Ring with Protected-ABR at Work

While 72 E1s lines are delivered all the time, only the relevant 36 E1s are actually carried on each path. On the Ethernet side, up to 262 Mbps of data are available in normal state, while 41 Mbps guaranteed at failure (in the worst case scenario).

Much more, even in failures states:

17 Mbps of data per cell site vs. 2.3 mbps in SNCP 1+1

17 Mbps per cell site for A3 failure

6.4 Mbps per cell site for A2/A4 failure

In summary, ABR can provide much higher capacities in all scenarios, with the exception of worst case failures. The increased capacity allows operators to improve customer stratification, and enhance subscribers’ overall Quality-of-Experience (QoE) with better performance in mail delivery, content sharing, backup services, Facebook access, and video streaming.



8.11.8 ABR Benefits

ABR has significant benefits over Pseudowire-based techniques when applied in a 2G-to-3G migration environment. It enables an operator to enjoy the inherent benefits of hybrid TDM and Ethernet Microwave environments:

ABR Advantages: Double Data Capacity, with no Impact on TDM in Failure State

Doubles ring capacity by using the TDM protection path to provide extra capacity for Ethernet services.

Leaves revenue-generating 2G voice traffic unaffected in the migration process, with no need for protocol conversion.

Protects network synchronization and clock using currently deployed E1s, without the need to test and verify new clock recovery mechanisms. Clock recovery techniques are sensitive to delay and delay variation, and therefore have a severe impact on the operator’s deployment strategy, often limiting the number of links in a chain or a ring.

Streamlines the phase-out of legacy E1s in the network, easing the preparation for deployment of all-packet backhaul networks.

QoS awareness enables the operator to associate the appropriate class of availability and class of service to each traffic type:

Protected or not protected

Special low delay considerations

Low, medium, or high priority – TDM or Ethernet



8.12 Synchronization Support

Synchronization is an essential part of any mobile backhaul solution and is sometimes required by other applications as well.

Two unique synchronization issues must be addressed for mobile networks:

Frequency Lock: Applicable to GSM and UMTS-FDD networks.

Limits channel interference between carrier frequency bands.

Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 50 ppb.

Sync is the traditional technique used, with traceability to a PRS master clock carried over PDH/SDH networks, or using GPS.

Phase Lock with Latency Correction: Applicable to CDMA, CDMA-2000, UMTS-TDD, and WiMAX networks.

Limits coding time division overlap.

Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 20 - 50 ppb, phase difference of < 1-3 msecs.

GPS is the traditional technique used.

8.12.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges

Wireless networks set to deploy over IP networks require a solution for carrying high precision timing to base stations.

Throughout the globe, legacy SDH/PDH based TDM networks are being fragmented, leading to “islands of TDM”.

Traditional TDM services are being carried over packet networks using Circuit Emulation over Packet techniques (CESoP).

Two new approaches are being developed in an effort to meet the challenge of migration to IP:

Various Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) techniques

Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)



8.12.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP)

PTP synchronization refers to the distribution of frequency, phase, and absolute time information across an asynchronous packet switched network. PTP can use a variety of protocols to achieve timing distribution, including:

IEEE-1588

NTP

RTP

Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Synchronization

8.12.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

SyncE is standardized in ITU-T G.8261 and refers to a method whereby the clock is delivered on the physical layer.

The method is based on SDH/TDM timing, with similar performance, and does not change the basic Ethernet standards.

The SyncE technique supports synchronized Ethernet outputs as the timing source to an all-IP BTS/NodeB. This method offers the same synchronization quality provided over E1 interfaces to legacy BTS/NodeB.



Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

8.12.4 IP-10 Synchronization Solution

Ceragon's synchronization solution ensures maximum flexibility by enabling the operator to select any combination of techniques suitable for the operator’s network and migration strategy.

Synchronization using native E1 trails

Including SyncE output from co-located trail support

PTP optimized transport:

Supports a variety of protocols, such as IEEE-1588 and NTP

Guaranteed ultra-low PDV (<0.05 msec per hop)

Unique support for ACM and narrow channels

Native Sync Distribution

End-to-End Native Synchronization distribution for nodal configurations

GE/E1/STM1 input

GE/FE/E1/STM1 output

Supports any radio link configuration and network topology

SyncE “Regenerator” mode

PRC grade (G.811) performance for pipe (“regenerator”) applications



8.12.5 Synchronization Using Native E1 Trails

Using this technique, each E1 trail carries a native TDM clock, which is compliant with GSM and UMTS synchronization requirements.

Synchronization using Native E1 Trails

IP-10 implements a PDH-like mechanism for providing high precision synchronization of native TDM trails. This implementation ensures high-quality synchronization while keeping cost and complexity low since it eliminates the need for a sophisticated centralized SDH-grade "clock unit" at each node. The system is designed to deliver E1 traffic and recover E1 clock, complying with G.823 “synchronization port” jitter and wander. That means the user can use any or all of the system’s E1 interfaces in order to deliver synchronization reference via the radio to a remote site.

Each trail is independent of the other, meaning that IP-10 does not imply any restrictions on the source of the TDM trails. This means that each trail can have its own clock, and no synchronization between trails is assumed.

Each E1 trail is mapped independently over the radio frame and the integrated cross-connect elements. Timing can be distributed over user traffic carrying E1 trails or dedicated “timing” trails. This method eliminates (or delays) the need to employ emerging techniques for carrying timing over packet networks (SyncE or PTP).



8.12.6 SyncE from Co-Located E1 Trails

The clock for SyncE output interfaces can be derived from any co-located traffic-carrying E1 trail at the BTS site.

This is ideal as an intermediate solution for introducing all-packet NodeBs which are co-located with already installed 2G BTSs.

The figure below illustrates how SyncE from Co-Located E1 trail operates.

Sync from Co-Located E1 Mode



8.12.7 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport

IP-10 supports the PTP synchronization protocol (IEEE-1588). IP-10’s PTP Optimized Transport guarantees ultra-low PDV (<0.05 msec), and provides unique support for ACM and narrow channels.

Ceragon's unique PTP Optimized Transport mechanism ensures that PTP control frames (IEEE-1588, NTP, etc.) are transported with maximum reliability and minimum delay variation, to provide the best possible timing accuracy (frequency and phase) meeting the stringent requirement of emerging 4G technologies.

PTP control frames are identified using the advanced integrated QoS classifier.

Frame delay variation of <0.05msec per hop for PTP control frames is supported, even when ACM is enabled, and even when operating with narrow radio channels.

PTP Optimized Transport



8.12.8 Native Sync Distribution Mode

In this mode, targeting nodal configurations, synchronization is distributed natively end-to-end over the radio links in the network.

No TDM trails or E1 interfaces at the tail sites are required!

Synchronization is typically provided by one or more clock sources (SSU/GPS) at fiber hub sites.

Native Sync Distribution Mode

In native Sync Distribution mode, the following interfaces can be used as the sync references:

E1

STM-1

GE (SyncE) 1

Additionally, the following interfaces can be used for sync output:

E1

GE/FE (SyncE)

Native Sync Distribution mode can be used in any link configuration and any network topology.

1 SyncE input is only supported in the R3 hardware release.



The figure below illustrative a Native Sync Distribution mode usage example in which synchronization is provided to all-packet Node-Bs using SyncE.

Native Sync Distribution Mode Usage Example

The following figures illustrate Native Sync Distribution mode in various scenarios.

Native Synch Distribution Mode



8.12.9 SyncE “Regenerator” Mode

When working in “smart pipe” mode it is required to have SyncE pass bi-directionally across the radio link with minimal performance degradation (as close as possible to the performance of a fiber link).

For this application IP-10 has a dedicated mechanism which provides PRC grade (G.811) performance. 2

2 SyncE “regenerator” mode is only supported in the R3 hardware release.



9. RFU Descriptions

Ceragon's Radio Frequency Units (RFUs) were designed with sturdiness, power, simplicity, and compatibility in mind. These advanced systems provide high-power transmission for short and long distances and can be assembled and installed quickly and easily. Any of the RFUs described in this chapter can be used in an IP-10 system.

FibeAir RFUs deliver the maximum capacity over 3.5-56 MHz channels with configurable modulation schemes from QPSK to 256QAM. The RFU supports low to high capacities for traditional voice, mission critical and for emerging Ethernet services, with any mix of interfaces, pure Ethernet, pure TDM or hybrid Ethernet and TDM interfaces (Native2).

High spectral efficiency is ensured using the same bandwidth for double the capacity, via a single carrier, with vertical and horizontal polarizations. This feature is implemented by a built-in Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) mechanism.

IP-10 works with the following RFUs:

Standard Power

FibeAir RFU-C

FibeAir RFU-SP

FibeAir RFU-P

High Power

FibeAir 1500HP

FibeAir RFU-HP

FibeAir RFU-HS



9.1 RFU Selection Guide

The following table can be used to help you select the RFU that is appropriate to your location.

For the 13-38 GHz frequency range, use FibeAir RFU-C

For the low frequencies please refer to the options below:

Note: RFU-P and RSP-SP are generally not recommended for new installations. RFU-C will generally be a more appropriate standard-power option.

RFU Selection Guide

Character RFU-C (6 – 38GHz)

1500HP (6 – 11GHz)

RFU-HP

(6 – 11GHz)

RFU-HS (6 – 8GHz)

RFU-SP (6 – 8GHz)

RFU-P

(11 – 38GHz)

Installation Type

Split Mount √ √ √ √ √ √

All-Indoor -- √ √ -- √ √

Space Diversity

Method SD (BBS/IFC) BBS BBS + IFC BBS BBS BBS BBS

Frequency

Diversity FD

-- √ √ -- -- --

Configuration

1+0/2+0/1+1/2+2 √ √ √ √ √ √

N+1 -- √ √ -- -- --

N+0 ( N>2) -- √ √ -- -- --

Tx Power (dBm)

High Power

(up to 29 dBm) -- √ √ √ -- --

Ultra High Power

(up to 32 dBm) -- √ √ -- -- --

RFU Mounting Direct Mount

Antenna √ -- -- √ √

√

Bandwidth

(BW)

3.5MHz – 56 Mhz √ -- √ -- -- --

10 MHz – 30 MHz √ √ √ √ √ √

56 Mhz √ -- √ √ √ √

Power Saving

Mode

Adjustable Power

Consumption -- -- √ -- -- --



9.2 RFU-C

RFU-C is a fully software configurable, state-of-the-art RFU that supports a broad range of interfaces and capacities from 10 Mbps up to 500 Mbps. This innovative and compact unit uses an “on-the-fly” upgrade method, whereby network operators only buy capacity as needed, savings on initial investments and ongoing OPEX.

