ipm in landscapes- ohnesorg 2-11-14

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Integrated Pest Management

Options in Landscapes

Wayne J. Ohnesorg

UNL Extension Educator

Madison County

University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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What is IPM

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

“A sustainable approach to managing pests by

combining biological, cultural, physical, and

chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic,

health, and environmental risks”


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Integrated Pest Management

Systematic

All appropriate controls

Avoid unacceptable loss

Avoid adverse health effects

Avoid adverse environmental impact


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IPM

• How many pests are too many? – Economic injury – Aesthetic Injury


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IPM

How many pests are too many?

Crop value

Control cost

Loss per pest

Susceptibility


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Terms

Pest = an organism that interferes with

human activity

Pesticide = any compound applied to

manage a pest

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Types of Pests

Weeds

Invertebrates

Insects, mites, ticks, spiders, snails, & slugs

Disease agents or pathogens

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes,

mycoplasmas, & other microorganisms

Vertebrates

Birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, rodents, and

other mammals

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Pest Management Methods

Natural control

Temperature

Moisture

Light

Topography

Naturally occurring

predators, parasites,

& pathogens

Applied control

Biological

Mechanical

Cultural

Host resistance

/genetic control

Chemical

Regulatory

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Natural Control

Temperature

Can pest overwinter?

Asian soybean rust

Black cutworm

Green stink bug

Can pest survive hot summer conditions?

Soybean aphid


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Natural Control

Moisture

Too much

Drown soil dwelling insects

Increase foliar disease incidence

Increase insect/disease incidence

Too little

Decrease foliar disease incidence

Plant stress

Decrease insect/disease incidence

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Light

Day length

Exposure


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Topography

Slope

Exposure

Elevation

Mountains

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Naturally occurring predators,

parasites, & pathogens

A.K.A. natural enemies

Very similar to the Applied Control “Biological”

Key is “naturally occurring”


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Biological Control

“The use of living organisms to suppress the

population density of or impact of a specific

pest organism, making it less abundant or

less damaging than it would otherwise be.”

Augmentative biological control

Innoculative

Inundative

Classical

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Biological Control

Innoculative = “The intentional release of a

living organism as a biological control agent

with the expectation that it will multiply and

control the pest for an extended period, but

not permanently.”

Inundative = “The use of living organisms to

control pests when control is achieved

exclusively by the released organisms

themselves.”


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Biological Control

Classical = typically the intentional release of an

exotic living organism as a biological control agent

to control an exotic pest.

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Mechanical Control

The use of devices, machines and other physical

methods to manage pests.

Cultivation

Exclusion

Trapping


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Cultural Control

Changing production practices that interfere with the

behavior or lifecycle of pests to manage them.

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Cultural Control

Cultural practices

Variety selection

Crop rotation

Planting dates

Harvest date

Trap crop

Sanitation

Destroying crop

residue

Cleaning equipment


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Host Resistance/Genetic Control Naturally occurring or inserted traits that confer

resistance to manage pest(s)

Resistant varieties

Tolerance

Antibiosis

produces something that hinders growth or development

Antixenosis

morphological trait that is unattractive or inhibits feeding

Genetically modified crops

Glyphosate resistant crops

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Chemical Control

Use of pesticides to manage a pest

There are many different kinds of pesticides


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Types of Pesticides

Avicides control pest

birds

Bactericides control

bacteria

Fungicides control fungi

Herbicides control weeds

& other undesirable

plants

Insecticides control

insects & related

arthropods

Miticides (acaricides)

control mites

Molluscicides control

snails & slugs

Nematicides control

nematodes

Predacides control

predatory vertabrates

Piscicides control pest

fish

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Types of Pesticides

Repellents repel

insects, related

invertebrates, birds, &

mammals

Rodenticides control

rodents

Defoliants cause leaves

or foliage to drop from

plants

Desiccants promote

drying or loss of

moisture from plant

tissues

Growth regulators are

substances (other than

fertilizers or food) that

alter the growth or

development of a plant

or animal


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Types of Pesticides

Systemic pesticides

Absorbed through

leaves or roots

Pests would come

into contact through

feeding on plant

tissue

Contact pesticides

Must come into

contact with pest

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Regulatory Pest Control

Use of laws, regulations, and pest management

strategies to prevent establishment of pests.


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Regulatory Pest Control

Quarantine

Restrict movement out of infested areas

Restrict movement into not infested areas

Inspections of imports

Eradication

Total elimination of a pest from an area

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What kind

would this be?


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Steps in IPM

1. Identify pest(s)

2. Evaluate pest damage

3. Determine need for management

4. Consider multiple management options

5. Select best combination of management options

6. Monitor your selection

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1. Identify Pest(s)

Particular pest species will dictate management

methods, if needed

Key pest

Cause major damage

Occasional pests

Secondary pests

Becomes a problem when a key pest is

controlled


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2. Evaluate Pest Damage

Assess pest numbers

#/ft of row

% of plants infested

#/sweep

Disease incidence

Assess damage to crop

Amount of defoliation

Disease severity

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3. Determine Need for Management

Take into account:

Pest(s) present

Pest damage

Crop stage

Cost of treatment

Economic Thresholds


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Terms

Economic injury level (EIL) = the number of a pest

required to cause economic damage.

