ip addresses and address management miwa fujii apnic, training officer
DESCRIPTION
What is an IP Address?TRANSCRIPT
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IP addresses and address management
Miwa FujiiAPNIC, Training Officer
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Contents
• Introduction to IP addressing– IP addresses– Routing
• IP address management– History of address management– The role of RIRs– About RIPE NCC and APNIC
• The future– IPv6
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What is an IP Address?
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“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”
by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)
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www.google.com
www.redhat.com
www.ebay.com
www.dogs.biz
www.apnic.net
www.gnso.org
www.ebay.com
www.doggie.com
www.ietf.org
216.239.39.99
66.187.232.50
66.135.208.101
209.217.36.32
202.12.29.20
199.166.24.5
66.135.208.88
198.41.3.45
4.17.168.6
“On the Internet…”you are nothing but an IP
address!
202.12.29.142
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What is an IP address?
• An IP address is NOT a domain name• It is an identifier that includes necessary
information to reach a network location• Each network location has an IP address• Reaching a location is achieved via the
Internet routing system
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IP addresses
• Are either IPv4 or IPv6• IPv4: 32-bit* number
– 4 billion different host addresses– E.g. 202.12.29.142
• IPv6: 128-bit* number– 16 billion billion network addresses– E.g. 2001:0400:3c00:a:b:c:d:1
* bit = binary digit
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My Computer www.gov.uz2001:0C00:8888:: 2001:0600::
www.gov.uz ? 195.158.5.1002001:0600::
IP addresses are not domain names
The Internet
DNS
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What else is an IP address?
• Internet infrastructure address• Uniquely assigned to infrastructure
elements• Globally visible to the entire Internet• A finite “common resource”• Never “owned” by address users
• Not dependent upon the DNS
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Where do IP addresses come from?
IPv4 IPv6
Allocation
Allocation
Assignmentend user
* In some cases via an NIR such as KRNIC
*
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Routing
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What is a router?• A device in the network that processes and
routes data between two points• A device that routes data between
networks using IP addressing • A layer 3 device• Hardware or software used to connect two
or more networks
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How does routing work?
• The routing system is normally hierarchical• Each part of the hierarchy provides specific
detail • This detail enables traffic to flow from one
network to another• It works in a similar manner to telephone
routing
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Telephone network routing
Global
Local
National
Prefix table
+1+44+61+886+91…
Prefix table
237…
Prefix table
…
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Internet address routing
The Internet
Traffic202.12.29.142
Announce202.12.24.0/21
Global Routing Table
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
Global Routing Table
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16202.12.24.0/21…
202.12.29.128/25
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Internet address routing
Local Routing Table
202.12.29.0/25202.12.29.128/25
Traffic202.12.29.142
202.12.29.128/25202.12.29.142
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Global Internet routing
The InternetGlobal routing table
4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…
Net
Net
Net
NetNet
NetNet
Net
Net
Net
Net
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IP address aggregation
ISP D ISP C
ISP A ISP B
Internet
Aggregation
(Non-portable Assignments)
(4 routes)
ISP D ISP C
ISP A ISP B
Internet
(Portable Assignments)
No Aggregation
(21 routes)
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Regional Internet Registries
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What are RIRs?
• Industry self-regulatory structures– Open membership-based bodies– Representative of ISPs globally– Service organisations– Non-profit, neutral and independent– 100% self-funded by membership
• First established in early 1990s– Voluntarily by consensus of community– To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs
• In the “Internet Tradition”– Consensus-based, open and transparent
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The early years: 1981 – 1992
“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790)
1981:
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The boom years: 1992 – 2001
“It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366)
“…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338)
1992:
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Recent years: 2002 – 2005
2004:Number Resource Organization
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What do RIRs do?• Internet resource allocation
– Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6– Receive resources from IANA/ICANN, and redistribute
to ISPs on a regional basis– Registration services (“whois”)
• Policy development and coordination– Open Policy Meetings and processes
• Training and outreach– Training courses, seminars, conferences– Liaison: IETF, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC
• Publications– Newsletters, reports, web site
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RIR policy development process
OPEN
TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’
Anyone can participate
All decisions and policies documented and freely available to anyone
Internet community proposes and approves policy
Need
DiscussEvaluate
Implement Consensus
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What is APNIC?• RIR for Asia Pacific region
– Established 1993, Tokyo– 1472 members in 49 of 62 AP economies– 52 staff, 19 nationality/language groups
• Membership and community services• Other activities
– Outreach– Liaison: IETF, APT, PITA, APEC, ISP-A’s– ITU Sector Member– UN ECOSOC consultative status– Deployment of root servers
• www.apnic.net
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APNIC services• Internet resource allocations
– “MyAPNIC” secure membership portal– Multilingual helpdesk – email, phone, chat, VOIP*
• Open Policy Meetings– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Stenocaptioning
• Training and education– Technical workshops: Routing, DNS, Security
• Internet support– Fellowships– R&D grants funding– ORDIG – ISP support website
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What is RIPE NCC?• RIR for Europe and the Middle East
– Established 1992, Amsterdam– More than 5000 members from throughout Europe and the
Middle East– Around 100 staff, from a broad range of nationality/language
groups• Membership and community services• Other activities
– Outreach with governments and industry-related organisations– Management of one of the 13 root name servers (K-root)– Deployment of a routing database– Co-ordination support for ENUM delegations– Neutral measuring network, providing public and authoritative
Internet operation statistics• www.ripe.net
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RIPE NCC services• Internet resource allocations
– Secure LIR portal• RIPE meetings
– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Regional meetings
• Training and education, including E-Learning– Technical training on Routing Registry and DNS for
LIRs• Internet support
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RIR Open Policy Meetings
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APNIC 24 – New Delhi, India
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APNIC 25 - Taipei, Taiwan
With APRICOT 2008With APRICOT 2008– http://www.apricot2008.net– 25 - 29 February 2008
Taipei
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RIPE 55 - Amsterdam
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RIPE NCC Regional Meetings
• Moscow, Russia2 – 3 October 2007
Moscow, Russia
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The future: IPv6
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IPv4 lifetime - UPDATE
http://bgp.potaroo.net/ipv4
IANA allocations
RIR allocations
Addresses routed
Historical Data Projection
Reclamation?
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Rationale for IPv6• IPv4 address space consumption
– Now 3-5 years space remaining– These are today’s projections – reality will definitely be
different• Alternative solutions examined- Recover unused historical IPv4 address space
– De-aggregation– Would only extend IPv4 lifetime a few years– Legal ramifications – Ability to recover is limited under current policies
- Use of Network Address Translator (NAT) – Originally designed to extend life of IPv4 – Cannot cater for large networks– Road blocks: Peer to peer, security (IPsec), QoS ( VoIP and real time video)