RFU-C operates in the frequency range of 6-38 GHz.

With RFU-C, traffic capacity throughput and spectral efficiency are optimized with the desired channel bandwidth. For maximum user choice flexibility, channel bandwidths can be selected together with a range of modulations from QPSK to 256 QAM over 7-56 MHz channel bandwidth

9.2.1 Main Features of RFU-C

Frequency range – Operates in the frequency range 6 – 38 GHz

More power in a smaller package - Up to 24 dBm for extended distance, enhanced availability, use of smaller antennas

Broad capacity range – from low to high - Delivers 10 Mbps up to 500 Mbps over a single carrier

Compact, lightweight form factor - Reduces installation and warehousing costs

Supported configurations:

1+0 – direct and remote mount



2+2 – remote mount

Efficient and easy installation - Direct mount installation with different antenna types



9.2.2 RFU-C Frequency Bands

Frequency Band

TX Range RX Range Tx/Rx spacing

6L

6332.5-6393 5972-6093 300A

5972-6093 6332.5-6393

6249-6306.5 5925.5-6040.5

266A 5925.5-6040.5 6249-6306.5

6361-6418.5 6037.5-6152.5

6037.5-6152.5 6361-6418.5

6245-6290.5 5939.5-6030.5

260A 5939.5-6030.5 6245-6290.5

6365-6410.5 6059.5-6150.5

6059.5-6150.5 6365-6410.5

6226.89-6286.865 5914.875-6034.825

252B 5914.875-6034.825 6226.89-6286.865

6345.49-6405.465 6033.475-6153.425

6033.475-6153.425 6345.49-6405.465

6181.74-6301.69 5929.7-6049.65

252A

5929.7-6049.65 6181.74-6301.69

6241.04-6360.99 5989-6108.95

5989-6108.95 6241.04-6360.99

6300.34-6420.29 6048.3-6168.25

6048.3-6168.25 6300.34-6420.29

6235-6290.5 5939.5-6050.5

240A 5939.5-6050.5 6235-6290.5

6355-6410.5 6059.5-6170.5

6059.5-6170.5 6355-6410.5

6H GHz

6924.5-7075.5 6424.5-6575.5 500

6424.5-6575.5 6924.5-7075.5

7032.5-7091.5 6692.5-6751.5 340C

6692.5-6751.5 7032.5-7091.5

6764.5-6915.5 6424.5-6575.5 340B

6424.5-6575.5 6764.5-6915.5



Frequency Band


6924.5-7075.5 6584.5-6735.5

6584.5-6735.5 6924.5-7075.5

6784.5-6935.5 6444.5-6595.5

340A 6444.5-6595.5 6784.5-6935.5

6944.5-7095.5 6604.5-6755.5

6604.5-6755.5 6944.5-7095.5

6707.5-6772.5 6537.5-6612.5

160A

6537.5-6612.5 6707.5-6772.5

6767.5-6832.5 6607.5-6672.5

6607.5-6672.5 6767.5-6832.5

6827.5-6872.5 6667.5-6712.5

6667.5-6712.5 6827.5-6872.5

7GHz

7434.5-7585.5 7134.5-7285.5

300A 7134.5-7285.5 7434.5-7585.5

7584.5-7705.5 7284.5-7405.5

7284.5-7405.5 7584.5-7705.5

7671.5-7786.5 7426.5-7541.5

245A 7426.5-7541.5 7671.5-7786.5

7783.5-7898.5 7538.5-7653.5

7538.5-7653.5 7783.5-7898.5

7301.5-7388.5 7105.5-7192.5

196A 7105.5-7192.5 7301.5-7388.5

7357.5-7444.5 7161.5-7248.5

7161.5-7248.5 7357.5-7444.5

7594.5-7653.5 7412.5-7471.5

182A

7412.5-7471.5 7594.5-7653.5

7622.5-7681.5 7440.5-7499.5

7440.5-7499.5 7622.5-7681.5

7678.5-7737.5 7496.5-7555.5

7496.5-7555.5 7678.5-7737.5

7580.5-7639.5 7412.5-7471.5 168C

7412.5-7471.5 7580.5-7639.5



Frequency Band


7608.5-7667.5 7440.5-7499.5

7440.5-7499.5 7608.5-7667.5

7664.5-7723.5 7496.5-7555.5

7496.5-7555.5 7664.5-7723.5

7609.5-7668.5 7441.5-7500.5

168B

7441.5-7500.5 7609.5-7668.5

7637.5-7696.5 7469.5-7528.5

7469.5-7528.5 7637.5-7696.5

7693.5-7752.5 7525.5-7584.5

7525.5-7584.5 7693.5-7752.5

7273.5-7332.5 7105.5-7164.5

168A

7105.5-7164.5 7273.5-7332.5

7301.5-7360.5 7133.5-7192.5

7133.5-7192.5 7301.5-7360.5

7357.5-7416.5 7189.5-7248.5

7189.5-7248.5 7357.5-7416.5

7280.5-7339.5 7119.5-7178.5

161P

7119.5-7178.5 7280.5-7339.5

7308.5-7367.5 7147.5-7206.5

7147.5-7206.5 7308.5-7367.5

7336.5-7395.5 7175.5-7234.5

7175.5-7234.5 7336.5-7395.5

7364.5-7423.5 7203.5-7262.5

7203.5-7262.5 7364.5-7423.5

7597.5-7622.5 7436.5-7461.5

161O 7436.5-7461.5 7597.5-7622.5

7681.5-7706.5 7520.5-7545.5

7520.5-7545.5 7681.5-7706.5

7587.5-7646.5 7426.5-7485.5

161M 7426.5-7485.5 7587.5-7646.5

7615.5-7674.5 7454.5-7513.5

7454.5-7513.5 7615.5-7674.5



Frequency Band


7643.5-7702.5 7482.5-7541.5

161K 7482.5-7541.5 7643.5-7702.5

7671.5-7730.5 7510.5-7569.5

7510.5-7569.5 7671.5-7730.5

7573.5-7632.5 7412.5-7471.5

161J

7412.5-7471.5 7573.5-7632.5

7601.5-7660.5 7440.5-7499.5

7440.5-7499.5 7601.5-7660.5

7657.5-7716.5 7496.5-7555.5

7496.5-7555.5 7657.5-7716.5

7580.5-7639.5 7419.5-7478.5

161I

7419.5-7478.5 7580.5-7639.5

7608.5-7667.5 7447.5-7506.5

7447.5-7506.5 7608.5-7667.5

7664.5-7723.5 7503.5-7562.5

7503.5-7562.5 7664.5-7723.5

7273.5-7353.5 7112.5-7192.5

161F

7112.5-7192.5 7273.5-7353.5

7322.5-7402.5 7161.5-7241.5

7161.5-7241.5 7322.5-7402.5

7573.5-7653.5 7412.5-7492.5

7412.5-7492.5 7573.5-7653.5

7622.5-7702.5 7461.5-7541.5

7461.5-7541.5 7622.5-7702.5

7709-7768 7548-7607

161D

7548-7607 7709-7768

7737-7796 7576-7635

7576-7635 7737-7796

7765-7824 7604-7663

7604-7663 7765-7824

7793-7852 7632-7691

7632-7691 7793-7852



Frequency Band


7584-7643 7423-7482

161C

7423-7482 7584-7643

7612-7671 7451-7510

7451-7510 7612-7671

7640-7699 7479-7538

7479-7538 7640-7699

7668-7727 7507-7566

7507-7566 7668-7727

7409-7468 7248-7307

161B

7248-7307 7409-7468

7437-7496 7276-7335

7276-7335 7437-7496

7465-7524 7304-7363

7304-7363 7465-7524

7493-7552 7332-7391

7332-7391 7493-7552

7284-7343 7123-7182

161A

7123-7182 7284-7343

7312-7371 7151-7210

7151-7210 7312-7371

7340-7399 7179-7238

7179-7238 7340-7399

7368-7427 7207-7266

7207-7266 7368-7427

7280.5-7339.5 7126.5-7185.5

154C

7126.5-7185.5 7280.5-7339.5

7308.5-7367.5 7154.5-7213.5

7154.5-7213.5 7308.5-7367.5

7336.5-7395.5 7182.5-7241.5

7182.5-7241.5 7336.5-7395.5

7364.5-7423.5 7210.5-7269.5

7210.5-7269.5 7364.5-7423.5



Frequency Band


7594.5-7653.5 7440.5-7499.5

154B

7440.5-7499.5 7594.5-7653.5

7622.5-7681.5 7468.5-7527.5

7468.5-7527.5 7622.5-7681.5

7678.5-7737.5 7524.5-7583.5

7524.5-7583.5 7678.5-7737.5

7580.5-7639.5 7426.5-7485.5

154A

7426.5-7485.5 7580.5-7639.5

7608.5-7667.5 7454.5-7513.5

7454.5-7513.5 7608.5-7667.5

7636.5-7695.5 7482.5-7541.5

7482.5-7541.5 7636.5-7695.5

7664.5-7723.5 7510.5-7569.5

7510.5-7569.5 7664.5-7723.5

8GHz

8274.5-8305.5 7744.5-7775.5 530A

7744.5-7775.5 8274.5-8305.5

8304.5-8395.5 7804.5-7895.5 500A

7804.5-7895.5 8304.5-8395.5

8023-8186.32 7711.68-7875 311C-J

7711.68-7875 8023-8186.32

8028.695-8148.645 7717.375-7837.325

311B 7717.375-7837.325 8028.695-8148.645

8147.295-8267.245 7835.975-7955.925

7835.975-7955.925 8147.295-8267.245

8043.52-8163.47 7732.2-7852.15

311A 7732.2-7852.15 8043.52-8163.47

8162.12-8282.07 7850.8-7970.75

7850.8-7970.75 8162.12-8282.07

8212-8302 7902-7992

310D 7902-7992 8212-8302

8240-8330 7930-8020

7930-8020 8240-8330



Frequency Band


8296-8386 7986-8076

7986-8076 8296-8386

8212-8302 7902-7992

310C

7902-7992 8212-8302

8240-8330 7930-8020

7930-8020 8240-8330

8296-8386 7986-8076

7986-8076 8296-8386

8380-8470 8070-8160

8070-8160 8380-8470

8408-8498 8098-8188

8098-8188 8408-8498

8039.5-8150.5 7729.5-7840.5

310A 7729.5-7840.5 8039.5-8150.5

8159.5-8270.5 7849.5-7960.5

7849.5-7960.5 8159.5-8270.5

8024.5-8145.5 7724.5-7845.5

300A 7724.5-7845.5 8024.5-8145.5

8144.5-8265.5 7844.5-7965.5

7844.5-7965.5 8144.5-8265.5

8302.5-8389.5 8036.5-8123.5 266C

8036.5-8123.5 8302.5-8389.5

8190.5-8277.5 7924.5-8011.5 266B

7924.5-8011.5 8190.5-8277.5

8176.5-8291.5 7910.5-8025.5

266A 7910.5-8025.5 8176.5-8291.5

8288.5-8403.5 8022.5-8137.5

8022.5-8137.5 8288.5-8403.5

8226.52-8287.52 7974.5-8035.5 252A

7974.5-8035.5 8226.52-8287.52

8270.5-8349.5 8020.5-8099.5 250A

8020.5-8099.5 8270.5-8349.5



Frequency Band


8326.5-8405.5 8076.5-8155.5

8076.5-8155.5 8326.5-8405.5

8256.5-8371.5 8048.5-8163.5

208A 8048.5-8163.5 8256.5-8371.5

8368.5-8455.5 8160.5-8247.5

8160.5-8247.5 8368.5-8455.5

8355.5-8414.5 8201.5-8260.5

154A

8201.5-8260.5 8355.5-8414.5

8383.5-8442.5 8229.5-8288.5

8229.5-8288.5 8383.5-8442.5

8439.5-8498.5 8285.5-8344.5

8285.5-8344.5 8439.5-8498.5

8396.5-8455.5 8277.5-8336.5

119A 8277.5-8336.5 8396.5-8455.5

8438.5-8497.5 8319.5-8378.5

8319.5-8378.5 8438.5-8497.5

10GHz

10395-10563 10333-10501

168A

10333-10501 10395-10563

10423-10591 10361-10529

10361-10529 10423-10591

10479-10647 10417-10585

10417-10585 10479-10647

10498-10652 10148-10302 350A

10148-10302 10498-10652

10498-10652 10148-10302 350B

10148-10302 10498-10652

10561-10707 10011-10157

550A 10011-10157 10561-10707

10701-10847 10151-10297

10151-10297 10701-10847

10530-10621 10499-10590 91A



Frequency Band


10499-10590 10530-10621

10558-10649 10527-10618

10527-10618 10558-10649

10586-10677 10555-10646

10555-10646 10586-10677

11GHz

11430-11720 10940-11200

All 10940-11200 11430-11720

11190-11460 10700-10950

10700-10950 11190-11460

13GHz

13002-13141 12749-12866

266 12749-12866 13002-13141