Economic threshold (ET) = the number of a pest at

which a management action is made to prevent the

pest from causing economic damage.

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Economic Threshold

Time

Pest

Popula

tion Economic Injury Level

Pest Population

Economic Threshold

Treat Here


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4. Consider Management Options

Biological

Mechanical

Cultural

Host resistance /genetic control

Chemical

Regulatory

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5. Select Best Combination

Combination desired, but…

Some management strategies would not be

implemented until next growing season

May need something fast acting


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6. Monitor Management Action

Assess pest numbers

#/ft of row

% of plants infested

#/sweep

Disease incidence

Evaluate management decision

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Pest Resistance

Overuse of any one management strategy will lead to

pest resistance

Reason why use of IPM is important


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Pest Resistance Examples

Mechanical

Foxtail that grows prostrate in AZ alfalfa

Crop Rotation

Northern corn rootworm w/extended diapause

Western corn rootworm variant

Chemical control

Colorado potato beetle, green peach aphid

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Population Prior to Treatment


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After Treatment #1

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After Treatment #2


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After Further, Repeated Treatment

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Resistance Management

Use new or altered pesticides

Rotate mode of action

Change pesticide use patterns

Avoid calendar applications

Treat when necessary

Use economic thresholds


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Discussion Activity

You notice that your rose leaves are being gnawed upon.

Upon closer inspection you discover these small caterpillar-

like insects are on your rose leaves. Discuss and answer

the following:

1. Does this insect have the mouthparts to cause the damage?

2. What kind of lifecycle would this insect have?

3. What is it?

4. Develop and follow an Integrated Pest Management plan for this

situation.


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Discussion Activity

You notice that your rose leaves are developing black

spots. Upon closer inspection you discover that the spots

are on top of the leaves. Discuss and answer the following:

1. What is this disease?

2. What type of organism is the cause of this disease?

3. Develop and follow an Integrated Pest Management plan for this

situation.


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http://www.maine.gov/dacf/php/gotpests/diseases/black-spot-rose.htm

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Introduction to Pesticides






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Outline

Laws and regulations

The label

Pesticide safety

Personal protective equipment


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Federal Laws

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

Worker Protection Standard (WPS)

Endangered Species Act

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FIFRA

Enacted in 1947

Considerably amended in 1972, 1975, 1978, & 1988

Establishes national standards

Administered by the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA)


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FIFRA

Pesticides grouped into two categories:

Unclassified use (general use)

Restricted use

Category depends on:

Toxicity

Specificity

Concentration in formulation

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FIFRA: Pesticide Categories

Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP)

Classified as RUP “if use of the pesticide might result in an unreasonable adverse effect on human health and/or the environment…”

Only certified applicators may purchase RUPs

Commercial

Non-commercial

Private


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FIFRA: Pesticide Categories

Unclassified use pesticides

Commonly known as a General Use Pesticide

(GUP)

Generally lower in toxicity

May be purchased by general public

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EPA

Began Dec. 2, 1970

Enforces FIFRA

Oversee pesticide registrations

Section 3

Section 24(c)

Section 18

Section 25(b)

Set environmental standard and tolerances


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EPA: Pesticide Tolerance

“The maximum pesticide residue limit that may legally remain on or in treated crops and animals or animal

products sold for food.”

Risk equation

Risk cup

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Risk equation

Risk = Toxicity x Exposure


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Risk cup

Aggregate

pesticide

residue

exposure risk

under FQPA

Food

Water

Home

Garden

Pets

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State Laws

Nebraska Pesticide Act

State laws can be more stringent than federal laws

Establishes two roles

Regulatory

Nebraska Department of Agriculture (NDA)

Educational

University of Nebraska-Lincoln


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Record Keeping

Records kept for 3 yrs

Name & Address of person for whom pesticide was applied

Location of application

Pest being controlled

Crop, commodity, or site

Date & time

Trade name & EPA

registration number

Amount & percentage

of active ingredient

applied per unit area

Type & amount

disposed of plus

method, date, and

location of disposal

Appendix D of General Standards 60

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UNL Extension App Helps Pesticide

Applicators Keep Electronic

Records

Available at Google Play store or Apple App store

“PeRK” University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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PeRK

Review:

Works like a charm! It

completes most all

record keeping I must

have. I live in GA, so it is

not exact for us. You can

even export the records

via e-mail. Thanks UNL!

