iptx-dog scent lineup report
DESCRIPTION
A report on the junk science around dog scent lineups in Texas.TRANSCRIPT
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EXPERT WITNESS REPORT-PREPARED BY-BOB COOTE.MBIPDT.
Former Head Of Major UK Police Force Dog Section
Training
• Qualified Police Search Coordinator.
• Qualified Police Search Advisor.
• Senior Police Management Course,Bramshill.
• Health & Safety Management Course.
• Scent Discrimination Course,Budapest,Hungary.
• Qualified Police Advanced Driver.
• Inspectors Management Course.
• Home Office Betting and Gaming Course.
Benchmarks & Milestones
• Qualified as a Home Office Police Search Coordinator & Advisor at HM
Royal Engineers Chattenden,Kent.
• Awarded six Chief Constables Commendations for a variety of matters
including the organisation of a major complex search involving a large number
of police officers which resulted in the recovery of the bodies of two murdered
school children who had been missing for several days.
• Awarded Police long service and Good conduct Medal.
• Responsible for the strategic Development of Merseyside Police Dog section
and the development and erection of a new kennel complex.
• Invited to attend Scent Discrimination Course in Budapest, Hungary.
• Guest speaker for 5years on Explosive Detection search dogs at Chattenden.
• Between 1992 and 1996 represented the UK as an advisor to the United
Nations Drugs Control Programme. Visiting numerous countries around
Europe observing various methods of dog training.
• Implemented Breeding Programme for Force Dog Section.
• Leading POLSA at Aintree Grand National 1997 responsible for decision
making after Terrorist threat and eventual evacuation.
Employment Chronology
Consultancy to United Kingdom Border Control Agency.(setting up of dog
Section in France to detect illegal immigrants to UK.)
• Consultancy to Singapore Army.
• Train & Supply Explosive Detection Dogs to Saudi Aramco.
• Merseyside Police.
• Retired after 33 years service.
• Dog Section Officer in charge of Major UK Police Dog Section.
• Operational Support Division Supervisory role as Inspector.
• Uniform Inspector Supervisory role.
• Promotion to Inspector 1985.
• Operational Support Group supervisory role as Sergeant Public Order,F,arms
• Sergeant Vice Squad,gaming,vice etc.
• Promotion Sergeant 1979.
• Dog Section,Police Dog Handler.
• Criminal Investigation Dept.Murders,Rapes,Crime investigation.
• Uniform Constable.
REPORT-Michael BUCHANEK
It may be useful if I first of all mention the procedure used in the United Kingdom as
a comparison which governs the use of Police dogs. All police dog training has to be
carried out in accordance with the A.C.P.O. police dog sub-committee. After initial
training the handler and dog are tested once per year in all disciplines, the tracking
and property search is included in what is known as part two. The team are either
marked competent (pass) or not competent (fail) the handler and dog are licensed to
perform operational duties for a further twelve months if they are competent in all
disciplines.I have not come across any circumstances whereby a Police dog section
have allowed dogs and handlers to perform operational duties unless deemed to be
competent.These records are always available for any subsequent court hearings.
Selection Of Dogs- Dogs are used for Police work because their keenness of smell far
surpasses that of a human being. A dog’s nose is ideally adapted for the detection of
the faintest of odours.It is kept moist by glandular secretions and is extremely
sensitive to the slightest air currents.
The acutness of sense of smell in animals is governed by the OLFACTORY GLAND
within the nose of the animal. In humans the olfactory mucous membrane covers only
a small area in the upper part of the nose, in the dog this tract is of a much greater
size. This difference in the size of the sensitive area has nothing to do with the size of
the animal it serves. The human and many other creatures are much bigger than the
dog yet have smaller tracts this is because the facial bone structure is different causing
a different current of air in respiration.
To a dog, following a line of scent which it wants to follow is as natural as eating, and
it really needs no teaching, but you must induce it to follow a trail which although not
necessarily of interest to the dog, is of the utmost importance to us.
All dogs have noses with olfactory systems therefore all dogs have the ability to smell
and in every breed of dog you’ll find animals capable of tracking. The larger breeds
have less trouble with the heavily overgrown areas and seem to handle the stamina
requirements better. No matter what breed is used it is important that the dog has the
drive and temperament to match the handler.
Scent Strength- From the moment a person walks through an area, the strength of the
airborne scent, the body odour, and the track scent begin to diminish. The first to
become undetectable is the airborne scent, the second to go is the body odour and last
of all to disappear is the track scent itself.
Scent- Scent is an odour, a smell it may be Pungent or Fragrant,constant or
elusive,static or vagrant, lasting or fading,strong or weak. Whichever it may be, the
trails which dogs follow have one thing in common i.e. moisture. Without moisture
there is no scent, scent is retained in moisture and the period of retention, the lasting
quality is determined by the length of time taken for moisture to evaporate.
In this particular case we are concerned with human scent.Our bodies are
continuously shedding skin and hair which is being replaced . Our bodies discharge
moisture through the pores of the skin (perspiration). Armpits, feet and hands are
three parts that exude most.
Track /Ground Scent- When a person,animal or object moves through an area by
coming in contact with the ground the vegetation is crushed (or damaged) wherever
the person,animal or object comes in contact with the ground. This ‘different’ scent,
or odor where the area has been disturbed is what I call ‘track scent’. Track scent will
take a very long time to reduce to nothing and maybe increased by light rain,heavy
dew or time of the day. In the early morning when the sun is rising the temperature is
increasing causing evaporation, the track scent will seem to strengthen and if the
weather conditions are just right for example a foggy atmosphere with no sun cool air
and virtually no wind, the track may linger for days. On the other hand, heat with a
good stiff breeze will cause the track scent to become undetectable in a very short
period of time.
If the vegetation is lush it will help the dog if it is sparse the scent retention is not as
good as the lack of shade assists the sun to reach the moisture more easily.Forestry
may afford good tracking as the ground retains moisture very well.
Rock,tarmac and concrete surfaces make tracking difficult, scent may last for only a
short time. There is very little moisture and very little ground disturbance when
walked on. Heat evaporates any moisture very quickly and the wind disperses the
rising scent.
Pedestrian or vehicular traffic will disperse a scent.
Body Odour- When a human being touches or handles an item he/she imparts his/her
own scent to the article touched. Over the years many dogs have proven without
question their ability to not only detect this individual body odour but have been
taught to indicate or retrieve only that article which possesses the particular body
odour they have been taught to indicate.
When this scent is left inside a building or a vehicle it can remain for a very long time
not being exposed to the elements. On many occasions over the years I have trained
dogs to search for drugs and explosive scents in buildings and we could not use the
same venues for many months as the scent has remained.
When a person walks through an open area they will leave their body odour on
anything they come into contact with, this body odour will combine with track scent
where the person has walked leaving a scent for the dog consisting of track scent,body
odour and odour of the particular footwear and clothing that has come into contact
with any part of the traveled area.
Airborne Scent- When an individual is upwind of the dog, that individual can be
detected easily by the dog’s sense of smell through body odour that is being carried by
the moving currents of air. Once an individual has passed through an area the body
odour will be carried to many different areas where it may be captured by ditches,
potholes, tree lines etc. Later the changes in wind may cause this trapped body odour
to be released where it is then ‘airborne scent’. The combination of track scent and the
body odour will likewise be carried by the wind many yards off the actual track left
by the individual. That scent which is carried by the airborne currents is what I call
airborne scent.
Tracking Dogs- The tracking dogs follow very close to the actual track with their
noses very close to the track and never track with their heads up.Their pattern of
following a track seldom deviates more than a few feet off the actual track. They
become so engrossed in the track scent that they become oblivious to normal
distractions encountered on a track.
Trailing Dogs- The trailing dogs follow the body odour with their heads down when
tracking with the wind but lift their heads when tracking into the wind. It is not
unusual to see trailing dogs follow a track as much as ten to twenty yards down wind
of the actual track. They are easily distracted by normal distractions and have the
tendency to want to check things out by sight.
Scent Discrimination- Scent discrimination, or scent identification line ups as it is
known now has been pioneered by the Dutch who have been working on it for years.
It is not accepted in the United Kingdom as evidential value in the courts albeit is
widely used in another form in the fight against terrorism and drugs.
Although I have not been able to ever use it for evidential value I have studied it in
Holland and Hungary and basically it is the term used when a dog is allowed to smell
an object and then identify that human scent on that object by indicating on a second
article which contains the same scent. This second article is picked up from a line up
of identical articles. Like all scent issues for evidence it is important not to have cross
contamination, in other words care must be taken when obtaining samples making
sure only one scent is transferred to each swab or scent pad in order not to confuse the
dog.
Some countries including the Dutch see it as such a specialized field that they keep
designated dogs for the procedure and do not use their tracking/trailing dogs.
Conclusion- I have read all the papers and statements in this case and I have visited
the scene where the deceased was found. I base my opinions using my practical
experience of more than 35years working with police dogs.
First of all I will make mention of the dogs used in this case. I have never seen the
dogs work therefore can not make any assessment, I can only comment with regards
to the facts available to me. They are Bloodhounds and if trained correctly should be
able to achieve results within their capabilities as with other working dogs used
throughout the world for police work.
When I read the extensive experience of Mr. Pikett and the past history of the dogs
‘Quincy’ and ‘James Bond’ in relation to felony trails and scent pad line ups I am
unable to gain any information relating to this case. The information I would have
required to make an assessment or comment would be how many successful felony
trails had been made when the offender(s) had been driving a motor vehicle, and how
many successful scent line ups when the control sample contained multi scents.
If I can now deal with the scent line ups. As I have mentioned previously this is a
procedure not used in the UK but is used in the rest of Europe where I have studied
and observed it’s use. Single purpose dogs are preferred in Europe but I accept that in
the United States it is accepted to use multi purpose dogs in other words dogs that
track and trail and also perform scent line ups.