13129-13241 12863-12975

12863-12975 13129-13241

15GHz

15117-15341 14627-14851

490 14627-14851 15117-15341

14893-15117 14403-14627

14403-14627 14893-15117

15187-15341 14543-14697

644 14543-14697 15187-15341

14660-14820 15135-15295

475 15135-15295 14660-14820

14975-15135 4500-14660

14500-14660 14975-15135

15117-15341 14697-14921

420 14697-14921 15117-15341

14921-15145 14500-14725

14501-14725 14921-15145

14732-14844 15047-15159 315

15047-15159 14732-14844



Frequency Band


14648-14760 14963-15075

14963-15075 14648-14760

15229-15341 14500-14613 728

14500-14613 15229-15341

18GHz

19220-19700 17970-18450 1250

17970-18450 19220-19700

19160-19700 18150-18690

1010 18150-18690 19160-19700

18710-19210 17700-18200

17700-18200 18710-19210

19260-19700 17700-18140 1560

17700-18140 19260-19700

23GHz

23000-23600 22000-22600 1008

22000-22600 23000-23600

22400-23000 21200-21800

1232 /1200 21200-21800 22400-23000

23000-23600 21800-22400

21800-22400 23000-23600

24GHz ETSI UL 24000 -24250 24000 -24250

26GHz

25557-26005 24549-24997

1008 24549-24997 25557-26005

26005-26453 24997-25445

24997-25445 26005-26453

25266-25350 24466-24550

800 24466-24550 25266-25350

25050-25250 24250-24450

24250-24450 25050-25250

28GHz



Frequency Band


28150-28350 27700-27900

450 27700-27900 28150-28350

27950-28150 27500-27700

27500-27700 27950-28150

27700-27850 28050-28200

350 28050-28200 27700-27850

27610-27760 27960-28110

27960-28110 27610-27760

27500-27700 27950-28150 490

27950-28150 27500-27700

29004-29452 27996-28444

1008 27996-28444 29004-29452

28556-29004 27548-27996

27548-27996 28556-29004

36GHz

36700-3700 36000-36300 700

36000-36300 36700-3700

38GHz

38878-39438 37618-38178

1260 37618-38178 38878-39438

38318-38878 37058-37618

37058-37618 38318-38878

39650-40000 38950-39300

700

38950-39300 39500-40000

39300-39650 38600-38950

38600-38950 39300-39650

37700-38050 37000-37350

37000-37350 37700-38050

38050-38400 37350-37700

37350-37700 38050-38400



9.2.3 RFU-C Mediation Device Losses

RFU-C Mediation Device Losses

9.2.4 RFU-C Antenna Connection

RFU-C uses Andrew, RFS, Xian Putian, Radio Wave, GD and Shenglu antennas.

RFU-C can be mounted directly for all frequencies (6-38 GHz) using the following antenna types (for integrated antennas, specific antennas PNs are required):

Andrew: VHLP series

GD

Radio Wave

Xian Putian: WTG series

Shenglu

For remote mount installations, the following flexible waveguide flanges should be used (millimetric). The same antenna type (integrated) as indicated above can be used (recommended).

Other antenna types using the flanges listed in the table below may be used.

Configuration Interfaces 6-8 GHz 11 GHz 13-15 GHz

18-26 GHz

28-38 GHz

Flex WG Remote Mount

antenna Added on remote

mount configurations 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.5 1.5

1+0 DirectMount Integrated antenna 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5

1+1 HSB Direct Mount

Main TR 1.6 1.6 1.8 2 2

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6 6 6 6 6

1+1 HSB Remote Mount

Main TR 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6 6 6 6 6

2+0 DP (OMT) Direct Mount Integrated antenna 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2+2 HSB (OMT) Remote Mount

Main TR 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5

2+0/1+1 FD SP Integrated antenna 3.8 3.8 3.9 4 4

4+0 DP (OMT) Remote Mount 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4



9.2.5 RFU-C Waveguide Flanges

RFU-C – Waveguide Flanges

Frequency (GHz) Waveguide Standard Waveguide Flange Antenna Flange

6 WR137 PDR70 UDR70

7/8 WR112 PBR84 UBR84

10/11 WR90 PBR100 UBR100

13 WR75 PBR120 UBR120

15 WR62 PBR140 UBR140

18-26 WR42 PBR220 UBR220

28-38 WR28 PBR320 UBR320

If a different antenna type (CPR flange) is used, a flange adaptor is required. Please contact your Ceragon representative for details.



9.3 1500HP/RFU-HP

The FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP is a high transmit power RFU designed for long haul applications with multiple carrier traffic. Together with its unique branching design, 1500HP/RFU-HP can chain up to five carriers per single antenna port and 10 carriers for dual port, making it ideal for Trunk or Multi Carrier applications. The 1500HP/RFU-HP can be installed in either indoor or outdoor configurations.

The field proven FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP was designed to enable high quality wireless communication in the most cost-effective manner. With tens of thousands of units deployed worldwide, the FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP serves mobile operators enabling them to reach over longer distances while enabling the use of smaller antennas.

1500HP supports two types of Space Diversity optimizations, which are ideal solutions for the multipath phenomenon:

IF Combining

BBS (Base Band Switching)

1500HP/RFU-HP supports Space Diversity BBS (Base Band Switching). For details on IP-10 Space Diversity support, refer to Space Diversity on page 50.

9.3.1 Main Features of 1500HP/RFU-HP3

Operates in the frequency range of 6-11 GHz

Installation type – Split Mount or All-Indoor

Optional innovative IF Combining Space Diversity for improved system gain (for 1500 HP)

High transmit power up to 32dBm

Configurable Ethernet Capacity – 10 – 500Mbps per carrier

Configurable Modulation – QPSK – 256 QAM

Configurable Channel Bandwidth – 3.5 MHz – 56MHz (for RFU HP)

Variety of interfaces for TDM and IP

Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP) feature for double transmission capacity, and more bandwidth efficiency

Power Saving Mode option - Enables the microwave system to automatically detect when link conditions allow it to use less power (for 1500 HP)

ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)

Level 3 NEBS compliance

3 For guidance on the differences between 1500HP and RFU-HP, refer to RFU Selection Guide

on page 98.



9.3.2 1500HP/RFU-HP Frequency Bands

The frequency band of each radio is listed in the following table.

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz)

Channel Bandwidth

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425 29.65/56MHz

U6 GHz 6.425 to 7.100 20 MHz to

40/56 /60 MHz

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.425 to 7.725 28/56 MHz

7.110 to 7.750 28/56 MHz

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 29.65 MHz

8.275 to 8.500 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.900 to 8.400 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

11 GHz 10.700 to 11.700 10 MHz to 40/56



9.3.3 1500HP/RFU-HP Installation Types

FibeAir RFU-HP can be installed in a Split Mount configuration or in several All-Indoor options.

9.3.4 1500HP/RFU-HP Supported Configurations

These configurations are applicable for split mount or all indoor installation type:

Unprotected N+0 - 1+0 to 10+0 – Data is transmitted through N channels, without redundancy (protection)

Hot Standby - 1+1 HSB, 2+2 HSB – Two RFUs use the same RF channel connected via a coupler, whereby one channel transmits and the other acts as a backup (Standby). The 2+2 HSB configurations uses two RFUs which are chained using two frequencies and connected via a coupler to the other pair of RFUs.

N+1 Frequency Diversity - N+1 (1+1 to 9+1) – Data is transmitted through N channels and an additional (+1) frequency channel, which protects the N channels. If failure or signal degradation occurs in one of the N channels, the +1 channel carries the data of the affected N carrier. Additional configurations can be achieved using two racks, such as 14+2.

Note: Space Diversity can be used in each of the configurations.

When the 1500HP/RFU-HP is mounted in a Split Mount configuration, up to five RFUs can be chained on one pole mount (the total is ten RFUs for a dual pole antenna).



9.3.5 1500 HP/RFU-HP All-Indoor Configurations

When the 1500HP/RFU-HP is installed in an All Indoor configuration, there are several installation options:

In ETSI rack – up to ten radio carriers per rack

In 19” open rack – up to five radio carriers per subrack

Compact assembly – up to two radio carriers in horizontal placement (without a subrack)

When using All-Indoor configurations, there are two types of branching implementations:

Using ICBs

Vertical assembly, up to 10 carriers per rack (five carriers per subrack)

Using OCBs

Compact horizontal assembly, up to 2 carriers per subrack

9.3.6 Branching Networks

For multiple carriers, up to five carriers can be cascaded and circulated together to the antenna port.