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The Label


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Pesticide Label

Legal document

NDA registers ~8,500 labels

Most commonly used:

Non-conventional = chlorine/hypochlorites

Conventional = glyphosate

Most common active ingredient

Glyphosate

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Pesticide Label

Applicator should read and be familiar with the

label(s) prior to use

Application

Mixing

The contents of the label are:

Everything you should know about the

pesticide…


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Label Contents

Name

Trade, common, and

chemical

Ingredients

Use statement

Type of Pesticide

Net contents

Manufacturer

information

Emergency phone

number

Registration

number

Signal words &

symbols

Precautionary

statements

Statement of

practical treatment

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Label Contents

Environmental

hazards

Physical & Chemical

hazards

Ag. use

requirements

Non-ag. use

requirements

Storage

Disposal

Directions for use

Warranty


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Label Contents Name

Trade = Ortho Home Defense Max Insect Killer for

Indoor & Perimeter

Common = bifenthrin

zeta-cypermethrin

Chemical =

2-Methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-

chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]- 2,2-

dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate

(S)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-

dichloroethenyl)-2,2-

dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 68


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Label Contents

Ingredients

Listed as a percentage of container

Active ingredient (ai) = 0.0625%

Bifenthrin = 0.05%

Zeta-Cypermethrin = 0.0125%

Other (inert) ingredients = 99.935%

Total = 100%


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Label Contents

Use Classification Statement

Sites to be used

What it generally controls

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Label Contents

Net Contents

Pounds, ounces, grams, and etc. of ai


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Label Contents

Name & Address of Manufacturer

The Orhto Group

P.O. Box 190

Marysville, OH 43040

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Label Contents

Hot Line Number

Company hot line – 1-800-225-2883

Other numbers you would need

Local hospital

Poison control


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Label Contents

Registration Number

EPA Reg. No. 279-9534-239

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Label Contents

Caution

Relatively non-toxic

> 1 pint

Caution

Slightly Toxic

1 Tbsp to 1 pint

Warning

Moderately toxic

1 Tsp to 1 Tbsp

Danger

Highly toxic

Few drops to 1 Tsp

Signal Words & Symbols


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Label Contents

Precautionary Statements

Hazards to humans and livestock

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Engineering controls statement

User safety recommendations

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Label Contents

Statement of Practical Treatment (First aid)

If swallowed

If on skin or clothing

If in eyes

If inhaled


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Label Contents

Environmental hazards

How it may enter environment outside of site of use

Organisms affected

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Label Contents

Directions for use

General statement about the use of the product


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Label Contents

Storage Requirements

Temperature ranges

Secure area

Container preparation

Generally away from food and water

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Label Contents

Disposal Requirements

Wand

Container

Empty

Trash

Recycle

DO NOT put in standard plastic recycle

Partially filled

Contact local solid waste disposal agency

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Pesticide Safety


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Terms

Acute toxicity = Injury or illness produced from a single exposure

Chronic toxicity = Injury or illness produced from repeated, prolonged exposure

LD50 = Lethal dose of a toxicant required to kill 50% of a test population under standard conditions

LC50 = Lethal concentration of a toxicant in air or water required to kill 50% of a test population


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84

3 C’s

Control

Contain

Clean up

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Exposure

Systemic effects

Nausea, diarrhea,

vomiting, stomach

cramps

Headache, dizziness,

weakness, confusion

Excessive sweating,

tearing, chills, thirst

Chest pains

Breathing difficulties

Body aches & muscle

cramps


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Exposure

Contact effects

Skin irritation Itching, burning, blisters,

& rashes

Skin discoloration

Eye irritation

Throat irritation

Respiratory irritation Coughing, swelling

Allergic effects

Reddening of eyes

Itchy eyes

Respiratory discomfort

Asthma-like symptoms


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Routes of Exposure

Dermal

Not wearing protective clothing or gloves

Not washing After working with

pesticides

Before using toilet

Direct pesticide contact with skin

Exposure pesticide

spray or dust drift

Contact with treated

surfaces


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Figure from: Managing the Risk of Pesticide Poisoning and Understanding the Signs & Symptoms


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Routes of Exposure

Eye

Rubbing eyes

Splashing into eyes

Handling dry

formulations

without eye

protection

Applying pesticides

in windy weather

Oral

Not washing hands

prior to:

Eating

Drinking

Smoking

Chewing

Splashing into

mouth


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Routes of Exposure

Inhalation

Handling pesticides in confined or poorly ventilated

areas

Handling dusts or powders

Using an inadequate or poorly fitting respirator

Being exposed to spray or dust drift

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Pesticide First Aid

Label will have requirements for each route of

exposure

Back to Ortho Home Defense Max example


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If Swallowed

Call a poison control center or doctor immediately

for treatment advice

Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow

DO NOT induce vomiting unless told to do so by a

poison control center or doctor

DO NOT give anything by mouth to an unconscious

person


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If In Eyes

Hold eye open and rinse slowly & gently with water

for 15-20 minutes

Remove contact lenses, if present, after first 5

minutes, then continue rinsing eye

Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment

advice

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Personal Protective Equipment


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Personal Protective Equipment

Abbreviated PPE

Clothing and equipment used to limit exposure to

pesticides

Label will contain PPE requirements

Basic minimum recommendations

Chemical resistant gloves

Long sleeved shirt

Long Pants

Shoes

Socks

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Questions

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Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture

and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–

Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United

States Department of Agriculture.

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational

programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of

the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United

States Department of Agriculture.

ipm in landscapes- ohnesorg 2-11-14

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