The procedure and principles however is the same all over. There should be a level
playing field when conducting scent line ups, it does appear that this has not been the
case with Mr. Buchanek. It was bad practice to obtain a scent sample from the will
document of Mr.Buchanek it must be reasonable to assume that this document had
been handled by other people, how many I do not know, all comparative scent
samples should be taken from the hands if possible. In this case it has created for the
dog what is known as a complex of odours (combinations of different scents) the
animal is much more sensitive to a single odour than if the odour is presented as part
of a complex. When odours are superimposed on each other it is usually the top one
that is prominent, again it is reasonable to assume that Mr. Buchanek’s odour would
perhaps not be the top one on this document after he had signed it etc.
Now we have to look at the result of the scent line up on 21st March 2006 when
Mr.Buchanek was a suspect. It is important that the first officers to arrive on the crime
scene are aware of the possibility of scent identifications right from the beginning.
This prevents the contamination of relevant material. Having spoken to the person
who found the body and was present when officers arrived it may well be that this
important factor has been breached and I will speak in more detail of this later.
It is an ACTUAL FACT that Mr. Buchanek was not at the scene where the body was
found therefore it would not be possible for the dogs to indicate his scent on the rope
or the victims body. With regards to the other items in the scent line there could be an
explanation to positive identification on the purse and cell phone and perhaps personal
items in the vehicle. Scent can last for quite a while indoors and the fact that
Mr.Buchanek had dated the victim several weeks previously, this could be a possible
explanation. I am not sure with regards to items taken from the trunk of the vehicle
without knowing what they were, and I feel it unlikely his scent would be on the
bedding.
Apart from the previous items mentioned I do not know why the dogs indicated
Mr.Buchanek with scent from the rope and body in my opinion it was not possible.
I notice from statements that another scent line up was performed on 10th
August 2006
some five months later with Mr.Grimsinger in the line up and the same articles
used.This of course substantiates my previous comment that scent can last for some
time but also raises the issues of multi scents because apart from the rope and the
body, it is suggested that both Mr.Buchanek and Mr.Grimsinger had their scents on
the remaining articles.
I will now deal with the use of dogs at the scene and surrounding area of where the
body was found. The first use of a dog was on Wednesday 15th
March 2006 when a
bloodhound from the TDCJ was called to where the purse and cell phone was found.
The behavior of this dog is what I would expect from a trained dog working to it’s
capabilities, it was given a scent but after a short time lost the scent and was unable to
continue, the handler believing that the property was thrown from a vehicle and the
dog would not be capable of trailing a moving vehicle.
I will now discuss the trail from where the body was found to the home of
Mr.Buchanek.
It is my understanding that the body of the deceased was found at the scene in the late
afternoon/early evening of Wednesday 15th
March 2006 and the bloodhounds arrived
at approximately 1830hrs.
I also believe that the body had been at the scene for approximately 24 hours. When I
visited the scene I spoke with the person who first saw the body and reported the find,
Royce Berger. He pointed out to me that the body was lying a few feet into a field the
other side of a wire fence and he observed from the roadway. He said that numerous
persons then turned up at the scene and that he Mr.Berger stayed on the roadside but
most of the people at the scene were actually walking around the body on the grassed
area.
If this is correct, I would suggest that this is not the correct way to preserve evidence
at a murder scene and as I have previously mentioned, officers should be aware that
at some future date scent identification parades may be necessary.
On arrival at the scene, Deputy Keith Pickett then took his scent pads from the victims
body and also from the rope wrapped around her.He allowed the dogs to smell the
pads and the scent from the surrounding area before commencing his trail.
If what Mr.Berger has stated is correct in relation to the possibility of a lot of cross
contamination at the scene around the body I would suggest that the dogs could have
been following anybody’s scent that short distance from the field to the roadway,
presumably everyone left the field at the same exit point.
Reading from the Affidavit of Detective Sam Eyre, it says that ‘Quincy’ and ‘James
Bond’ trailed the scent of the rope from Blackwells body directly to the residence of
Michael Buchanek. I would argue that this would be an impossible statement to make
given that initially the dogs could be trailing one of a number of scents from within
the field to the roadway.
Prior to me visiting Texas, I asked for a specific expert weather analysis report on and
around the date of the murder and this was duly supplied for me.
It can be seen that from 0930hrs on Wednesday 15th
March 2006 up until the time the
dogs commenced trailing, that wind directions were EAST to SOUTH EAST 9-
23mph which is medium to high with gusts 23-28mph which are high. The highest
temperature during this period was 73f and the lowest 45f.
I have mentioned early on in my report that heat and wind play a great part in
reducing the detection of scent and also how the scent strength starts to diminish after
a period of time. I would suggest that in these circumstances, although we are unable
to say how many gusts of wind had occurred during the period the body was lying
there, from the weather information supplied, I would say that throughout the day
scent would have been blowing at times east to south east which as can be seen from
my sketch would take it across open fields on the opposite side of the roadway.
If we presume that the dogs have left the field after negotiating numerous scents and
commenced a trail from the roadside of the fence they would have been trailing a
scent which was blowing east to south east.
I have now completed the full trail in a vehicle, as described in the Affidavid and
made my notes on sheets 1-8. I must stress I have made the notes and opinions based
on trailing an offender who has made off on foot.
Albeit the trail would be approximately 24 hours old when the dogs commenced and
given the wind and heat conditions, it would still be possible for trained dogs to pick
up intermittent fading foot and airbourne scent along Hanselman Road as there are
grass verges, telegraph poles and hedges. The fact that the wind was blowing east to
south east and the dogs were trailing east would indicate a moving scent because of
these wind conditions.
When the trail turned north into Burroughsville road the scent would still be blowing
east to south east and again traces could still possibly be attached to poles and hedges.
As soon as Burroughsville road reached the point where highway 59 crossed over it
all traces of foot scent would be lost due to the traffic and open area leading on to
loop 463. I understand that an average daily traffic count revealed that 13,200 vehicles
per day used this section of road on the date in question. Assuming at least 24 hours
had elapsed since the offending scent left the scene where the body was found and the
dogs commencing a track, in excess of 20,000 vehicles could have driven along this
scent area.
As mentioned, I base these opinions on trailing a suspect on foot. In this case I am
told that the offender left the scene in a motor vehicle. There could have been some
slight foot scent on the road but once the vehicle drove off there would not be any
scent to follow, I am not aware of any dogs that can trail a moving motor vehicle.
At this point I think I should mention two American publications that I have viewed
which I feel agree with my opinions and knowledge in relation to this case.
The first is the Leerburg web site produced by Ed Frawley a dog trainer with a vast
experience of working dogs. His article is titled ‘Bloodhounds myth and fiction’ and
he lists 6 points to emphasize and I quote ‘Bloodhounds cannot perform super human
feats that many bloodhound handlers claim they can do’ and point number 4 says’that
they cannot follow people who have gotten into cars and driven down the highway’.
The second publication which I received from Mr.Rex Easley is a copy of the Victoria
Police Department general orders for K-9 teams. Paragraph 2.06 deals with trailing
and item ‘A’ says-Turn off engine as exhaust fumes hinder the dogs.
Item ‘C’ says –Contamination of an area can destroy suspects scent.
On 10th
June 2008 I received a photograph from Mr.Rex Easley taken from 302
Navajo with a view to 402 and surrounding area. It accompanied a statement from
Mr.Don Schmiely who lives at 302.
Mr Schmiely has indicated in his statement that approximately 9.30-1000pm
Wednesday 15th
March 2006 he was outside his house with his three small dogs when
an officer was walking down the middle of the street and asked him to go inside as
they had dogs coming towards him.Mr.Schmiely did so and observed that this was
some sort of lead officer and was being followed by presumably a dog handler with a
dog(s), he observed the dog(s) stop and sniff around a boat on a trailer near to Mr
Buchanek’s house 402.Mr Schmiely was later told that the dog(s) then went to Mr.
Buchanek’s car and front door.
In all my experience working dogs I have never ever heard of or seen such an
operation, it goes against all the principles of tracking and trailing. It is quite common
to have an officer following a dog handler and dog on a trail to afford protection if
needed but always a reasonable distance behind in order not to distract the dog. A dog
has a natural instinct to be inquisitive and seeing the officer ahead of it would indeed
provoke that action, we must presume that the lead officer started walking at the same
time as the handler and dog and that is where the association would have started. The
lead officer obviously asked Mr.Schmiely to go inside with his dogs to reduce any
distraction but the officer was already a distraction.
In relation to sniffing the boat, this is no different to sniffing Mr.Buchanek’s vehicle,
again dogs are always inquisitive when they come across something that has a
different smell to the surrounding environment. I would suggest that the dog(s) were
just going for a walk.
I cannot see how it was possible for the dogs to arrive at this part of the track. I notice
from the Affidavit of officer Sam Eyre that he states that the dogs trailed from the
body directly to Mr.Buchanek’s house yet the dog handler Mr.Pikett says that the
dogs were re scented around loop 463. The question of course is re scented with what,
how could there be any corresponding scent to the scent he was in possession of
24hours and some 20,000 vehicles later and the fact that the offender who left the
body drove away in a motor vehicle.
The distance of the track was over five miles and according to statements commenced
between 1830-1900 hrs and according to Mr.Schmiely finished between 2130-
2200hrs. When a dog is tracking/trailing it is not a brisk walk as the dog stops and
sniffs so three hours would be pretty quick but in general terms I cannot say that it
could not be done. The important issue in this case once again is that the dogs could
not have been tracking Mr Buchanek from the scene to his home because he had not
been at the scene, which begs the question what were the dogs following if anything.