Branching networks are the units which perform this function and route the signals from the RFUs to the antenna. The branching network can contain multiple OCBs or ICBs. When using Split Mount or All-Indoor compact (horizontal) configuration, the OCB branching network can be used. When using an All-Indoor configuration (vertical), the ICB branching network is used.

The main differences in branching concept between the OCB and the ICB is the how the signals are circulated.

OCB – the Tx and the Rx path circulate together to the main OCB port. When chaining multiple OCBs, each Tx signal is chained to the OCB Rx signal and so on (uses S-bend section).

ICB – all the Tx signals are chained together to one Tx port ( at the ICC ) and all the Rx signals are chained together to one Rx port (at the ICC). The ICC circulates all the Tx and the Rx signals to one antenna port (see the components description below).



All-Indoor Vertical Branching Split Mount Branching and All-Indoor Compact



9.3.6.1 Split Mount Branching Loss

When designing a link budget calculation, the branching loss (dB) should be considered as per specific configuration. This section contains tables that list the branching loss for the following Split Mount configurations.

Interfaces 1+0 1+1 FD 2+0 2+1 3+0

3+1 4+0

4+1 5+0

5+1 6+0

6+1 7+0

7+1 8+0

8+1 9+0

9+1 10+0

CCDP with DP

Antenna 0 (1c) 0 (1c) 0.5 (2c) 0.5 (2c) 1.0 (3c) 1.0 (3c) 1.5 (4c) 1.5 (4c) 2 (5c) 2 (6c)

SP Non-adjacent

Channels 0 (1c) 0.5 (2c) 1.0 (3c) 1.5 (4c) 2.0 (5c) NA NA NA NA NA

Notes:

(c) – Radio Carrier

CCDP – Co-channel dual polarization

SP – Single pole antenna

DP – Dual pole antenna

In addition the following losses will be added when using these items:

Item Where to Use Loss (dB)

Flex WG All configurations 0.5

15m Coax cable Diversity path 6-8/11 GHz 5/6.5

Symmetrical Coupler Adjacent channel configuration. 3.5



9.3.6.2 All-Indoor Branching Loss

ICC has a 0 dB loss, since the RFU is calibrated to Pmax, together with the filter and 1+0 branching loss. The following table presents the branching loss per configuration and the Elliptical wave guide (WG) losses per meter which will be add for each installation (dependant on the WG length).

Configuration Interfaces 1+0 1+1 FD 2+0

2+1 3+0

3+1 4+0

4+1 5+0

All-Indoor

WG losses per 100m

6L 4

6H 4.5

7/8GHz 6

11GHz 10

Symmetrical Coupler Added to adjacent

channel configuration 3

CCDP with DP antenna Tx and Rx 0.3 (1c) 0.3 (1c) 0.7 (2c) 0.7 (2c) 1.1 (3c)

Diversity RX 0.2 (1c) 0.2 (1c) 0.6 (2c) 0.6 (2c) 1.0 (3c)

SP Non adjacent channels Tx and Rx 0.3 (1c) 0.7 (2c) 1.1 (3c) 1.5 (4c) 1.9 (5c)


CCDP with DP antenna

Upgrade Ready

Tx and Rx 0.3 (1c) 0.7 (1c) 1.1 (2c) 1.1 (2c) 1.5 (3c)


Configuration Interfaces 5+1 6+0

6+1 7+0

7+1 8+0

8+1 9+0

9+1 10+0

All-Indoor

WG losses per 100m

6L 4

6H 4.5

7/8GHz 6

11GHz 10

Symmetrical Coupler Added to adjacent

channel configuration 3

CCDP with DP antenna Tx and Rx 1.5 (3c) 1.9 (4c) 1.9 (4c) 2.3 (5c) 2.3 (6c)


SP Non adjacent channels Tx and Rx

NA NA NA NA NA Diversity RX

CCDP with DP antenna

Upgrade Ready

Tx and Rx 1.5 (3c) 1.9 (4c) 1.9 (4c) 2.3 (5c) 2.3 (6c)




9.4 RFH-HS

FibeAir RFU-HS is a high transmit power RFU for long-haul applications. Based on Ceragon’s field-proven 1500HP technology, RFU-HS supports capacities of up to 500 Mbps for TDM and IP interfaces.

With its high transmit power, FibeAir RFU-HS is designed to enable high quality wireless communication in the most cost-effective manner, reaching over longer distances while enabling the use of smaller antennas.

9.4.1 Main Features of RFU-HS

Frequency range – Operates in the frequency range of 6-8 GHz

Ultra high transmit power - Up to 30 dBm for longer distances, enhanced availability

High capacity - Up to 56 MHz Channels to deliver up to 500 Mbps on a single channel

Direct or remote mount - Flexible installation saves costs and reduces transmission loss

Supported configurations:

1+0 - direct and remote mount



2+2 - remote mount

XPIC and CCDP – Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP)


Simple and Easy Installation



9.4.2 RFU-HS Frequency Bands

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz)

Channel Bandwidth Standard

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425 29.65/56MHz ITU-R F.383

U6 GHz 6.425 to 7.100 20 MHz to

40/56 /60 MHz ITU-R F.384

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz ITU-R F.385 Annex 4

7.425 to 7.725 28/56 MHz ITU-R F.385 Annex 1

7.110 to 7.750 28/56 MHz ITU-R F.385 Annex 3

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 29.65 MHz ITU-R F.386 Annex 1





9.4.3 RFU-HS Antenna Types

The following antennas support direct and remote mount installations for RFU-HS.

Vendor Frequency Band Diameter Manufacturer PN Marketing Model

Andrew 7/8 GHz 4ft VHLP4-7W-CR3 A-4-7_8-A


RFS 6L 4ft SU4-59CVA A-4-6L-R


RFS 6U 4ft SU4-65CVA A-4-6H-R


RFS 7/8 GHz 4ft SB4-W71CVA A-4-7_8-R

RFS 7/8 GHz 6ft SU6B-W71CVA A-6-7_8-R

Xian Putian 6L 4ft WTG12-58DAR A-4-6L-X


Xian Putian 6U 4ft WTG12-64DAR A-4-6H-X


Xian Putian 7/8 GHz 4ft WTG12-W71DAR A-4-7_8-X


9.4.4 RFU-HS Antenna Connection

The RFU is connected to the antenna via a flexible waveguide (which is frequency-dependent), in accordance with the following table. (The antenna type and the waveguide flanges are imperial.)

Frequency (GHz) Waveguide Standard Waveguide Flange

6L WR137 CPR137F

6H WR137 CPR137F

7 WR112 CPR112F

8 WR112 CPR112F



9.4.5 RFU-HS Mediation Device Losses

The following table lists branching losses for RFU-HS antennas.

Configuration Interfaces 6-8 GHz


antenna Added on remote mount

configurations 0.5

1+0 Integrated antenna Integrated antenna 0

1+1 HSB Integrated antenna

Main TR 1.6

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6.5

1+1/2+2 HSB Remote antenna

Main TR 1.6


2+0 SP (with CPLR) Integrated antenna 4

4+0 DP Remote mount antenna 4



9.5 RFU-SP

RFU-SP supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations for various network requirements. RFU-SP operates in the frequency range of 6-8 GHz, and supports capacities of 40 Mbps to 400 Mbps for TDM and IP interfaces. The capacity can easily be doubled using a Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) algorithm.

Note: RFU-SP is generally not recommended for new installations. RFU-C will generally be a more appropriate standard-power option.

9.5.1 Main Features of RFU-SP

Frequency Range – Operates in the frequency range of 6-8 GHz.

Configurable Capacity – from 40 Mbps to 500 Mbps.

Configurable Modulation – QPSK – 256 QAM.

High capacity - Up to 56 MHz Channels to deliver up to 500 Mbps on a single channel

Antenna Mount – Direct or remote.

Main Configurations – 1+1, 1+0, 2+0

XPIC and CCDP – Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP).


Simple and Easy Installation



9.5.2 RFU-SP Frequency Bands

The frequency band of each radio is listed in the following table.

RFU-SP Frequency Bands

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz) Channel Bandwidth

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425 29.65/56MHz

U6 GHz 6.425 to 7.100 20 MHz to 40/56 /60 MHz

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.425 to 7.725 28/56 MHz

7.110 to 7.750 28/56 MHz

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 29.65 MHz

8.275 to 8.500 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.900 to 8.400 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz



9.5.3 RFU-SP Direct Mount Installation

The following antennas support direct and remote mount installations:

RFU-HS-SP Antennas

Vendor Frequency Band

Diameter Manufacturer PN Marketing Model







RFS 7/8 GHz 4ft SB4-W71CVA A-4-7_8-R

RFS 7/8 GHz 6ft SU6B-W71CVA A-6-7_8-R







9.5.4 RFU-SP Antenna Connection

RFU-SP is connected to the antenna via a flexible waveguide, which is frequency-dependent, in accordance with the following table.

Frequency (GHz) Waveguide Standard Waveguide Flange

6L WR137 CPR137F

6H WR137 CPR137F

7 WR112 CPR112F

8 WR112 CPR112F



9.5.5 RFU-SP Mediation Device Losses

The following table lists branching losses for RFU-SP antennas.

Configuration Interfaces 6-8 GHz



mount configurations 0.5

1+0 Integrated antenna Integrated antenna 0


Main TR 1.6



Main TR 1.6


2+0 SP (with CPLR) Integrated antenna 4

4+0 DP Remote mount antenna 4



9.6 RFU-P

Note: RFU-P is generally not recommended for new installations. RFU-C will generally be a more appropriate standard-power option.

9.6.1 RFU-P Mediation Device Losses

The following table lists branching losses for RFU-P antennas.

RFU-P Mediation Device Losses

Configuration Interfaces 11 GHz

13-15 GHz

18-26 GHz

28-39 GHz



mount configurations 0.5 1.2 1.5 1.5

1+0 Integrated antenna Integrated antenna 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5


Main TR 1.8 1.8 1.8 2

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.5


Main TR 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.5



10. Typical Configurations

This section illustrates a number of typical IP-10 configurations for point-to-point and nodal systems.

10.1 Point to point configurations

10.1.1 1+0

1 IP-10, 1 RFU unit required

Integrated Ethernet switching can be enabled for multiple local Ethernet interfaces support

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Typical Configurations – 1+0



10.1.2 1+1 HSB

2 IP-10, 2 RFU units required

Integrated Ethernet switching can be enabled for multiple local Ethernet interfaces support

Redundancy covers failure of all control and data path components

Local Ethernet and TDM interfaces protection support via Y-cables or protection-panel

<50mSecs switch-over time

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Typical Configurations 1+1 HSB

10.1.3 1+0 with 32 E1s

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Typical Configurations - 1+0 with 32 E1s



10.1.4 1+0 with 64 E1s

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Typical Configurations -1+0 with 64 E1s

10.1.5 2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1s, “no Multi-Radio” Mode

Ethernet traffic - Each of the 2 units:

Feeding Ethernet traffic independently to its radio interface.

