ir 2-3-steps in research process
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Research and Steps in Research ProcessTRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Melita Alva,
Senior Trainer, ONI
RN, MSN, MPhi l (N).
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OVERVIEW
By the end of this class session the students will be able to:
1. Define research.
2. Describe nursing research and its methodologies.
3. Describe the significance of nursing research.
4. State the steps of the research process.
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NURSING RESEARCH
Research – “to search again” or “examine carefully”
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NURSING RESEARCH
Research is diligent or systematic assessment, validation and refinement of the existingknowledge to generate new knowledge (Burns & Grove, 2005).
Planned, organized and persistent.
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Research Process
A series of action and functions implemented to carry out a research. 2
3
1
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NURSING – the protection, promotion and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities and populations.(ANA 2003)
Re-Cap….Definition of Health
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Nursing Research
Focused on understanding human needs, prevent illness, promote health and manage diseases.
Focus on nursing education, nursing administration, nursing roles and clinical situations.
To improve nursing practice.
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Nursing Research
Definition:
A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice‖ (Burns & Grove, 2005)
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NURSING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Quantitative
Qualitative
Outcome research
Intervention research
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NURSING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Definition A formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about the world.
A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.
Data “numbers” “words”
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Cont…Outcome research – evaluates the care given and measures the change in patient’s health.
Intervention research – evaluates effectiveness of a nursing intervention in achieving the desired outcome.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING RESEARCHGoal – promote health, prevent illness & improve nursing practice.
– important for nurses to provide ◦ high quality, ◦ advanced & ◦ cost effective care
Individuals, families & communities.
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Significance of Nursing Research
1. Description
2.Explanation
3.Prediction
4. Control
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1. Description. This includes understanding a phenomenon or the relationship between phenomena.
Describe situations/ events
Enhance understanding of situations and
Classify the information for making them useable in practice.
Used as basis for explanation, prediction and control research.
Significance of Nursing Research
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Significance of Nursing Research
2.) Explanation – explains the relationships among phenomena and the etiology of why an event occurred.
Useful as a basis for control and prediction research.
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Cont…3.) Prediction – one can estimate the likely hood of an outcome in a specific situation.
Example: effects of position and mattress type on skin pressure of persons lying in bed.
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4.) Control – achieved by manipulating the situation or controlling it in order to produce an outcome.
Example : use of nursing intervention to increase the use of hearing protection devices by factory workers
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STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
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STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
Process –
Follow from the beginning to the end in a fairly logical progression.
Meeting the specified purpose.
Each steps builds on the one preceding it.
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STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESSStep
1 Formulate a Research Problem
2 Develop Research Purpose
3 Review Relevant Literature
4 Develop a Frame Of Reference
5 Select a Research Design
6 Define the Population and Sampling
7 Define Research Variables
8 Obtain Informed Consent
9 Conduct Pilot Study
10 Collect Data
11 Analyze Data
12 Interpret Findings
13 Communication of Research Findings
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1) FORMULATE A RESEARCH PROBLEM
A question or statement that describes the focus of a study.
general area of personal interest the researcher wishes to study.
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-Developed from the problem
-Clarifies and focuses the research
-Population, setting and major variables to be studied are identified
2)DEVELOP RESEARCH PURPOSE
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3) REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
- To determine the knowledge that currently exists concerning a selected problem.
- Relevant theories and studies.
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4) DEVELOP A FRAME OF REFERENCE
- A theory or set of concepts that are used to give meaning to the study.
- The structure within which a study is developed and links all components of a study together.
- Theoretical or conceptual
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5) SELECT RESEARCH DESIGN
It provides guidelines for investigating specific research objectives, question or hypothesis.
It directs the selection of population, a sampling procedure and a plan for data collection and analysis.
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6) DEFINE POPULATION & SAMPLING
Population – all elements (individuals, objects or substances) meeting certain criteria for inclusion in the study.
Eg; All patients with abdominal surgery(individuals),
all types of thermometers (objects),
all types of creams used in burns(substances)
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6) DEFINE POPULATION & SAMPLING
Sample – a subset (small group) of the population that is selected for a particular investigation;
Representative of the population.
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7) DEFINE RESEARCH VARIABLES
Concepts to be investigated in a study are research variables.
Research variables: Characteristics, Properties or attributes of persons events or objects that are examined in a study.
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8) OBTAIN INFORMED CONSENT
Agreement of the human subjects to participate in the research and the approval of the institution where the study will be carried out.
Subjects are asked to sign a consent form,
Promises the subjects confidentiality
Indicates that the subject can withdraw at any time.
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9) CONDUCT PILOT STUDY
Smaller version of a proposed study.
It should be as similar to the proposed study as possible(subjects, setting and data collection and analysis techniques).
Purpose:
To determine what problems might occur in the proposed study.
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10) COLLECT DATA
Precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research problem.
Methods of data collection:
Self-report: Interviews, Questionnaires
Observation
Measurement: Research tools or instruments.
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11) ANALYZE DATA
To reduce and organize the data to produce findings
Interpreted by the researcher.
May involve simple descriptive procedures or sophisticated mathematical computations.
Maybe performed by computer: Requires extensive knowledge and skills.
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12) INTERPRET FINDINGS
Interpreted in terms of the research problems, research design and the study framework.
Drawing conclusions from the findings and making recommendations for changes in practice or for further research.
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13) COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
Dissemination of study findings to appropriate populations through Conferences and Journals.
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