I do not have any other answers as to why it has been said that the dogs trailed from
where the body was found to Mr.Buchanek’s home address I am aware that it is an
actual fact that he had never been at the scene which would confirm my opinions in
relation to this case.
R.Coote.
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
VICTORIA DIVISION
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Case No.: 6:08-CV-00008
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
AFFIDAVIT OF STEVEN D. NICELY
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;+4+%;03.((A3%'(#4(,)'(')(4%2(%(U+11(';%#,+$(61))$3)7,$(0%,,)'(U);8.(
6%4+$(),('3+(+&#$+,0+(C;)&#$+$<(?2(C;)"+44#),%1(+DC+;#+,0+<(%,$(C%4'(C;)"+44#),%1(%44+44?+,'(
)"(*M'.(F#8+''T4(C;)0+$7;+4(N(U#11(C;)&#$+('3+(0)7;'('+4'#?),2(U#'3(;+%4),%V1+(0+;'%#,'2('3%'(U#11(47CC);'(
'3%'(*M'.(F#8+''T4(?+'3)$4(%4('3+2(%CC12(')(C)1#0+(4+;�+($)M4(%;+(%('3;+%'(')(4)0#+'2(%,$('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''(
#4(0$)'4$%&#$)5*'"0'66$%$"#(')('3+(;#M3'4()"('3+(C7V1#0<(%,$b);(3#4(8,)U1+$M+(#,('3+(C)1#0+(4+;�+($)M("#+1$(
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1%08()"(8,)U1+$M+<(%;+(%('3;+%'(')(4)0#+'2(V+0%74+(,)(%0'#),4(%;+('%8+,(')(;+$70+('3+(C)44#V#1#'2()"(%,(
#,,)0+,'(C+;4),(V+#,M("%14+12(#$+,'#"#+$(#,(40+,'(';%#14();(1#,+7C4.(
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH SGT. PICKETT
N(3%&+('+4'#"#+$(),('3;++($#""+;+,'()00%4#),4()CC)4#,M('3+()C#,#),4(%,$(C;%0'#0+4()"(*M'.(F#8+''(%4(
#'(;+1%'+4(')(3#4($)M4.((
(
FINDINGS
Y. *M'.(F#8+''(01%#?4(')(3%&+(%0'+$(#,(-((076&'#8(%4(#'(;+1%'+4(')('3+(';%#,#,M(%,$($+C1)2?+,'()"(3#4(
13$"#*'0$"#'6'3&#'("*0(-19(
X. *M'.(F#8+''(01%#?4('3+(';%#1(U%4(,)'(c"#0'#'#)74d(%,$(3+($#$(,)'(1+%$(3#4($)M4(";)?('3+(1)0%'#),(
U3+;+('3+(V)$2(U%4(")7,$(')('3+(3)74+()"('3+(F1%#,'#"".((
!""#$%&#'()"(*'+&+,(-.(/#0+12(#,('3+(0%4+()"(
5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
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e. *M'.(F#8+''(01%#?4(')(3%&+(,)'(8,)U,('3+(1)0%'#),()"('3+(40+,'(#'+?4(%4('3+2(U+;+(C1%0+$(#,(%,2(
)"('3+(1#,+L7C4.(
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XJJI(";)?(#'+?4(0),,+0'+$(')('3+(F1%#,'#""(%,$(')('3+(0;#?+(7,$+;(#,&+4'#M%'#),.(N'(3%4(V++,(
+4'%V1#43+$('3+(F1%#,'#""(U%4(,)'(%'('3+(V)$2(40+,+(,);(U%4(#,&)1&+$(#,('3+(0;#?+.(
I. B,(!7M74'(YJ<(XJJI<(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4(#$+,'#"#+$(>+""+;2(_;#?4#,M+;(%4('3+(C+;4),(%'('3+(40+,+()"(
'3+(V)$2(U3#03('3+(F1%#,'#""(U%4();#M#,%112(#$+,'#"#+$(%4(V+#,M(C;+4+,'(%'.((*7V4+f7+,'12(5;.(
_;#?4#,M+;(0),"+44+$(%,$(C1+%$4(M7#1'2(')('3+(%V$70'#),(%,$(?7;$+;.(
\. -7;#,M('3+(1#,+L7C(),('3+(&#$+)('3+($)M4(,+&+;(+D3#V#'+$(V+3%&#);4(0),4#4'+,'(U#'3(%,2($)M(
$+'+0'#,M(4)?+'3#,M()"(#,'+;+4'.(
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[. A3+(&#$+)(43)U4(+&#$+,0+()"(V+3%&#);4(V2('3+(%44#4'%,'('3%'(0%,(1+%$(')(0;)44(0),'%?#,%'#),.(
YJ. A3+(&#$+)(%,$(;+0);$4(43)U('3+('%;M+'4(U+;+(;+?)&+$(";)?('3+#;(0%,4(%,$(C1%0+$(#,()'3+;(0%,4.(
YY. A3+(&#$+)(43)U4(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M(U%18#,M(C%4'(0%,4('3%'(3%$('3+('%;M+'(#,('3+?(");(4+&+;%1(
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YX. F%M+([K()"(';%,40;#C'4(#,('3+(0%4+()"(*'%'+()"(A+D%4(&4.(*?#'3<(*M'.(F#8+''('+4'#"#+$('3%'('3+(43%8#,M(
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Y]. *M'.(F#8+''(#4(f7)'+$(cN'(U);84(+&+;2('#?+.(g7#,02(3%4($),+()&+;(.(.(.(Y<X^J()"('3+?(%,$(3%4(V++,(
U;),M('U#0+<d(F#8+''(4%#$.(c!,$('3%'(U%4(C;)V%V12(?2("%71'.d(WP#40%,)<(XJJ\Z(
Ye. *M'.(F#8+''('+4'#"#+$(#,(*'%'+()"(A+D%4(&4.(*?#'3(WC%M+(YJ[LYYJZ('3%'(chNi?(,)'(+&+,(')1$('3+(
)7'0)?+()"('3+(0%4+4.d(
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YI. -)M(07'4(0);,+;(";)?(O#M3U%2(eI](%CC;)D#?%'+12(YJJ(2%;$4(V+");+(#'(;+%03+4(!#;1#,+.(WF#8+''T4(
-+C)4#'#),()"('3#4(0%4+(F%M+([JZ(
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5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
(
F%M+(*()"("#$$%&'$((((((((
(
“OPINIONS OF FINDINGS
( 5%,2()"('3+()C#,#),4(%4('3+2(;+1%'+(')('3+("#,$#,M4(U#11(V+(#,'+;'U#,+$.(BV'%#,#,M(1#':;);1*
3("#%()*)"(%($)MT4(V+3%&#);(#,(13$"#*0'13%':'"&#'("(#4($#""#071'(%,$(0)?C1+D.(A3+(0)?C1+D#'2()"(%(';%#1(%,$(
40+,'(1#,+7C(0%;;#+4()&+;(#,')($#""+;+,'(%;+%4.(((
Sgt. Pikett claims to have acted in good-faith as it relates to the training and
deployment of his scent identification dogs.