Can be configured independently for “switch” or “pipe” operation

No Ethernet traffic is shared internally between the 2 radio carriers

TDM traffic

Each of the 2 radio interfaces supports separate E1 services

E1 Services can optionally be protected using SNCP

2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1s, “no Multi-Radio” Mode



10.1.6 2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1s, “Multi-Radio” Mode

Ethernet traffic

One of the units is acting as the "master" unit and is feeding Ethernet traffic to both radio carriers

Traffic is distributed between the 2 carries at the radio frame level

The "Master" IDU can be configured for switch or pipe operation.

The 2nd ("Slave") IDU has all its Ethernet interfaces and functionality effectively disabled.

TDM traffic

Each of the 2 radio interfaces supports separate E1 services

E1 Services can optionally be protected using SNCP

2+0/XPIC Link, with 64 E1s, “Multi-Radio” Mode

10.1.7 2+0/XPIC Link, with 32 E1s + STM-1 Mux Interface, no Multi-Radio, up to 168 E1s over the radio

2+0/XPIC Link, with 32 E1s + STM-1 Mux Interface, no Multi-Radio, up to 168 E1s over the radio



10.1.8 1+1 HSB with 32 E1s

1+1 HSB with 32 E1s

10.1.9 1+1 HSB with 64 E1s

1+1 HSB with 64 E1s



10.1.10 1+1 HSB with 75 E1s

1+1 HSB with 75 E1s

10.1.11 1+1 HSB Link with 16 E1s+ STM-1 Mux Interface (Up to 75 E1s over the radio)

1+1 HSB Link with 16 E1s + STM-1 Mux Interface (Up to 75 E1s over the radio)



10.1.12 Native2 2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link, with 2xSTM-1 Mux (up to 150 E1s over the radio)

Native2 2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link, with 2xSTM-1 Mux (up to 150 E1s over the radio)



10.2 Nodal Configurations

10.2.1 Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux

Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux

10.2.2 Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink

Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink



10.2.3 Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux

Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux

10.2.4 Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site

Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site



10.2.5 Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site

Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links + STM-1 Mux Interface at Main Site

10.2.6 Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux

Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink, with STM-1 Mux



10.2.7 Native2 Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links, with STM-1 Mux

Native2 Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links, with STM-1 Mux

10.2.8 Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0

Native2 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0



10.2.9 Native2 Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total), with STM-1 Mux

Native2 Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total), with STM-1 Mux



10.2.10 Native2 Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total), with 2 x STM-1 Mux

Native2 Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total), with 2 x STM-1 Mux



11. Management Overview

Ceragon provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP.

Each device includes an HTTP-based element manager that enables the operator to perform element configuration, RF, Ethernet, and PDH performance monitoring, remote diagnostics, alarm reports, and more.

PolyView™ is Ceragon's Network Management System (NMS) that includes CeraMap™ , its friendly and powerful client graphical interface. PolyView can be used to update and monitor network topology status, provide statistical and inventory reports, define end-to-end traffic trails, download software, and configure elements in the network. In addition, it can be integrated with Northbound NMS platforms, to provide enhanced network management. The application is written in Java code and enables management functions at both the element and network levels.

Ceragon’s management suite also includes a web-based element management system (Web EMS), for advanced element management, and CeraBuild™ for specialized maintenance and provisioning.

Management, configuration, and maintenance tasks can be performed directly via the IP-10 Command Line Interface (CLI). The CLI can be used to perform configuration operations for stand-alone IP-10 units or units connected in a stacked configuration, as well as to configure several IP-10 units in a single batch command. In a nodal configuration, all commands are available both in the main and extension units unless otherwise stated.

Integrated IP-10 Management Tools



11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System

PolyView™ is Ceragon’s user friendly, state-of-the-art NMS. PolyView provides a rich set of management functions for FibeAir systems such as IP-10 at a network level and individual network element level. It enables users to manage their network in a very easy and cost-effective manner. PolyView provides functionality for managing faults, configurations, administration, performance, and security.

PolyView’s graphical interface, CeraMap™, is implemented in Java, which enables it to run on different operating systems. Since it supports Microsoft SQL, parts of the database can be exported for use in other applications, such as Microsoft Excel.

The system is security-protected, so that configuration and software download operations can only be performed by authorized system administrators.

CeraMap Main Window

11.1.1 PolyView Advantages

Faster and Easier Network Maintenance:

End-to-End TDM provisioning

Automated management processes

Lower Operational Costs:



Mass “configuration broadcast” change

Less operational mistakes

Easier root analysis

Higher Network Availability:

Automatic redundant NMS HW solution

Fast disaster recovery

NE configuration download, NE SW download

Faster, Easier, and More Accurate Network Troubleshooting:

Network reports, current and long history alarm list, inventory, top most alarm

Network view

11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features

11.1.2.1 General Features

Integrates with other NMS platforms and different Operating Systems

Hardware redundancy configuration, disaster recovery feature

Task scheduling: offline reports, database backup, database check, configuration backup, and application execution

Multiple maps, groups, and links

Search for elements and element groups

11.1.2.2 Faults

Active graphic element status indication

Current/historical alarm viewing

Alarm triggers definition

Trap forwarding configuration

Alarm synchronization

11.1.2.3 Configuration

Broadcast configuration to selective network elements

Network element configuration file upload and download

Scheduled network elements SW download

Dynamic server updating

Saving and loading of configuration data

Inter-element graphic connection

Global configuration changes through top-level elements

Automatic detection of network elements

Node discovery and polling



11.1.2.4 Security

Enhanced NMS security solution

Built-in security application

Connected user list viewing

11.1.2.5 Database

MySQL database

SQL database backup

Database check

Send messages to users

User action viewing

11.1.2.6 Performance

Extensive reporting capabilities

Up to 365 days of history

Filters

11.1.3 PolyView Functionality

The PolyView system consists of the following main components:

PolyView framework – The foundation on which all PolyView applications and services run

PolyView database – A centralized SQL-based database

NMS plugable API interface – the connection between PolyView and the NMS

PolyView applications

PolyView integrates with other NMS platforms, and can also operate in systems that do not use an NMS platform.

A set of APIs are used to communicate with the host NMS platform, to provide iconic map functions and alarm browsing.

In host NMS environments, PolyView is launched whenever a Ceragon equipment

element in the map is selected. In systems without an NMS platform, PolyView is

launched independently from a command line.

To obtain up-to-date information about Ceragon elements in the network,

PolyView uses a Data Collector, which polls the elements periodically and updates

the database whenever necessary.

Among other things, PolyView performs the following functions:

End-To-End TDM Trail Management – Creating and editing TDM trails is one of PolyView’s most important functions, enabling optimal utilization of available resources based on comprehensive trail definitions. Trails can be built either automatically, based on user-defined trail endpoints, or manually according to varying degrees of manual input, with full resource control.



Network Element Administration – PolyView enables global network element parameter configuration.

Network Map Design – PolyView’s CeraMap feature provides various design windows that enable you to define, link, and group elements in order to design a network map quickly and easily.

Element Management – PolyView enables you to configure element parameters by invoking PolyView’s CeraView feature for any selected element.

Alarm Control – PolyView provides comprehensive alarm control, including current alarm lists, historical alarm logs, alarm forwarding, and alarm trigger definitions.

Software and Configuration File Download – When updated software and configuration files are available, you can download the files to a single element or a group of elements.

Management Reports – PolyView reports include inventory and performance reports. Inventory reports provide information about interfaces and links in the system. Performance reports provide information about element communication performance.

Scheduled Tasks – PolyView enables you to create recurring tasks, such as database checks and backups and configuration backups.

Redundancy – PolyView has built-in support for a redundant NMS configuration that includes two PolyView servers – a primary server, which is generally active, and a secondary server, which is generally located at a remote site and is in standby mode.

Security – PolyView is a secure system that enables administrators to control who uses the system, and which parts of the system can be accessed.



11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS)

The Web EMS is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system, including:

Configuration Management – Enables you to view and define configuration data for the IP-10 system.

Fault Monitoring – Enables you to view active alarms.

Performance Monitoring – Enables you to view and clear performance monitoring values and counters.

Maintenance Association Identifiers – Enables you to define Maintenance Association Identifiers (MAID) for CFR protection.

Diagnostics and Maintenance – Enables you to define and perform loopback tests, software updates, and IDU-RFU interface monitoring.

Security Configuration – Enables you to configure IP-10 security features.

User Management – Enables you to define users and user groups.

For additional information about the Web EMS, refer to FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17.



11.3 CeraBuild

CeraBuild is an application that enables installation and maintenance personnel to initiate and produce commissioning reports to ensure that an IP-10 system was set up properly and that all components are in order for operation.

You can produce the following reports using CeraBuild:

Site Commission Report

Link Commission Report

PM Commission Report

For additional information about CeraBuild, refer to FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02.



11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM

FibeAir IP-10 provides complete Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signals, such as LOS, AIS, and RDI.

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as loopbacks and APS commands.

OAM Functionality

11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)

The IEEE 802.1ag standard defines Service Layer OAM (Connectivity Fault Management). The standard facilitates the discovery and verification of a path through 802.1 bridges and local area networks (LANs).

In addition, the standard:

Defines maintenance domains, their constituent maintenance points, and the managed objects required to create and administer them.

Defines the relationship between maintenance domains and the services offered by VLAN-aware bridges and provider bridges.

Describes the protocols and procedures used by maintenance points to maintain and diagnose connectivity faults within a maintenance domain.

Provides means for future expansion of the capabilities of maintenance points and their protocols.

IEEE 802.1ag Ethernet CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) protocols consist of three protocols that operate together to aid in debugging Ethernet networks: continuity check, link trace, and loopback.

FibeAir IP-10 utilizes these protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow.



11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON)

The FibeAir IP-10 platform stores and displays statistics in accordance with RMON and RMON2 standards.

The following groups of statistics can be displayed:

Ingress line receive statistics

Ingress radio transmit statistics

Egress radio receive statistics

Egress line transmit statistics

Notes:

Statistic parameters are polled each second, from system startup.

All counters can be cleared simultaneously.

The following statistics are displayed every 15 minutes (in the Radio and E1 performance monitoring windows):

Utilization - four utilizations: ingress line receive, ingress radio transmit, egress radio receive, and egress line transmit

Packet error rate - ingress line receive, egress radio receive

Seconds with errors - ingress line receive

11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics

Sum of frames received without error

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Number of frames received with a CRC error

Number of frames received with alignment errors

Number of valid received unicast frames

Number of valid received multicast frames

Number of valid received broadcast frames

Number of packets received with less than 64 octets

Number of packets received with more than 12000 octets (programmable)

Frames (good and bad) of 64 octets

Frames (good and bad) of 65 to 127 octets






11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics

Sum of frames transmitted to radio

Sum of octets transmitted to radio

Number of frames dropped



11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics

Sum of valid frames received by radio

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Sum of all frames received with errors

11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics

Sum of valid frames transmitted to line

Sum of octets transmitted



12. Specifications

12.1 General Specifications

12.1.1 6-18 GHz

Specification 6L,6H GHz 7,8 GHz 10 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz

Standards ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI

Operating Frequency

Range (GHz) 5.85-6.45, 6.4-7.1 7.1-7.9, 7.7-8.5 10.0-10.7 10.7-11.7 12.75-13.3 14.4-15.35

Tx/Rx Spacing (MHz)

252.04, 240, 266,

300, 340, 160,

170, 500

154, 119, 161,

168, 182, 196,

208, 245, 250,

266, 300,310,

311.32, 500, 530

91, 168,350, 550 490, 520, 530 266 315, 420, 475,

644, 490, 728

Frequency Stability +0.001%

Frequency Source Synthesizer

RF Channel Selection Via EMS/NMS

System Configurations Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1), Space Diversity

2+0/2+2 XPIC

Tx Range (Manual/ATPC) Up to 20dB dynamic range



12.1.2 23-38 GHz

Specification 18 GHz 23 GHz 24UL GHz 26 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 36 GHz 38 GHz

Standards ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI

Operating Frequency

Range (GHz) 17.7-19.7 21.2-23.65 24.0-24.25 24.2-26.5 27.35-29.5 31.8-33.4 36.0-37.0 37-40

Tx/Rx Spacing (MHz) 1010, 1120,

1008, 1560

1008, 1200,

1232

Customer-

defined 800, 1008

350, 450,

490, 1008 812 700

1000,

1260, 700

Frequency Stability +0.001%

Frequency Source Synthesizer

RF Channel Selection Via EMS/NMS

System

Configurations

Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1), Space Diversity, 2+0/2+2 XPIC

Tx Range

(Manual/ATPC)

Up to 20dB dynamic range

Note: All specifications are subject to change without prior notification.



12.2 RFU Support

Split-Mount installation

FibeAir RFU-C (6–38 GHz)4

FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP (6–11 GHz)

FibeAir RFU-HS (6–8 GHz)

FibeAir RFU-SP (6–8 GHz)

FibeAir RFU-P (11–38 GHz)

All-Indoor installation FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP (6–11 GHz)

IDU to RFU connection Coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft), Belden 9914/RG-8 (300 m/1000 ft) or

equivalent, N-type connectors (male)

Antenna Connection Direct or remote mount using the same antenna type.

Remote mount: standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)

Note: For more details about the different RFUs refer to RFU Descriptions on page 97 and to the documentation for individual RFU models.

4 Refer to RFU-C roll-out plan for availability of each frequency.



12.3 Radio Capacity

12.3.1 3.5 MHz

Modulation Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Number of Supported E1s

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

16 QAM 10 10.5 4 9.5 14

64 QAM 25 15 6 14 20

Note: Ethernet Capacity depends on average packet size.

12.3.2 7 MHz

Profile Modulation

Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)


Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 10 10 4 9.5 13.5

1 8 PSK 25 15 6 14 20

2 16 QAM 25 20 8 19 28

3 32 QAM 25 25 10 24 34

4 64 QAM 25 29 12 28 40

5 128 QAM 50 33 13 33 47

6 256 QAM 50 39 16 38 55

7 256 QAM 50 41 17 40 57




12.3.3 14 MHz

Profile Modulation


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)


Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 25 21 8 20 29

1 8 PSK 25 29 12 29 41

2 16 QAM 50 43 18 42 60

3 32 QAM 50 50 20 49 70

4 64 QAM 50 57 24 57 82

5 128 QAM 100 69 29 69 98

6 256 QAM 100 80 34 81 115

7 256 QAM 100 87 37 87 125


12.3.4 28 MHz

Profile Modulation


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)


Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 50 41 17 40 58

1 8 PSK 50 55 23 54 78

2 16 QAM 100 78 33 78 111

3 32 QAM 100 105 44 105 151

4 64 QAM 150 130 55 131 188

5 128 QAM 150 158 68 160 229

6 256 QAM 200 176 76 178 255

7 256 QAM 200 186 80 188 268




12.3.5 40 MHz

Profile Modulation


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)


Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 50 56 23 56 80

1 8 PSK 100 83 35 83 119

2 16 QAM 100 121 51 122 174

3 32 QAM 150 151 65 153 218

4 64 QAM 150 189 81 191 274

5 128 QAM 200 211 84 214 305

6 256 QAM 200 240 84 243 347

7 256 QAM 300 255 84 259 370


12.3.6 56 MHz

Profile Modulation


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)


Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 100 76 32 76 109

1 8 PSK 100 113 48 114 163

2 16 QAM 150 150 64 151 217

3 32 QAM 200 199 84 202 288

4 64 QAM 300 248 84 251 358

5 128 QAM 300 297 84 301 430

6 256 QAM 400 338 84 343 490

7 256 QAM 400 367 84 372 532




12.3.7 Transmit Power with RFU-C5 (dBm)

Modulation 6-8 GHz 10-15 GHz 18-23 GHz 24GHz UL* 26 GHz 28 GHz 32-38 GHz

QPSK 26 24 22 -17 21 14 18

8 PSK 26 24 22 -18 21 14 18

16 QAM 25 23 21 -19 20 14 17

32 QAM 24 22 20 --19 19 14 16

64 QAM 24 22 20 --19 19 14 16

128 QAM 24 22 20 -19 19 14 16

256 QAM 22 20 18 -21 17 12 14

*For 1ft ant or lower

12.3.8 Transmit Power with RFU-SP/HS/HP (dBm)

RFU-SP RFU-HS 1500HP Split-Mount RFU-HP

1500 HP All-Indoor

Modulation 6-8 GHz6 6-8 GHz 6-8 GHz 11 GHz 6-8 GHz 11 GHz

QPSK 24 30 30 27 33 30

8 PSK 24 30 30 27 33 30

16 QAM 24 30 30 27 33 30

32 QAM 24 30 30 26 33 29

64 QAM 24 29 29 26 32 29

128 QAM 24 29 29 26 32 29

256 QAM 22 27 27 24 30 27


6 1dBm higher for 6L GHz.



12.3.9 Transmit Power with RFU-P (dBm)

Modulation 11-15 GHz 18 GHz 23-26 GHz 28-32 GHz 38 GHz

QPSK 23 23 22 21 20

8 PSK 23 23 22 21 20

16 QAM 23 21 20 20 19

32 QAM 23 21 20 20 19

64 QAM 22 20 20 19 18

128 QAM 22 20 20 19 18

256 QAM 217 19 19 18 17

7 20dBm for 11GHz.



12.3.10 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-C8 (dBm @ BER = 10-6)

Note: RSL values are typical.

Profile Modulation Channel Spacing

Occupied Bandwidth 99%

Frequency (GHz)

6-10 11-15 18 23 24 26 28 38

- 16 QAM 3.5 MHz 3.24 MHz

-87.5 -88.0 -87.0 -86.5 N/A -85.5 -83.5 -84.5

- 64 QAM -83.5 -84.0 -83.0 -82.5 N/A -81.5 -79.5 -80.5

0 QPSK

7 MHz 7 MHz

-91.5 -92.0 -91.0 -90.5 -87.5 -89.5 -87.5 -88.5

1 8 PSK -89.0 -89.5 -88.5 -88.0 -85.0 -87.0 -85.0 -86.0

2 16 QAM -86.0 -86.5 -85.5 -85.0 -82.0 -84.0 -82.0 -83.0

3 32 QAM -83.0 -83.5 -82.5 -82.0 -79.0 -81.0 -79.0 -80.0

4 64 QAM -82.0 -82.5 -81.5 -81.0 -78.0 -80.0 -78.0 -79.0

5 128 QAM -79.5 -80.0 -79.0 -78.5 -75.5 -77.5 -75.5 -76.5

6 256 QAM -76.0 -76.5 -75.5 -75.0 -72.0 -74.0 -72.0 -73.0

7 256 QAM -75.0 -75.5 -74.5 -74.0 -71.0 -73.0 -71.0 -72.0

0 QPSK

14 MHz 13 MHz

-90.5 -91.0 -90.0 -89.5 -86.5 -88.5 -86.5 -87.5

1 8 PSK -87.5 -88.0 -87.0 -86.5 -83.5 -85.5 -83.5 -84.5

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.5 -82.5 -82.0 -79.0 -81.0 -79.0 -80.0

3 32 QAM -81.0 -81.5 -80.5 -80.0 -77.0 -79.0 -77.0 -78.0

4 64 QAM -80.0 -80.5 -79.5 -79.0 -76.0 -78.0 -76.0 -77.0

5 128 QAM -77.0 -77.5 -76.5 -76.0 -73.0 -75.0 -73.0 -74.0

6 256 QAM -74.0 -74.5 -73.5 -73.0 -70.0 -72.0 -70.0 -71.0

7 256 QAM -70.5 -71.0 -70.0 -69.5 -66.5 -68.5 -66.5 -67.5




Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-C9 (dBm @ BER = 10-6) (Continued)



Frequency (GHz)

6-10 11-15 18 23 24 26 28 38

0 QPSK

28 MHz 26 MHz

-89.5 -90.0 -89.0 -88.5 -85.5 -87.5 -85.5 -86.5

1 8 PSK -85.5 -86.0 -85.0 -84.5 -81.5 -83.5 -81.5 -82.5

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.5 -82.5 -82.0 -79.0 -81.0 -79.0 -80.0

3 32 QAM -78.5 -79.0 -78.0 -77.5 -74.5 -76.5 -74.5 -75.5

4 64 QAM -76.5 -77.0 -76.0 -75.5 -72.5 -74.5 -72.5 -73.5

5 128 QAM -72.0 -72.5 -71.5 -71.0 -68.0 -70.0 -68.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM -71.5 -72.0 -71.0 -70.5 -67.5 -69.5 -67.5 -68.5

7 256 QAM -68.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5 -64.5 -66.5 -64.5 -65.5