( !4(%(C;)"+44#),%1(C)1#0+(4+;�+($)M(';%#,+;(%,$(#,4';70');(N(0%,(4%2(U#'3(;+%4),%V1+(0+;'%#,'2(
*M'.(F#8+''(#4(,)'(%0'#,M(#,(-((076&'#8(')(%&)#$(#,0);;+0'12(#$+,'#"2#,M(4)?+),+(%4(%(C)'+,'#%1(474C+0'.((
+,-./01$$
( *M'.(F#8+''T4(;+0);$4(%;+(+D';+?+12(1%08#,M(#,($%'%('3%'(0)71$(47CC);'('3+($)M4T(C+;");?%,0+.(A3+(
C;)"+44#),()"(C)1#0+(4+;�+($)M4(0)&+;4(?%,2(%;+%4()"('3+(V+3%&#);%1(40#+,0+("#+1$.(N'(#4(0),4#$+;+$(
7,+'3#0%1(#,('3+(V+3%&#);%1(40#+,0+("#+1$(')(,)'(8++C($+'%#1+$(;+0);$4(#,(4703(%(?%,,+;('3%'()'3+;4(0%,(
;+C;)$70+(+&+,'4('3%'(%;+(01%#?+$(')(3%&+()007;;+$.(!4(%(");?+;('+%03+;()"(%(40#+,0+<(*M'.(F#8+''(43)71$(
V+($;#&+,(')(")11)U('3+(40#+,'#"#0(?+'3)$<(U3#03(3+($)+4(,)'($).((
@'3#04(#,(4$8&<'(%*&"&)51'1*;+f7#;+('3%'(U3+,(),+(3%4(;+%4),(')(V+1#+&+('3+#;(4+;�+4(U#11(M)(
V+");+(%(0)7;'('3+2(43)71$(8++C(;+0);$4(U#'3(c'3+(8#,$()"($+'%#1(%,$(f7%1#'2('3%'(U)71$(V+(0),4#4'+,'(
U#'3(;+%4),%V1+(40;7'#,2(#,(%,(%$j7$#0%'#&+(");7?.d(W6%#1+2<(XJJ^<(C.(I\Z((N'(#4(#?C);'%,'(");('3)4+(
#,&)1&+$(#,(%;+%4()"(V+3%&#);(?)$#"#0%'#),(74#,M(%(#&%-$#*1#':;);1*'3%'(0%,,)'(V+(4+,4+$(V2(37?%,4(')(
8++C($+'%#1+$(;+0);$4(%11)U#,M(");('+4'#,M(')(#,47;+('3+(%,#?%1(#4(7,$+;('3+(1#':;);1*3("#%()*)"('3+(#&%-$#*
1#':;);19(N,('3+(0%4+()"(13$"#*'0$"#'6'3&#'("($)M4<('3+(#&%-$#*1#':;);1(#4('3+(40+,'(C;)&#$+$(')('3+($)M(");(
$+'+0'#),(%,$(;+4C),4+(W),0+('3+(#&%-$#*'1*=$%3$'<$0*#(*8&<$*4$$"*0$#$3#$0>9(N'(?74'(V+($+?),4';%'+$(
'3+($)M(0%,(V+(C;)&#$+$(),+(40+,'<(1)0%'+('3%'(40+,'<('3+,(V+(C;)&#$+$(%,)'3+;(40+,'(%,$(1)0%'+('3%'(
40+,'.(N'(?74'(%14)(V+($+?),4';%'+$('3%'(");(+D%?C1+H((4%2(1#,+7CLY(3%4(40+,'4(!<(6<9<-<@<(a(G(%,$('3+(
$)M(#4(M#&+,('3+(40+,'()"(!(')(#$+,'#"2.(A3+,<(%"'+;('3+($)M(3%4(V++,(M#&+,('#?+(')(01+%;(#'4(,)4+<(#'(#4(
C;)&#$+$<(4%2(40+,'(@.(N"('3+($)M(#4(';712(%(40+,'(#$+,'#"#0%'#),($)M(#'(U#11(#M,);+(!(%,$(),12(;+4C),$(')(@.((
*M'.(F#8+''(C;)&#$+4(,)(';%#,#,M(;+0);$4();('+4'#,M(;+0);$4(#,(U3#03(%,2(13$"#*0'13%':'"&#'("*';%#,#,M(");(
1#,+(7C(C7;C)4+4(3%4(V++,(0),$70'+$.(
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P#8+U#4+<(0)7;'4(%14)(3%&+('%8+,('3%'(C)4#'#),.((G);(+D%?C1+<(cA3+(';%#,#,M(;+0);$4(C;)$70+$(V2('3+(
M)&+;,?+,'(%;+(#,0)?C1+'+(%,$(#,%$+f7%'+.(A3+2($)(,)'(M#&+(+44+,'#%1($+'%#14(;+M%;$#,M(B4)T4(
C+;");?%,0+hd((WQ,#'+$(*'%'+4(&4.(91%;84),<(XJJ[Z(cA374<('3+(';%#,#,M(C;)0+$7;+(U%4(%CC%;+,'12(,)'($+4#M,+$(
#,('3+(?%,,+;(V+4'(47#'+$(')($+'+0'(%,$<(#"(,+0+44%;2<(0);;+0'(%,2(07+#,M(C;)V1+?.d((W*A!A@(BG(!=NkB/!(:*(
>!9gQ@PR/(5!=9R(`=N_OA<(XJJKZ(A3+(;+0);$4(C;)$70+$(#,('3#4(0%4+(3%$(,)(?);+(V+3%&#);%1(%,%12'#0%1(
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2,/3454-634.7$
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C+;");?%,0+(%4(&%1#$(U#'3)7'(#'.((/),+'3+1+44<(0+;'#"#0%'#),()&+;%11(#4(%00+C'+$(%4(#,$74';2(4'%,$%;$(%,$(
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5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
(
F%M+(8()"("#$$%&'$((((((((
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c_))$(G%#'3d(U)71$(V+(0+;'#"#0%'#),(V2(%,(#,$+C+,$+,'(4)7;0+.(
Sgt. Pikett claims the trail was not “fictitious” and he did not lead his dogs from
the location where the body was found to the house of the Plaintiff.
( N'(#4(C)44#V1+('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''($#$(,)'(M7#$+(3#4($)M(";)?('3+(4(05*13$"$*')('3+(<'3#':?1*3)?+(%,$(
'3+,(),(')('3+(@)&'"#'66?1*3)?+.(O)U+&+;<(#'(#4(8,)U,('3%'('3+(@)&'"#'66(U%4(,)'(%'('3+(4(05*13$"$(#,(
);$+;(");(3#4()$);(')(3%&+(V++,(C;+4+,'.(N"('3+(8,)U,("%0'('3+(@)&'"#'66(U%4(,)'('3+(%0');()"('3+(0;#?+(
%,$(U%4(#,(,)(U%2(0),,+0'+$(')('3+(0;#?+(#4(V;#+"12(+1#?#,%'+$<(%,$(),+(%00+C'4('3+('3+);2()"(*M'.(F#8+''(
'3%'(3#4($)M4(%;+(0%C%V1+()"(';%#1#,M(4)?+),+('3%'(#4(;#$#,M(#,4#$+(%(';%&+1#,M(?)');(&+3#01+<('3+,('3+(
+&#$+,0+(4'#11(U)71$(,)'(47CC);'('3+($)M4(")11)U#,M('3+(';%#1(";)?('3+(4(05*13$"$*')('3+(1)0%'#),4('3%'(
*M'.(F#8+''(01%#?4('3+($)M4(1+%$(3#?(').(
9470$670$:4/$2;//,731$<55,-3$.7$=0./$>/6?,@$&4/,-34.7$ $
!(;+&#+U()"(*M'.(F#8+''T4(0;+$+,'#%14("#;4'()C+,('3+($));(')(3#4(7,$+;4'%,$#,M();(C+;3%C4(3#4(1%08(
)"(7,$+;4'%,$#,M()"(3)U()$);(';%&+14.(O#4(';%#,#,M($)+4(,)'(47CC);'(3+(3%4(7,$+;M),+(%,2(");?%1(
';%#,#,M('3%'(U)71$(3%&+('%7M3'(3#?(3)U(')(74+(%(0%,#,+(#,('%0'#0%1(4+''#,M4(')($+'+0'(%(0),0+%1+$(
474C+0'.(O+(#4(,);?%112(0%11+$(%"'+;('3+(474C+0'(3%4(V++,(%CC;+3+,$+$<();(%'(%(1+,M'3()"('#?+('3+(
C;)V%V#1#'2()"('3+(474C+0'W4Z(4'#11(V+#,M(#,('3+(#??+$#%'+("1++#,M(?)$+(W%(&+;2($%,M+;)74(?)$+(");(
)""#0+;4Z(#4(7,1#8+12.(!1'3)7M3(3+(#4(;%;+12(1))8#,M(");(%(474C+0'('3%'(3%4(j74'("1+$(%(0;#?+(40+,+<()$);4(4'#11(
';%&+1('3+(4%?+.(F+;3%C4(*M'.(F#8+''T4(1%08()"(8,)U1+$M+()"('3+(#?C);'%,0+()"(%#;(07;;+,'4(#4(U32('3+2(%;+(
,)'(;+0);$+$.(`3+,(%#;(07;;+,'($#;+0'#),(#4(0)?C%;+$(U#'3(4)?+()"('3+(1#?#'+$(#,");?%'#),('3%'(#4(
C;)&#$+$()"(+&+,'4('3%'()007;;+$($7;#,M('3+(';%#1<('3%'(47CC);'4(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4(U%4(M7#$+$(V2(
4)?+'3#,M()'3+;('3%,(%,()$);(";)?('3+(4(05*13$"$(')('3+(1)0%'#),4('3+2(%;+(01%#?+$(')(3%&+(%;;#&+$.((
!1'3)7M3(*M'.(F#8+''(4%24(3+($#$(,)'(8,)U(U3+;+('3+(�'#?T4(3)?+(U%4(1)0%'+$<(3#4(0)?C%,#),(*M'.(@2;+(
$#$(3%&+('3%'(8,)U1+$M+(C;#);(')('3+(%11+M+$(';%#1#,M(+D+;0#4+.(*)?+),+(U3)($)+4(,)'(7,$+;4'%,$(3)U(
'3+#;(V)$2(C)4#'#),(U3+,(")11)U#,M(%('+%?(0%,(#,"17+,0+('3+($#;+0'#),()"('3+('+%?(0%,(M#&+(07+4('3+(
3%,$1+;(;+0)M,#l+4(%,$(U#11(")11)U.(*M'.(@2;+(8,+U('3+(1)0%'#),()"('3+(F1%#,'#""T4(;+4#$+,0+(U3)('3+2(
0),4#$+;+$(%(474C+0'.((
( !00);$#,M(')(@)&'"#'66?1*);#M#,%1(%,$(47CC1+?+,'%1(0)?C1%#,'4('3+(%V$70'#),(%,$(?7;$+;(
)007;;+$(+#'3+;(),('3+(Y]'3();(Ye
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')(`+%'3+;(;+C);'4(");('3)4+($%24('3+(C;+&%#1#,M(U#,$4(4'%;'#,M(%;)7,$(IH]J(!5(9*A(U+;+(,);'3U+4'(')(
,);'3(+%4'.(F;+&%#1#,M(,);'3U%;$(U#,$4(1%4'+$(7,'#1(%CC;)D#?%'+12([H]J(!5(9*A(),('3+(Y^'3.((*M'.(F#8+''T4(
;+C);'4(4'%'+(3+(U+,'(')('3+(\JJJ(V1)08()"(O%,4+1?%,(%'(%CC;)D#?%'+12(Y[HJJ3;4(),(5%;03(Y^<(XJJI(%,$(
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=7$A6/-B$!)C$"DD#C$3B,$1EF$G61$H6/3@F$3.$I.13@F$-@.;0F$3B/.;JB$6/.;70$*K)D$LA$2%>$670$
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O)U+&+;<(M#&+(%(;%0+(3);4+(')(48#11+$(j)08+2(%,$(3+(0%,(0),';)1('3+(3);4+(U#'3(41#M3'(V)$2(1%,M7%M+(
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9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
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%,$('3+(3);4+(#4(#,(0),';)1.(*M'.(F#8+''T4(0)?C%;#4),(V+'U++,(%(,),L$)M(3%,$1+;(%,$(%($)M(3%,$+;(#4(1#8+(
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Sgt. Pikett claims his dogs are capable of following a vehicle with the target
person inside.