0 QPSK

40 MHz 36.5 MHz

-87.0 -87.5 -86.5 -86.0 -83.0 -85.0 -83.0 -84.0

1 8 PSK -81.5 -82.0 -81.0 -80.5 -77.5 -79.5 -77.5 -78.5

2 16 QAM -79.0 -79.5 -78.5 -78.0 -75.0 -77.0 -75.0 -76.0

3 32 QAM -75.5 -76.0 -75.0 -74.5 -71.5 -73.5 -71.5 -72.5

4 64 QAM -72.0 -72.5 -71.5 -71.0 -68.0 -70.0 -68.0 -69.0

5 128 QAM -71.0 -71.5 -70.5 -70.0 -67.0 -69.0 -67.0 -68.0

6 256 QAM -68.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5 -64.5 -66.5 -64.5 -65.5

7 256 QAM -66.0 -66.5 -65.5 -65.0 -62.0 -64.0 -62.0 -63.0

0 QPSK

56 MHz 52 MHz

-86.5 -87.0 -86.0 -85.5 -82.5 -84.5 -82.5 -83.5

1 8 PSK -81.5 -82.0 -81.0 -80.5 -77.5 -79.5 -77.5 -78.5

2 16 QAM -80.5 -81.0 -80.0 -79.5 -76.5 -78.5 -76.5 -77.5

3 32 QAM -76.0 -76.5 -75.5 -75.0 -72.0 -74.0 -72.0 -73.0

4 64 QAM -74.0 -74.5 -73.5 -73.0 -70.0 -72.0 -70.0 -71.0

5 128 QAM -71.0 -71.5 -70.5 -70.0 -67.0 -69.0 -67.0 -68.0

6 256 QAM -68.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5 -64.5 -66.5 -64.5 -65.5

7 256 QAM -65.5 -66.0 -65.0 -64.5 -61.5 -63.5 -61.5 -62.5




12.3.11 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-SP/HS/HP/1500HP10

(dBm @ BER = 10-6)


RFU-SP/HS 1500HP11 RFU-HP



6-8 GHz 6-11 GHz 6 GHz 7-11 GHz

- 16 QAM 3.5 MHz 3.24 MHz

N/A N/A -88.5 -88.0

- 64 QAM N/A N/A -84.5 -84.0

0 QPSK

7 MHz 7 MHz

-91.5 -91.5 -92.5 -92.0

1 8 PSK -89.0 -89.0 -90.0 -89.5

2 16 QAM -86.0 -86.0 -87.0 -86.5

3 32 QAM -83.0 -83.0 -84.0 -83.5

4 64 QAM -82.0 -82.0 -83.0 -82.5

5 128 QAM -79.5 -79.5 -80.5 -80.0

6 256 QAM -76.0 -76.0 -77.0 -76.5

7 256 QAM -75.0 -75.0 -76.0 -75.5

0 QPSK

14 MHz 13 MHz

-90.5 -90.5 -91.5 -91.0

1 8 PSK -87.5 -87.5 -88.5 -88.0

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.0 -84.0 -83.5

3 32 QAM -81.0 -81.0 -82.0 -81.5

4 64 QAM -80.0 -80.0 -81.0 -80.5

5 128 QAM -77.0 -77.0 -78.0 -77.5

6 256 QAM -74.0 -74.0 -75.0 -74.5

7 256 QAM -70.5 -70.5 -71.5 -71.0

10

1500HP supports channels with up to 30MHz occupied bandwidth.

11 For all in-door installations RSL is 1dB better.



Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-SP/HS/HP/1500HP

(dBm @ BER = 10-6) (Continued)

RFU-SP/HS 1500HP RFU-HP



6-8 GHz 6-11 GHz 6 GHz 7-11 GHz

0 QPSK

28 MHz 26 MHz

-89.5 -89.5 -90.5 -90.0

1 8 PSK -85.5 -85.5 -86.5 -86.0

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.0 -84.0 -83.5

3 32 QAM -78.5 -78.5 -79.5 -79.0

4 64 QAM -76.5 -76.5 -77.5 -77.0

5 128 QAM -72.0 -72.0 -73.0 -72.5

6 256 QAM -71.5 -71.5 -72.5 -72.0

7 256 QAM -68.5 -68.5 -69.5 -69.0

0 QPSK

40 MHz 36.5 MHz

-87.0 N/A -88.0 -87.5

1 8 PSK -81.5 N/A -82.5 -82.0

2 16 QAM -79.0 N/A -80.0 -79.5

3 32 QAM -75.5 N/A -76.5 -76.0

4 64 QAM -72.0 N/A -73.0 -72.5

5 128 QAM -71.0 N/A -72.0 -71.5

6 256 QAM -68.5 N/A -69.5 -69.0

7 256 QAM -66.0 N/A -67.0 -66.5

0 QPSK

56 MHz 52 MHz

-86.5 N/A -87.5 -87.0

1 8 PSK -81.5 N/A -82.5 -82.0

2 16 QAM -80.5 N/A -81.5 -81.0

3 32 QAM -76.0 N/A -77.0 -76.5

4 64 QAM -74.0 N/A -75.0 -74.5

5 128 QAM -71.0 N/A -72.0 -71.5

6 256 QAM -68.5 N/A -69.5 -69.0

7 256 QAM -67.0 N/A -66.5 -66.0



12.3.12 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-P (dBm @ BER = 10-6)


Profile Modulation Channel Spacing Occupied Bandwidth 99%

Frequency (GHz)

11-18 23-28 31 32-38

- 16 QAM 3.5 MHz 3.24 MHz

N/A N/A N/A N/A

- 64 QAM N/A N/A N/A N/A

0 QPSK

7 MHz 7 MHz

-91.0 -90.5 -90.5 -89.5

1 8 PSK -88.5 -88.0 -88.0 -87.0

2 16 QAM -85.5 -85.0 -85.0 -84.0

3 32 QAM -82.5 -82.0 -82.0 -81.0

4 64 QAM -81.5 -81.0 -81.0 -80.0

5 128 QAM -79.0 -78.5 -78.5 -77.5

6 256 QAM -75.5 -75.0 -75.0 -74.0

7 256 QAM -74.5 -74.0 -74.0 -73.0

0 QPSK

14 MHz 13 MHz

-90.0 -89.5 -89.5 -88.5

1 8 PSK -87.0 -86.5 -86.5 -85.5

2 16 QAM -82.5 -82.0 -82.0 -81.0

3 32 QAM -80.5 -80.0 -80.0 -79.0

4 64 QAM -79.5 -79.0 -79.0 -78.0

5 128 QAM -76.5 -76.0 -76.0 -75.0

6 256 QAM -73.5 -73.0 -73.0 -72.0

7 256 QAM -70.0 -69.5 -69.5 -68.5

0 QPSK

28 MHz 26 MHz

-89.0 -88.5 -88.5 -87.5

1 8 PSK -85.0 -84.5 -84.5 -83.5

2 16 QAM -82.5 -82.0 -82.0 -81.0

3 32 QAM -78.0 -77.5 -77.5 -76.5

4 64 QAM -76.0 -75.5 -75.5 -74.5

5 128 QAM -71.5 -71.0 -71.0 -70.0

6 256 QAM -71.0 -70.5 -70.5 -69.5

7 256 QAM -68.0 -67.5 -67.5 -66.5



Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-P (dBm @ BER = 10-6) (Continued)

Profile Modulation Channel Spacing Occupied Bandwidth 99%

Frequency (GHz)

11-18 23-28 31 32-38

0 QPSK

40 MHz 36.5 MHz

-86.5 -86.0 -86.0 -85.0

1 8 PSK -81.0 -80.5 -80.5 -79.5

2 16 QAM -78.5 -78.0 -78.0 -77.0

3 32 QAM -75.0 -74.5 -74.5 -73.5

4 64 QAM -71.5 -71.0 -71.0 -70.0

5 128 QAM -70.5 -70.0 -70.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM -68.0 -67.5 -67.5 -66.5

7 256 QAM -65.5 -65.0 -65.0 -64.0

0 QPSK

56 MHz 52 MHz

-86.0 -85.5 -85.5 -84.5

1 8 PSK -81.0 -80.5 -80.5 -79.5

2 16 QAM -80.0 -79.5 -79.5 -78.5

3 32 QAM -75.5 -75.0 -75.0 -74.0

4 64 QAM -73.5 -73.0 -73.0 -72.0

5 128 QAM -70.5 -70.0 -70.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM -68.0 -67.5 -67.5 -66.5

7 256 QAM -66.5 -66.0 -66.0 -63.5



12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications

12.4.1 Ethernet Latency – 3.5MHz Channel Bandwidth

ACM Working Point

Modulation Latency (usec) with GE Interface Latency (usec) with FE Interface

Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

16 QAM 1375 1429 1542 1769 2223 2449 2660 1380 1438 1560 1806 2297 2541 2769

64 QAM 1263 1299 1379 1530 1836 1990 2133 1268 1308 1397 1567 1910 2082 2242

12.4.2 Ethernet Latency – 7MHz Channel Bandwidth

ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 918 972 1085 1312 1766 1992 2203 923 981 1103 1349 1840 2084 2312

2 8 PSK 700 736 817 968 1273 1427 1570 705 745 835 1005 1347 1519 1679

3 16 QAM 573 601 656 769 994 1107 1212 578 610 674 806 1068 1199 1321

4 32 QAM 507 530 576 668 852 945 1031 512 539 594 705 926 1037 1140

5 64 QAM 591 611 651 730 889 969 1043 596 620 669 767 963 1061 1152

6 128 QAM 613 630 665 735 875 945 1010 618 639 683 772 949 1037 1119

7 256 QAM 610 625 655 715 836 897 954 615 634 673 752 910 989 1063

8 256 QAM 574 588 617 674 790 848 902 579 597 635 711 864 940 1011




ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 458 488 547 667 907 1027 1138 463 497 565 704 981 1119 1247

2 8 PSK 337 358 397 476 635 714 788 342 367 415 513 709 806 897

3 16 QAM 243 257 286 343 458 515 568 248 266 304 380 532 607 677

4 32 QAM 214 225 249 297 393 441 486 219 234 267 334 467 533 595

5 64 QAM 276 286 307 349 435 477 517 281 295 325 386 509 569 626

6 128 QAM 270 279 297 333 406 442 476 275 288 315 370 480 534 585

7 256 QAM 261 269 285 317 380 412 441 266 278 303 354 454 504 550

8 256 QAM 225 233 248 278 338 368 396 230 242 266 315 412 460 505


ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 233 247 276 333 448 505 559 238 256 294 370 522 597 668