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1)'()"($+V%'+.(A3+(?);+(#?C);'%,'(f7+4'#),(+&+,(#"(#'(#4(C)44#V1+(");(4)?+($)M4<(#4(U3+'3+;(*M'.(F#8+''T4(
$)M4(%;+(0%C%V1+<(%,$(U%4(#,$+C+,$+,'12('+4'+$.((@D3#V#'(9()"(*M'.(F#8+''T4(%""#$%&#'(C;)&#$+4(4+&+;%1(
+D%?C1+4()"(3#4($)M4(3%&#,M(C+;");?+$(&+3#01+(';%#14.(A3)4+(;+0);$4(3)U+&+;<($)(,)'(0),'%#,(&%1#$(
V+3%&#);%1(%,%12'#0%1($%'%.(G);(+D%?C1+H((U#,$($#;+0'#),(%'('3+('#?+('3+(';%#1(U%4(1%#$<(U#,$($#;+0'#),(%'(
'3+('#?+(#'(U%4(;7,<($#4'%,0+()"('3+(';%#1<($#4'%,0+(V+'U++,('7;,4<(U3)(1%#$('3+(';%#1<(+&#$+,0+(')(47CC);'(
'3+(';%#1(U%4(%'(1+%4'(V1#,$<(#"(,)'($)7V1+(V1#,$<(%,$(%('3#;$(C%;'2((U#',+44(')(&+;#"2(%,$(;+0);$('3+(
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( !($#%M;%?()"('3+(';%#1<((U3+,(#'(U%4(1%#$(%,$(%($#%M;%?()"('3+(';%#1(;7,(V2('3+($)M(U)71$(C;)&#$+(
47CC);'(')(*M'.(F#8+''T4(%44+;'#),('3+($)M(07'(%(0);,+;(%'(YJJ(2%;$4(%U%2(";)?(!#;1#,+(%4(3+(U%4(M)#,M(
,);'3(),(P))C(eI].(N"('3+($)M(0)71$(3%&+($),+(#'($7;#,M('3+(%0'7%1(';%#1<('3+,(#'(U)71$(V+(+DC+0'+$(')(
3%&+($)07?+,'4(#,(0),';)11+$(4+''#,M4(')(47CC);'('3+($)MT4(%11+M+$(%V#1#'#+4.((
A)(47CC);'(3#4(C)4#'#),<(*M'.(F#8+''(0#'+4(c*C+0#%1#l+$(Q4+()"(O7?%,(*0+,'(N,(9;#?#,%1(
N,&+4'#M%'#),Hd(WG);+,4#0(*0#+,0+(9)??7,#0%'#),4(>712(XJJeL(:)17?+(I(n(/7?V+;(]Z(4+0'#),(Y,B4-@,$
>/64@1(WC%M+([Z.(O)U+&+;<(*M'.(F#8+''(1+%&+4()7'(g7%1#"#0%'#),$670$2,/3454-634.7(U3#03(4'%'+4H(
[:J,7-4,1$,[email protected]$6$0.J$3,6I$I;13$,71;/,$3B63$3B,$3,6I$B61$I,3$6HH/.H/463,$-61,G./E$
3/64747J$670$H/,H6/634.7$136706/01$3.$,71;/,$3B,$0.Ja1$G./E$G4@@$N,$60I4114N@,$47$-.;/3M$
>B/.;JB$670$G,@@$0.-;I,73,0$3/64747J$/,-./01C$-61,$/,-./01C$-.754/[email protected]$670$45$
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>B,$0.J$B670@,/$1B.;@0$H/.?40,$3B,1,$/,-./01$3.$H/.?40,$3B63$3B,$-6747,$B61$H,/5./I,0$
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61))$3)7,$(%,$();(A;%#1#,M(9+;'#"#0%'#),4('3%'(0+;'#"2($)M4(");(C)1#0+(U);8($)(,)'(3%&+(%4(C%;'()"('3+#;(
0+;'#"#0%'#),(<$8'3)$*#%&')'"-*(%*0%(=*#%&')'"-D*
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]. 9%,#,+(A;%#,#,M(!0%$+?2(PP9.(9%,),(9#'2<(9B.(KYXYX(
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(
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5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
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(
Who was the dog actually following if it were in fact following an odor?
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Sgt. Pikett claims his dog identified the scent of the Plaintiff on March 15, 2006
and March 21, 2006 from items connected to the Plaintiff and to the crime under
investigation. It has been established the Plaintiff was not at the body scene nor
was involved in the crime.
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On August 10, 2006 Sgt. Pikett’s dogs identified Jeffery Grimsinger as the person
at the scene of the body the Plaintiff was originally identified as being present,
and subsequently Mr. Grimsinger confessed and plead guilty to the murder.
Who is being signaled?
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Sgt. Pikett’s position that he believes his dogs do not make errors or mistakes
are supported by what he was quoted as saying “it works every time. Quincy has
done over . . . 1,250 of them and has been wrong twice, Pikett said. And that was
probably my fault.” (Liscano, 2007)
B"(0)7;4+('3#4(#4(");(%(,+U4(C%C+;(%,$(,)'('3+(0)7;'(V7'(#'(01+%;12($+?),4';%'+4(*M'.(F#8+''T4(V#%4(
W+DC+;#?+,'+;(V#%4Z(')U%;$(3#4($)M4.(=)4+,'3%1T4(+DC+;#?+,'(U#'3('3+(;%'4(%14)(43)71$(;%#4+(f7+4'#),4(
%V)7'('3+(01%#?+$(%V#1#'#+4()"('3+(61))$3)7,$(6;++$.(!'('3#4('#?+(,)(40#+,'#"#0(C++;(;+&#+U+$(4'7$#+4(%;+(
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?);+(0),0+;,#,M(%V)7'(*M'.(F#8+''T4(4'%'+?+,'(%V)7'('3+($)M(Wg7#,02Z(),12(V+#,M(U;),M('U#0+(#4('3+("%0'(
'3%'(3+(3%4('+4'#"#+$H(
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8++C($#4C)4#'#),(;+0);$4(),('3+(0%4+4<()"('3+(47CC1+?+,'4('3%'(2)7(3%&+(0)11+0'+$m(
!.(R)7(?+%,('3+()7'0)?+4()"('3+(0%4+<(N(%447?+.(
g.(R+4.(
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1#8+<(%(V7,03()"('3+(0%4+4(%;+(C1+$()7'<(%,$(,)V)$2(+&+;('+114(?+('3%'('3+2(?%$+(%,(%M;++?+,'<(%,$(Ni&+(
,+&+;(43)U,(7C(#,(0)7;'.(A3+2($),i'(0),'%0'(?+(%,$(4%2<(tO+(C1+$()7'(')(")7;(2+%;4t();(U3%'+&+;.(N($),i'(
8,)U.(F%M+(YJ[LYYJ(
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*7C;+44H(C%M+(Y]YZ((
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'3+(;+0);$4(?74'(V+(0),4#$+;+$(?#41+%$#,M.(((
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3#4($)M4(?%8+.(O+(47CC);'4('3%'(3+($)+4(,)'("++1(#'(#4(#?C);'%,'(')($+'+;?#,+('3+(;+1#%V#1#'2()"(3#4($)M4.(
G%#17;+(')($+'+;?#,+('3+(;+1#%V#1#'2()"('3+($)M(43)U4(3+(#4(0$)'4$%&#$)5*'"0'66$%$"#(')('3+(;#M3'4()"()'3+;4.((
+.1,73B6@$+63$
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0)11+%M7+4(%,$(N(0),$70'+$('U)(4'7$#+4(+?C1)2#,M(%,#?%1(47Vj+0'4.(O%1"('3+(+DC+;#?+,'+;4(U+;+(')1$(
'3+#;(;%'4(3%$(V++,(4C+0#%112(V;+$(");(M))$(?%l+(W);(*8#,,+;(V)DZ(C+;");?%,0+<(%,$(3%1"(U+;+(')1$('3+#;(
;%'4(3%$(V++,(4C+0#%112(V;+$(");(C));(?%l+(W);(*8#,,+;(V)DZ(C+;");?%,0+.(N,(V)'3(+DC+;#?+,'4<(U3+,(
+DC+;#?+,'+;4(3%$(V++,(1+$(')(+DC+0'(V+''+;(1+%;,#,M(";)?('3+#;(;%'(47Vj+0'4<('3+2()V'%#,+$(V+''+;(
1+%;,#,M(";)?('3+#;(;%'(47Vj+0'4(W=)4+,'3%1(a(P%U4),<(Y[IeZ.d(W=)4+,'3%1Z(
( *M'.(F#8+''T4(C)4#4'#),(),('3+($)M4(,)'(?%8#,M(%(?#4'%8+(#4(?);+(0),4#4'+,'(U#'3(;+4+%;03(
0),$70'+$(V2(=)4+,'3%1.(A3+(C)4#4'#),()"(*M'.(F#8+''(#4(,)'(V%4+$(),(+?C+;#0%1($%'%(+4'%V1#43+$(V2(
$+'%#1+$(;+0);$4('3%'(U)71$(%11)U(%007;%'+('+4'#,M()"(3#4(C)4#4'#),.(O#4(;+0);$4(%,$("%#17;+(')(0),$70'(
%,%124#4()"('3+($)MT4(C+;");%?,0+(%,$(3%&+(%('3#;$(C%;'2(;+&#+U(3#4(C+;");?%,0+(#4(?);+(0),4#4'+,'(U#'3(
'3+($)M4("%11#,M(#,')('3+(4%?+(0%M%');2(%4(%(O(1$"#8&)*O&#.(
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5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
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During the line-up on the video the dogs never exhibited behaviors consistent
with any dog detecting something of interest.
( A3#4(C);'#),(3%4(V++,(+DC;+44(#,()'3+;(C%;'4()"('3+(;+C);'.(A3+(,++$(");(4703(V+3%&#);4(#,(
$+'+0');($)M4(#4(47CC);'+$(V2(WQ/NA@-(*A!A@*(&4.(A#?)'32(`.(O@N=<(XJJJZ(!;M7?+,'4('3%'(),12(3+(0%,(
'+11('3+(V+3%&#);4()"('3+($)M(V+0%74+('3+2(%;+(4)(47V'1+($#4C7'+4('3+(;+4+%;03()"("%?)74(V+3%&#);%1(
;+4+%;03+;4(4703(%4(F%&1)&(%,$(#8$*H8&#*'1*'#*%$6)$I*(%*(%'$"#'"-*%$1=("1$(%,$('3+((=$%&"#*%$1=("1$(
$+"#,+$(V2(6.G.(*8#,,+;.(!11();M%,#4?4(U3+,('3+2($+'+0'(4)?+'3#,M()"(#,'+;+4'();(0),0+;,(+D3#V#'('3+(
H8&#*'1*'#*%$6)$I*(%*(%'$"#'"-*%$1=("1$9(A3+4+(V+3%&#);4(),12(M)(%U%2(%"'+;($I#'"3#'("*#%&'"'"-();(
8&4'#;&#'("*')('3+(4'#?7174();(4'#?71#('3%'(0%74+$('3+(V+3%&#);4.(A3#4(#4(3#M312(47MM+4'#&+('3%'(*M'.(
F#8+''T4(?+'3)$4(3%&+(1+%$('3+($)MT4(')(,)'(+D3#V#'#,M('3+4+(0)??),(V+3%&#);4();('3+($)M4($7;#,M('3+(
1#,+7C(%;+(,)'($+'+0'#,M()$);.(!M%#,<(*M'.(F#8+''(0%,(4++('3+()C+,(0%,(%,$(#$+,'#"2('3+(1)0%'#),()"('3+(
#,'+,$+$('%;M+'.((
( A3+;+(%;+(,)(1#,+7C(';%#,#,M(;+0);$4<('3+($)MT4((=$%&"#*%$1=("1$(#4(,)'($+"#,+$(4)(%4(%(;+471'(2)7(
0%,,)'(;+#,");0+('3+($)M(V+0%74+(#'($)+4(,)'(8,)U(U3%'(V+3%&#);(')(+D3#V#'(#,('3+(C;+4+,0+()"(%(
C%;'#071%;(4'#?7174.(*M'.(F#8+''T4(01%#?+$(?+'3)$4(%;+(#,0),4#4'+,'(U#'3(+4'%V1#43+$(0);+(C;)0+$7;+4('3%'(
3%&+(V++,(4'7$#+$(%,$(;+4'7$#+$(");($+0%$+4(74#,M(%(3)4'()"(4C+0#+4.(
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The video show behaviors by Sgt. Pikett that is consistent with prompts (cues)
for the dog to perform some behavior.
( -7;#,M('3+(&#$+)(*M'.(F#8+''('7M4(7CU%;$(),('3+(1+%43(%4(%;+(#,('3+(%;+%()"('3+('%;M+'(0%,.(A3#4(#4(
%(07+(");('3+($)M(')(+D3#V#'(4)?+(V+3%&#);.((
The video shows evidence of behaviors by the assistant that can lead to cross
contamination.
( A3+(%0'#),4()"('3+(%44#4'%,'()"(3%,$1#,M('3+(C%08%M+4(U#'3(V)'3(3%,$4<(;+?)&#,M('3+('%;M+'4(
";)?(),+(0%,(%,$(C1%0#,M('3+?(#,(%,)'3+;(#4($#4C+;4#,M('3+('%;M+'()$);(')(%;+%(#'(43)71$(,)'(V+(
$#4C+;4+$.(P#8+U#4+('3+("%0'('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4('3+,(U%18(C%4'('3+4+(0),'%?#,%'+$(0%,4(#4(+&#$+,0+(
'3%'(YZ(3#4($)M4(%;+(,)'(;+4C),$#,M(')(40+,'<(%,$(XZ(3#4('3+);2('3%'()$);(0%,(';%&+1(";)?(%(13$"#$0*(4C$3#*
')(%,)'3+;()Vj+0'(4703(%4('3+(13$"#*=&01*3+(74+4($)+4(,)'()007;.(
( N'(#4(%,(+4'%V1#43+$("%0'('3;)7M3(?%,2(");?4()"($+'+0'#),('3%'()$);($)+4(#,("%0'(';%&+1.(-;#&+(
$)U,(%(;)%$(%,$(4?+11('3+(487,8('3%'(#4(#,('3+(;)%$(");(4)?+('#?+(V+");+(2)7(;+%03(#'();(V%4+$(),(U#,$(
$#;+0'#),(%"'+;(2)7(C%44(#'.(A3+(487,8(#4(,)'(#,(2)7;(0%;(7,$+;(2)7;(,)4+<()$);(#4(';%&+1#,M.((
`#'3('3+("%0'('3%'()$);($)+4(';%&+1<(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4(U%18#,M(C%4'(%(0),'%?#,%'+$(0%,(%,$(,)'(
;+4C),$#,M($+?),4';%'+4('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4($)(,)'(C+;");?(%'('3+(1+&+1(3+(01%#?4(V+0%74+(#"('3+(
)$);(#4(,)'(';%,4"+;;#,M(')('3+(0%,4('3+,(#'($#$(,)'(';%,4"+;(')('3+(40+,'(C%$4(%,$(%4(%(;+471'('3+($)M(
0%,,)'(;+4C),4+.(A3#4(01+%;12($+?),4';%'+4('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''(8,)U4('3+(1)0%'#),()"('3+('%;M+'.(
!""#$%&#'()"(*'+&+,(-.(/#0+12(#,('3+(0%4+()"(
5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
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Scent Lineups a form of Forensic Evidence
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+1+?+,'4()"(V+3%&#);%1(40#+,0+.(G);(+D%?C1+q(#,(*M'.(F#8+''T4('+4'#?),2(#,(*'%'+(&4.(*?#'3(4+&+;%1(
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( A3)4+(74+$(')(C;)&#$+(4)?+(");?()"(%44+44?+,'()"('3+($)MT4(V+3%&#);();(;+4C),4+(')(#,'+;;7C'(
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cG);+,4#0(40#+,0+(+D%?#,+;4(,++$(')(7,$+;4'%,$('3+(C;#,0#C1+4<(C;%0'#0+4<(%,$(0),'+D'4()"(40#+,'#"#0(
?+'3)$)1)M2<(%4(U+11(%4('3+($#4'#,0'#&+("+%'7;+4()"('3+#;(4C+0#%1'2.(N$+%112<(';%#,#,M(43)71$(?)&+(V+2),$(
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%,((=$%&"#*%$1=("1$*#4('3+(7,1+%;,+$(V+3%&#);(0%,(#,("%0'(V+(+%4#12(';#MM+;+$(V2(4)?+'3#,M()'3+;('3%,(
'3+(#&%-$#*1#':;);19(N,($;7M($+'+0');($)M4(");(+D%?C1+<(8,)U1+$M+%V1+(';%#,+;4(U#11(,)'(74+('3+(
&--%$11'<$*%$1=("1$(V+0%74+(%MM;+44#&+(V+3%&#);4()"(40;%'03#,M<(V%;8#,M<(V#'#,M<(%,$(01%U#,M(#4(%(,%'7;%1(
V+3%&#);('3%'(0%,(V+(#,$70+$(V2(%,()Vj+0'()"(#,'+;+4'.(A3+4+(V+3%&#);4(%;+(+D%?C1+4()"(%$1=("1$1*
=%$6$%$"3$1*&"0*4'&1.(!(8,)U1+$M+%V1+(';%#,+;(U#11(4+1+0'(%(V+3%&#);('3%'(#4(#,0)?C%'#V1+(U#'3(%(%$1=("1$*
=%$6$%$"3$*(%*4'&1(4703(%4('3+(1'#*(%*0(H"9(
6+3&#);4(4703(%4(C+;0+#&+$(#,0;+%4+$(V;+%'3#,M<(U%MM#,M()"('3+('%#1<(;)11#,M()"('3+(+2+4<();(%,2(
)'3+;(V+3%&#);(C+;0+#&+$(')(V+(47''1+(43)71$(,)'(V+(74+$(%4('3+((=$%&"#*%$=("1$9(A3+4+(V+3%&#);4(%;+(
C%;'()"(3)&11'3&)*3("0'#'("'"-(%,$(%;+(8,)U,(%4(%,(;"3("0'#'("$0*%$1=("1$.*F"3("0'#'("$0*%$1=("1$1(%;+(
;+"1+D#&+(V+3%&#);4(';#MM+;+$(V2(,%'7;%1(4'#?71#.(N'(U)71$(V+(,+%;12(#?C)44#V1+(#"(,)'(+,'#;+12(#?C)44#V1+(
')(+1#?#,%'+(%11(,%'7;%1(4'#?71#('3%'(0)71$(#,$70+(%,(;"3("0'#'("$0*%$1=("1$9(N'(#4(");('3#4(;+%4),('3+(
;+4C),4+(");($+'+0'#),(C7;C)4+4(W;+M%;$1+44()"('3+('%48Z(43)71$(V+(%,(7,V#%4+$((=$%&"#*%$1=("1$.(*M'.(
F#8+''T4("%#17;+(')('+%03(%(0),4#4'+,'(%,$(,),L(C;+"+;;+$();(V#%4(;+4C),4+(47CC);'4(3#4(8,)U1+$M+(#,('3+(
%;+%()"(V+3%&#);%1(40#+,0+(#4($%,M+;)7412(1%08#,M(");('3#4('%48.((
Page 98 of transcripts in the case of State of Texas vs. Smith, Sgt. Pikett testified
that the shaking of hands or bumping of chests is sufficient for scent transfer.