2 8 PSK 185 196 218 262 351 395 436 190 205 236 299 425 487 545

3 16 QAM 136 144 160 193 259 292 322 141 153 178 230 333 384 431

4 32 QAM 106 112 125 151 202 228 252 111 121 143 188 276 320 361

5 64 QAM 120 125 136 158 202 224 245 125 134 154 195 276 316 354

6 128 QAM 113 118 128 147 185 204 222 118 127 146 184 259 296 331

7 256 QAM 120 124 133 151 186 204 221 125 133 151 188 260 296 330

8 256 QAM 110 115 123 140 175 192 208 115 124 141 177 249 284 317




ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 176 187 208 251 338 382 422 181 196 226 288 412 474 531

2 8 PSK 125 133 148 180 242 273 302 130 142 166 217 316 365 411

3 16 QAM 92 98 110 133 179 202 224 97 107 128 170 253 294 333

4 32 QAM 78 83 93 113 152 172 190 83 92 111 150 226 264 299

5 64 QAM 88 92 100 117 151 168 184 93 101 118 154 225 260 293

6 128 QAM 93 97 105 120 152 168 183 98 106 123 157 226 260 292

7 256 QAM 96 99 107 121 151 165 179 101 108 125 158 225 257 288

8 256 QAM 87 90 97 111 140 154 167 92 99 115 148 214 246 276


ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 220 229 245 279 345 379 410 225 238 263 316 419 471 519

2 8 PSK 164 170 182 206 255 279 302 169 179 200 243 329 371 411

3 16 QAM 139 144 154 173 213 233 251 144 153 172 210 287 325 360

4 32 QAM 119 123 131 148 181 197 212 124 132 149 185 255 289 321

5 64 QAM 139 142 150 164 193 207 221 144 151 168 201 267 299 330

6 128 QAM 138 142 148 161 187 200 212 143 151 166 198 261 292 321

7 256 QAM 143 146 152 164 188 200 212 148 155 170 201 262 292 321

8 256 QAM 136 139 145 157 180 192 203 141 148 163 194 254 284 312



12.5 E1 Latency Specifications

12.5.1 E1 Latency – 3.5MHz Channel Bandwidth

Modulation Fixed Modulation Mode (usec)

First hop in TDM trail

Any additional hop in TDM trail

16 QAM 1306 1069

64 QAM 1328 1091

12.5.2 E1 Latency – 7MHz Channel Bandwidth

ACM working point

Modulation Fixed Modulation Mode (usec) ACM Mode (usec)





1 QPSK 1513 1276

1645 1408

2 8 PSK 1178 941

3 16 QAM 983 746

4 32 QAM 880 643

5 64 QAM 959 722

6 128 QAM 976 739

7 256 QAM 957 720

8 256 QAM 899 662




ACM working point






1 QPSK 977 740

1156 919

2 8 PSK 793 556

3 16 QAM 674 437

4 32 QAM 629 392

5 64 QAM 685 448

6 128 QAM 671 434

7 256 QAM 656 419

8 256 QAM 618 381


ACM working point






1 QPSK 663 426

871 634

2 8 PSK 598 361

3 16 QAM 533 296

4 32 QAM 493 256

5 64 QAM 502 265

6 128 QAM 491 254

7 256 QAM 496 259

8 256 QAM 485 248




ACM working point






1 QPSK 587 350

944 707

2 8 PSK 520 283

3 16 QAM 476 239

4 32 QAM 457 220

5 64 QAM 462 225

6 128 QAM 465 228

7 256 QAM 467 230

8 256 QAM 456 219


ACM working point






1 QPSK 621 384

951 714

2 8 PSK 541 304

3 16 QAM 502 265

4 32 QAM 470 233

5 64 QAM 488 251

6 128 QAM 484 247

7 256 QAM 489 252

8 256 QAM 467 230



12.6 Ethernet Interfaces

Supported Ethernet Interfaces 5 x 10/100base-T (RJ-45)

2 x 10/100/1000Base-T (RJ-45) or 1000base-X (SFP)

Supported SFP Types Optical 1000Base-LX (1310 nm) or SX (850 nm)

12.7 E1 Interface Specifications

Interface Type E1

Number of Ports 16 x E1

Additional 16 x E1 on T-Card

Connector Type MDR 69-pin

Framing Unframed (full transparency)

Coding HDB3

Line Impedance 120 ohm/100 ohm balanced. Optional 75 ohm unbalanced supported using BNC

panel with integrated impedance adaption.

Compatible Standards ITU-T G.703, G.736, G.775, G.823, G.824, G.828, ITU-T I.432, ETSI ETS 300 147,

ETS 300 417, Bellcore GR-253-core, TR-NWT-000499



12.7.1 Optical STM-1SFP Specifications

Transceiver Name SH1310 LH1310 LH1550

Application Code S-1.1 L-1.1 L-1.2

Operating Wavelength (nm) 1261-1360 1263-1360 1480-580

Transmitter

Source Type MLM SLM SLM

Max RMS Width (nm) 7.7 - -

Min Side Mode Suppression

Ratio (dB) - 30 30

Min Mean Launched Power

(dBm) -15 -5 -5

Max Mean Launched Power

(dBm) -8 0 0

Min Extinction Ratio (dB) 8.2 10 10

Receiver

Min Sensitivity (BER of 1x10-

42 EOL (dBm) -28 -34 -34

Min Overload (dBm) -8 -10 -10

Max Receiver Reflectance (dB) - - -25

Optical Path between S and R

Max Dispersion (ps/nm) 96 - -

Min Optical Return

Loss of Cable (dB) - - -20

Max Discreet

Reflectance (dB) - - 25

Max Optical Path

Penalty (dB) 1 1 1

12.7.2 Auxiliary Channels

Wayside Channel 2 Mbps or 64 Kbps, Ethernet 10/100BaseT

Engineering Order Wire Audio channel (64 Kbps) G.711

User Channel Asynchronous V.11/RS-232 up 19.2 kbps



12.8 Carrier Ethernet Functionality

Latency over the radio link < 0.15 mSeconds @ 400 Mbps

"Baby jumbo" Frame Support Up to 1632Bytes

General Enhanced link state propagation

Enhanced MAC header compression

Integrated Carrier Ethernet Switch

Integrated non-blocking switch with 4K active VLANs

MAC address learning with 8K MAC addresses

802.1ad provider bridges (QinQ)

802.3ad link aggregation

Enhanced link state propagation

Enhanced MAC header compression

Full switch redundancy (hot stand-by)

QoS

Advanced CoS classification and remarking

Advanced traffic policing/rate-limiting

Per interface CoS based packet queuing/buffering (8 queues)

Per queue statistics

Tail-drop and WRED with CIR/EIR support

Flexible scheduling schemes (SP/WFQ/Hierarchical)

Per interface and per queue traffic shaping

Ethernet Service OA&M 802.1ag CFM

Automatic "Link trace" processing for storing of last known working path

Performance Monitoring

Per port Ethernet counters (RMON/RMON2)

Radio ACM statistics

Enhanced radio Ethernet statistics (Frame Error Rate, Throughput,

Capacity, Utilization)



Carrier Ethernet Functionality (Continued)

Supported Ethernet/IP Standards

802.3 – 10base-T

802.3u – 100base-T

802.3ab – 1000base-T

802.3z – 1000base-X

802.3ac – Ethernet VLANs

802.1Q – Virtual LAN (VLAN)

802.1p – Class of service

802.1ad – Provider bridges (QinQ)

802.3x – Flow control

802.3ad – Link aggregation

802.1ag – Ethernet service OA&M (CFM)

802.1w – RSTP

RFC 1349 – IPv4 TOS

RFC 2474 – IPv4 DSCP

RFC 2460 – IPv6 Traffic Classes

MEF Certification MEF-9 & MEF-14 certified for all service types (EPL, EVPL & E-

LAN)



12.9 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms

Network Management System Ceragon PolyView NMS

NMS Interface protocol SNMPv1/v2c/v3

XML over HTTP/HTTPS toward PolyView

Element Management Web based EMS, CLI

Management Channels &

Protocols

HTTP/HTTPS

Telnet/SSH-2

FTP/SFTP

Authentication, Authorization &

Accounting

User access control

X-509 Certificate

Management Interface Dedicated Ethernet interfaces (up to 3) or in-band

Local Configuration and

Monitoring Standard ASCII terminal, serial RS-232

In-Band Management Support dedicated VLAN for management (in "smart pipe" and switch modes)

TMN Ceragon NMS functions are in accordance with ITU-T recommendations for

TMN

External Alarms 5 Inputs: TTL-level or contact closure to ground.

1 output: Form C contact, software configurable.

RSL Indication Accurate power reading (dBm) available at IDU, RFU12

, and NMS

Performance Monitoring Integral with onboard memory per ITU-T G.826/G.828

12.10 Mechanical Specifications

IDU Dimensions

Height: 1RU

Width: 482.6 mm

Depth: 188 mm

I+ Nodal Enclosure Dimensions

Height: 2RU

Width: 482.6 mm

Depth: 210 mm

IDU Weight 2.8 kg (with T-Card installed)

I+ Nodal Enclosure Weight 1.5 kg

12

Note that the voltage at the BNC port on the RFUs is not accurate and should be used only as

an aid



12.11 Standard compliance

Specification IDU RFU

EMC EN 301 489-4 EN 301 489-4

Safety IEC 60950 IEC 60950

Ingress Protection IEC 60529 IP20 IEC 60529 IP56

Operation ETSI 300 019-1-3 ETSI 300 019-1-4

Storage ETSI 300 019-1-1

Transportation ETSI 300 019-1-2

12.12 Environmental

Specification IDU RFU

Operating Temperature -5°C to +55°C -45°C to +55°C

Relative Humidity 0 to 95%,

Non-condensing 0 to 100%

Altitude 3,000m (10,000ft)

12.13 Power Input Specifications

Standard Input -48 VDC

DC Input range -40.5 to -57.5 VDC

Optional Inputs 110-220 VAC

24 VDC



12.14 Power Consumption Specifications

Max power consumption

IP-10 IDU (basic configuration) 25W

Max system power consumption RFU-C +

IP-10

1+0 with RFU-C 6-26 GHz: 47W




Max system power consumption RFU-P +

IP-10

1+0: 65W

1+1: 105W

Max system power consumption RFU-SP

+ IP-10

1+0: 80W

1+1: 130W

Max system power consumption RFU-HS

+ IP-10

1+0: 88W

1+1: 134W

Max system power consumption RFU-HP

+ IP-10

1+0: 105W

1+1: 150W

Additional power consumption for

16 E1 T-card 2.5W

Additional power consumption for

STM-1 Mux T-card 5W (including SFP)

ip-10g etsi product description for i6.7(rev1.3)

Documents

trademarks of ceragon

product overview

document revision

respective license

os software

gpl alike license gpl

date fibeair ip

open source software