( A3#4(4'%'+?+,'(V2(*M'.(F#8+''(W#"(V+1#+&+$(')(V+(';7+Z(01+%;12(47CC);'4('3%'(#,('3+(0%,4(74+$(#,('3+(
1#,+7C<()$);()"('3+(40+,'(C%$(#4(';%,4"+;;+$(')(+&+;2(0%,(#,(U3#03(#'(#4(C1%0+$(%,$(+&+,(%"'+;('3+(C%$(#4(
;+?)&+$()$);(;+?%#,4.(!M%#,<(#"('3#4(#4(%("%0'(#,()$);('3+,(#'(01+%;12($+?),4';%'+4($7;#,M(0%,(1#,+7C4(*M'.(
F#8+''(8,)U4('3+(1)0%'#),()"('3+('%;M+'4(V+0%74+(3#4($)M4(U%18(C%4'(0%,4('3%'(?74'(0),'%#,('3+('%;M+'(
)$);(";)?(V+#,M(#,(0),'%0'(U#'3('3+(C%08%M+('3%'(0),'%#,+$('3+(40+,'(C%$<(%,$('3%'(C%08%M+(U%4()C+,(
')(%11)U()$);(')(+40%C+.((
Sgt. Pikett is quoted “It works every time. Quincy has done over . . . 1,250 of them
and has been wrong twice,” Pikett said. “And that was probably my fault.”
(Liscano, 2007)
( BC#,#),4()"('3#4("#,$#,M(3%&+(V++,(%$$;+44+$(#,()'3+;(C%;'4()"('3+(;+C);'.(
Sgt. Pikett testified in State of Texas vs. Smith (page 109-110) that “…I'm not even
told the outcome of the cases.”
BC#,#),4()"('3#4("#,$#,M(3%&+(V++,(%$$;+44+$(#,()'3+;(C%;'4()"('3+(;+C);'.(
No records have been provided that show training or testing has been conducted
for line-up purposes.
BC#,#),4()"('3#4("#,$#,M(3%&+(V++,(%$$;+44+$(#,()'3+;(C%;'4()"('3+(;+C);'.(
Dog cuts corner from Highway 463 approximately 100 yards before it reaches
Airline. (Pikett’s Deposition of this case Page 90)
BC#,#),4()"('3#4("#,$#,M(3%&+(V++,(%$$;+44+$(#,()'3+;(C%;'4()"('3+(;+C);'.(
!""#$%&#'()"(*'+&+,(-.(/#0+12(#,('3+(0%4+()"(
5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
(
F%M+(")()"("#$$%&'$((((((((
(
Officer Eyre was close enough during the trail to provide Sgt. Pikett guidance.
(Page 91 Pikett’s deposition of this case)
( BC#,#),4()"('3#4("#,$#,M(3%&+(V++,(%$$;+44+$(#,()'3+;(C%;'4()"('3+(;+C);'.(
“He who uses the dog without lab conformation is a fool.” (Andersson, 1997)
*%2#,M<('3+($)M(#4(0);;+0'(V+0%74+(#'(#4(%(61))$3)7,$<();(V+0%74+(N<('3+(';%#,+;<(4%2(4)(#4(4#?C12(
7,+'3#0%1.(R)7($),T'(8,)U(#"('3+($)M(U%4(;#M3'.(`3%'(%(3%,$1+;();(';%#,+;(0%,(4%2(#4(7,$+;('3+4+(
0#;07?4'%,0+4('3+($)MT4(;+4C),4+4(#,(';%#,#,M(3%4(43)U,(')(V+(So(%007;%'+<(#,('+4'#,M('3+($)MT4(
;+4C),4+4(%;+((So(%007;%'+<(%,$(#,(%0'7%1($+C1)2?+,'4('3+($)MT4(#$+,'#"#0%'#),()"(%(474C+0'(3%4(V++,(
43)U,(')(V+(So(0);;+0'.(A3+4+(,7?V+;4(%;+(47CC);'+$(V2('+4'%V1+(");+,4#0(+&#$+,0+<(0)7;'(%00+C'+$(
0),"+44#),4<(%,$(C1+%(%M;++?+,'4<(S(o(4'#11()7'4'%,$#,M<(%,$(So(,)(47CC);'(%4(')('3+(%007;%02()"('3+(
#$+,'#"#0%'#),.(*M'.(F#8+''T4(;+12#,M(),(,),L1%V(0),");?%'#),<();(%,2()'3+;(");?()"(,),L&+;#"#%V1+(
0),");?%'#),(?%8+4(3#?(7,;+1#%V1+(V2(!,$+;44),T4()C#,#),<(%,$(N(%M;++(U#'3(!,$+;44),.(
c91%#?#,MH(?2($)M(,+&+;(?%8+4(%(?#4'%8+($#4f7%1#"#+4('3+(4C+%8+;(%4(%(4+;#)74(C;)"+44#),%1(4#,0+(
+&+;2),+(;+%1#l+4('3#4(#4(#?C)44#V1+.d(W*03)),<(XJJX<(CC.(Y]JLY]YZ(A3+(?+;+("%0'('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''(4++4(,)(
,++$(')(")11)U(7C(),(0%4+4(')($+'+;?#,+('3+()7'0)?+()"('3+($)M(4)($I#$%"&)*<&)'0'#5P*)"(3#4(';%#,#,M(
C;)0+$7;+4($+?),4';%'+4('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''(#4(7,C;)"+44#),%1.((A3#4(7,C;)"+44#),%1(%0'()"(,)'(&+;#"2#,M("#+1$(
)7'0)?+4($)+4(,)'(%11)U(");(%(3%,$1+;(')(%;'#071%'+('3+(C;)V%V#1#'2()"(%,(#$+,'#"#0%'#),(V+#,M(0);;+0'.(!4(
%(01%#?+$(C;)"+44#),%1(';%#,+;<(*M'.(F#8+''(43)71$(C;+C%;+(3#4($)M4(')(?++'();(+D0++$('3+(4'%,$%;$4(
;+f7#;+$(");()'3+;($+'+0');($)M4<(4703(%4('3+(*7C;+?+(9)7;'T4($+"#,#'#),()"(%(U+11L';%#,+$($)M.(WQ,#'+$(
*'%'+4(&.(F1%0+<(Y[K]Z(P#8+U#4+(%4(%(';%#,+;();(3%,$1+;()"(%($)M(74+$(");(%,2(40+,'($+'+0'#),(43)71$(
0),4#$+;H(
[%363,]1$,?40,7-,$63$3B,$B,6/47J$B,@0$3.$-.7140,/$60I4114.7$.5$3B,$3,134I.7FM$>B,$5.;70634.76@$,?40,7-,$
.7$3B,$1;N_,-3$-.71413,0$.5$6$/,-436@$.5$3B,$0.J]1$670$3B,$B670@,/]1$3/64747JC$N6-EJ/.;70$475./I634.7$.7$
3B,$;1,$.5$0.J1$3.$0,3,-3$-B,I4-6@$6--,@,/6731C$670$67,-0.36@$,?40,7-,$.5$3B,$0.J]1$1;--,11$47$3,131M$9B63$
G61$7.3$H/,1,73,0$G61$6$1B.G47J$hG43B$?,/4546N@,$-,/36473F$3B63$3B,1,$3,131$6/,$67$6--;/63,$670$/,@46N@,$
I,671$.5$61-,/364747J$GB,3B,/$i67$6--,@,/673$41$6-3;6@@F$H/,1,73j\$
\0.J$ 6@,/31$ 3.$ 6--,@,/6731$ B6?,$ 7.3$ N,,7$ 1B.G7C$ 7,43B,/$ 63$ 3B,$ 3/46@$ .5$ 3B41$ -61,$ 7./$ 47$ 67F$ k,./J46$
6HH,@@63,$0,-414.7C$3.$B6?,$3B,$1-4,73454-$/,@46N4@43F$7,-,116/F$3.$H,/I43$3B,4/$;1,$61$1;N136734?,$,?40,7-,$
.5$ 3B,$H/,1,7-,$.5$6--,@,/6731M$>B,$ 3/46@$ -.;/3]1$ /;@47J$ 3.$ 3B,$-.73/6/F$G61$,//./M^$ W9!==(&.(AO@(*A!A@.<(
Y[[\Z$
!4(%(';%#,+;(%,$(3%,$1+;(U+(?74'(C;+C%;+(");('3+(0)7;'4.(`+(?74'('%8+('3+(C)4#'#),('3%'(+&+;2(
0%4+(U+(%;+(#,&)1&+$(#,(0)71$(1+%$(')('3+($#4?#44%1()"(%11($)M(;+4C),4+4(V+#,M(74+$(%4(+&#$+,0+.(!(
3%,$1+;();(';%#,+;(';712(#,'+,'(),(#?C;)&#,M('3+(4'%,$#,M()"('3+($)M4(U#11(%''+?C'(')(8++C(%V;+%4'(U#'3(
$+0#4#),4('3%'(;+1%'+(')('3+($)M<(;+M%;$1+44()"('3+(j7;#4$#0'#),.((
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((](@D'+;,%1(:%1#$#'2()007;4(U3+,(';%#,#,M(%,$('+4'#,M(+&+,'4(0%;;2L)&+;(";)?(%(0),';)11+$(+,&#;),?+,'(#,')(%(,),L
0),';)11+$(+,&#;),?+,'.((
!""#$%&#'()"(*'+&+,(-.(/#0+12(#,('3+(0%4+()"(
5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
(
F%M+("*()"("#$$%&'$((((((((
(
( N,('3+(0%4+()"(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4('3+;+(%;+(,)(&+;#"#%V1+(0+;'%#,'#+4('3%'(3#4($)M4(%;+(%007;%'+.(O#4(
$)M4(%;+(,)'(0+;'#"#+$<(%,$(3+($)+4(,)'(")11)U(7C(),("#+1$(#$+,'#"#0%'#),(')(+,47;+(3#4($)M4(%;+(
C+;");?#,M(0);;+0'12.(O+(;+1#+4(),('3+("%0'(3+(#4(0%11+$()7'(')(43)U(3#4($)M4(%;+(%007;%'+.(A3#4(#4(,)'(
40#+,'#"#0.(*)0#%112(%00+C'+$(C+;3%C4<(V7'(,)'(40#+,'#"#0.(
( `3+,($+%1#,M(U#'3(%,#?%14(%,$(;+4C),4+4(')(1+%;,+$(4'#?71#(M;)7C(4'7$#+4(')(43)U()&+;%11(
C;)V%V#1#'#+4(%,$($+?),4';%'+('3+('%48(#4(%("+%4#V1+('%48(')('+%03(#4(%00+C'%V1+.(O)U+&+;<(V+0%74+(),+(
$)M(0%,(C+;");?(%'(%(0+;'%#,(1+&+1($)+4(,)'(?+%,('3+(,+D'(),+(U#11.(@%03($)M(?74'(V+('+4'+$(#,$#&#$7%112(
')($+?),4';%'+('3+(%V#1#'#+4()"('3%'($)M.(*M'.(F#8+''T4($)M4(V%4+$(),('3+(+&#$+,0+(C;)&#$+$(3%&+(,+&+;(
7,$+;M),+(%,2(40#+,'#"#0('+4'#,M(')(+4'%V1#43('3+#;(%V#1#'#+4.((
CONCLUSIONS
( N'(#4(?2()C#,#),(*M'.(F#8+''(%4(%(';%#,+;(%,$(3%,$1+;(#4(%,(7,C;)"+44#),%1(03%;1%'%,.(A3#4()C#,#),(#4(
V%4+$(),('3+(+&#$+,0+(C;)&#$+$(%,$('3+(C7V1#43+$(%,$(0#'+$()C#,#),4()'3+;(C;)"+44#),%14(#,('3+(C)1#0+(
4+;�+($)M("#+1$($+40;#V#,M('3+#;($+"#,#'#),4()"("))1#43(%,$(7,C;)"+44#),%1(%0'4()"(3%,$1+;4(%,$(';%#,+;4.(
G7;'3+;<(V%4+$(),('+4'#?),2()"(*M'.(F#8+''(#,(*'%'+(&4.(*?#'3(%,$(*'%'+(&4.(=%,$)1C3<(%,$('3+(#,47""#0#+,'(
$%'%(#,(';%#,#,M(%,$("#+1$($+C1)2?+,'(;+0);$4<(*M'.(F#8+''<(#,(?2()C#,#),<(#4(#,0)?C+'+,'(%4(%(C)1#0+(
4+;�+($)M(';%#,+;.((
( O#4("%#17;+(')(3%&+(%,(#,$+C+,$+,'(C%;'2('+4'(%,$(0+;'#"2(3#?(%4(%(3%,$1+;<(#,(?2()C#,#),<(
$+?),4';%'+4(3+(8,)U4(3#4(8,)U1+$M+(#4(1%08#,M.(G%#17;+(')(3%&+(%(;+0);$+$()007;;+,0+()"(#,$+C+,$+,'(
'+4'#,M(U3+,(#'(U%4()V&#)74(%,(+;;);(U%4(?%$+(#,('3#4(0%4+<(#,(?2()C#,#),<("7;'3+;(47CC);'4(3+(U%4(%,$(
#4(0$)'4$%&#$)5*'"0'66$%$"#*')('3+(e'3(!?+,$?+,'(;#M3'4()"(9%C'.(6703%,+8.(
( `#,$(07;;+,'4(%'('3+('#?+()"('3+(';%#1(";)?('3+(V)$2(40+,+(')('3+(F1%#,'#""T4(3)?+(%,$(U#,$(
07;;+,'4(%'('3+('#?+(*M'.(F#8+''(;%,('3+(';%#1<(1+%$4(?+(')(0),017$+('3%'(%'(O#M3U%2(eI](%,$(!#;1#,+(U3+,(
*M'.(F#8+''(01%#?+$('3+($)M(07'('3+(0);,+;(%1?)4'(YJJ(2%;$4(V+");+(;+%03#,M('3+(0);,+;('3+($)M($#$(,)'(
$)(4703(%,(%0'(V+0%74+()"()$);<(V7'(V+0%74+(*M'.(F#8+''(8,+U(#'(U%4(,++$+$(");('3+($)M(')('7;,(),')((
!#;1#,+(V+0%74+('3%'(1+$(')('3+(,)U(474C+0'T4(3)74+.((*M'.(F#8+''(#,(?2()C#,#),(U%4(M7#$#,M(3#4($)M.(
( /)'(3%&#,M(U;#''+,(#,4';70'#),4(");(C+;4),4(4+''#,M(7C('3+(40+,'(1#,+7C4('3%'(U)71$(;+$70+('3+(
C)44#V#1#'2(YZ()"(0;)44(0),'%?#,%'#),()"(40+,'(#'+?4<(%,$(XZ('3+(C)44#V#1#'2('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''(0)71$(#,(4)?+(
U%2()'3+;('3%,('3+(74+()"(3#4($)M(#$+,'#"2('3+('%;M+'(0%,<(#,(?2()C#,#),<($+?),4';%'+4('3%'(*M'.(F#8+''(
8,)U4(3#4($)M4($)(,)'($+'+0'(%4(3+(01%#?4(%,$(#"(4703(#,4';70'#),4(U+;+($+4#M,+$('3%'(U)71$(?%8+(3#?(
3%&+((')(3%&+(')(;+12(4';#0'12(),('3+($)M4(;+4C),4+<(%,$((#'(U)71$(+DC)4+('3+($)M4($)(,)'(U);8.((
( *M'.(F#8+''<(#,(?2()C#,#),<(%4(%(C;)"+44#),%1(C)1#0+(4+;�+($)M(';%#,+;(%,$(");?+;(1%U(
+,");0+?+,'()""#0+;<(#4(0$)'4$%&#$)5*'"0'66$%$"#(')(;#M3'4()"()'3+;(U3+,(#'(0)?+4(')('3+($+C1)2?+,'()"(3#4(
$)M4.((
( N"('3+(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2(3%$(;+'%#,+$(?+(%4(%(0),471'%,'(')(;+&#+U('3+(C+;");?%,0+()"(*M'.(
F#8+''(V%4+$(),('3+(;+0);$4(C;)&#$+$(%,$('3+(%0'#),4()"(*M'.(F#8+''(#'(U)71$(3%&+(V++,(?2(
!""#$%&#'()"(*'+&+,(-.(/#0+12(#,('3+(0%4+()"(
5#03%+1(6703%,+8(&4.(9#'2()"(:#0');#%<(=#03%;$(>),+4<(*%?(@2;+<(*3+;#""(A.(5#03%+1(B(9),,);<(A)?(9)C+1%,$<(!,'3),2(-%,#+1<(A3+(
9)7,'2()"((:#0');#%<(A+D%4<(E+#'3(F#8+''<(%,$(G);'(6+,$(9)7,'2<(A+D%4.(9#(!0'#),(/)H(IHJKL9:LJJJJK(
(
F%M+("8()"("#$$%&'$((((((((
(
;+0)??+,$%'#),(')(#??+$#%'+12(;+?)&+(*M'.(F#8+''(";)?(4+;�+(%,$(#??+$#%'+(")11)U(7C(),(%11(0%4+4(
3+(U%4(#,&)1&+$(U#'3(')($+'+;?#,+('3+()7'0)?+()"('3+(0%4+.(!14)<(*M'.(F#8+''(%,$(3#4($)M4(U)71$(3%&+(
V++,(;+?)&+$(";)?(4+;�+(7,'#1('3+2(U+;+(0+;'#"#+$(V2(%,(#,$+C+,$+,'(4)7;0+(74#,M(%(0+;'#"#0%'#),(
C;)0+44('3%'(3%4('"#$%"&)*<&)'0'#59(G7;'3+;<(%($+C%;'?+,'%1(4'%,$%;$()"(0),"#;?+$(C+;");?%,0+(U)71$(V+(
4+'.(O%,$1+;4(U)71$(V+(;+f7#;+$(')(C;)&#$+(?),'312(;+C);'4()"('3+($)MT4(C+;");?%,0+(')(47C+;);4.(
*7C+;);4(U)71$(V+(;+f7#;+$(')(0),$70'(f7%;'+;12(%44+44?+,'4()"('3+($%'%(')(#,47;+('3+(3%,$1+;T4(
;+C);'4(%;+(0),4#4'+,'(U#'3('3+($%'%.(N"(%($)M("+11(V+1)U('3+(+4'%V1#43+$(;+f7#;+$(%007;%02('3+('+%?(
U)71$(V+(#??+$#%'+12(;+?)&+$(";)?(4+;�+(%,$(7,$+;M)(';%#,#,M(%,$('+4'#,M(')($+'+;?#,+(U32('3#4(
)007;;+$(%,$(')(0);;+0'('3+(C;)V1+?.((
*
WORKS CITED
/%'#),%1(=+4+%;03(9)7,0#1.(WXJJ[Z.(N#%$"-#8'"-*Q(%$"1'3*N3'$"3$*'"*#8$*F"'#$0*N#&#$1D*2*@*Q(%H&%09(
`%43#,M'),(-.9.H(A3+(/%'#),%1(!0%$+?#+4(F;+44.(
!,$+;44),<(E.(WY[[\Z.(!;4),(-)M4.(+')0)&"0*Q'%$6'-8#$%*G&-&R'"$(.(
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