ir 341 lecture notes part 2

8/7/2019 IR 341 Lecture Notes Part 2

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The Congress of Vienna 2/3/2011 11:27:00 AM

End of Napoleon Napoleons Rule

y The alliance began to fall aparty British under Castlereagh decided to take leadership role and form

the grand alliance between Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great

Britain. Alliance in would pursue Napoleon to Paris

y 1814: Napoleon abdicated and committed suicide, but survivedy Russian Tsar decreed that Napoleon be shipped to island of Elba in

the Mediterranean without consulting alliance. Tsar named

Napoleon the Empire of Elba. British wanted to send Napoleon toAustralia

y Early May, 1914: Napoleon arrived in Elba in British frigate HMSUndaunted. Arrived with soldiers who were his Polish followers.

Arrived with own coat of arms and flag. Napoleon hoped his wife

and family would follow him. Napoleon married Maria Louisa and

had children. Mme. Walewska was eager to follow Napoleon with

their son, Alexander.

First treaty of Paris (May 30, 1814)- first attempt to design post-

napoleon Europe. The treaty was kind to France. France not

required to pay indemnity (financial penalty that a defeated power

has to pay for a lost war). Also, France was not diminished in size.

Map was similar to that of 1792. The Allies returned to way it used

to be.


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Diplomacy and Violence: 1848- 1849 2/3/2011 11:27:00 AM

Congress of Vienna (continued.)

Deutscher Bund

y Napoleon abolished Holy Roman Empire. Was replaced by DB.y Therefore Congress of Vienna debated the future of Germanyy Solution was the Deutscher Bund or the Germanic Confederation

o Followed the Holy Roman Empireo Within Deutscher Bund Austria had a guaranteed position of

leadership. Prussians called this the humiliation of Olmutz.

Congress focused on how to provide stability in Europe

Metternich

y Created Balance of Powery Wanted an international organizationy Defend legitimacy of each member states. Developed system of one

for all and all for one.

y Negotiating technique: territorial compensationo Offered compromise: Prussian part of Poland would go to

Russia. And in return Russia would return favor by giving part

of Saxony to Prussia

y March 7th 1815: Received notice that Napoleon escaped from Elbaand was marching without resistance

Napoleons March

y Napoleon was forced to walk through Switzerland. AvoidedSouthern France (Catholics) who did not like Napoleon

y Napoleon continue marching to Belgiumy Lord Wellington left Vienna because did not want to fight Napoleon

again

y Talleyrand advised that Napoleon be declared an internationaloutlaw. Did not have impact because French admired Napoleon and

provided him with soldiers.

y Battle was postponed because Napoleon had flu and hemorrhoids.Napoleon lost narrowly

y Great Alliance sent Napoleon to St. HelenaImportant Documents

y Slavery abolished


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y Freedom of the Seas (Advocated by British) including large riversrepresented avenues for travel and therefore international.

o Innocent passage- not hostile armed navy vessel able to passthrough river avenues.

y Quadruple Alliance purpose was to see that Napoleon would notreturn to power. In addition, the Tsar of Russia came up with notion

that all would be well if participants in Vienna signed declaration,

Holy Alliance, that would apply principles of Christianity to

international affairs. Castlereagh, Sultan (Muslim), Delegation of

Jews from Frankfurt and Pope refused to sign this.

o Jewish Delegation of Frankfurt first official group representingJews

Conclusion: Delegates left Vienna with conviction and faced 19th Cent. With

confidence because it would be a century of peace and stability.

y Vienna gave Europe a century of peace (until the outbreak of WWI)y Overlooks small conflicts over centuryy World is one piece and each nation has a responsibility (Balance of

Powers)

1848/ 1849

Background

y Test of the stability of political structure that was created by theCongress of Vienna

y The Springtime of Nationsy Year presented the greatest challenge to congressional system.

National Identity becomes important

o Nationality was a component not paid attention to in theCongress of Vienna.

o Beginning of 19th Century nationalism was not important. Forexample, Metternich and Tsar both spoke French.

o 21st Cent. (WWI and WWII) brought nationalism and race intothe forefront. Language is an indicator.

Impact of the French Revolution was global especially on Hungary

y Hungary become part of Austrian Empire in 1526. Hungariannobility have no political power because power vested in authority

of Hapsburg Empire


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y Lajos Kossuth was a Hungarian noble man and brilliantpropagandist. Wrote Manifesto which used terms such as liberty,

freedom, inalienable rights.

y Count Andrassy was another Hungarian noblemeny Both approached Austrian Emperor, Ferdinand and demanded

Hungary be independent nation within Austria (only applied to

Hungarian nobility). Emperor agreed. Austria was free within the

Hapsburg Empire. Accepted Austrian Emperor as Sovereign but only

if emperor accept the crown, St. Steven, in the future.

y Czech to wanted freedom because Czech lost freedom 1516.Emperor agreed.

y Due to emperor incompetence successor chosen, Emperor FranzJosef I at 18 years old. Came to power in 1888. Ruled until 1916.

y Emperor Franz Josef I reneged position given to Czechs andHungarians.

y Czech reacted passively. Hungarians mobilized and went to warwhen heard agreement invalidated. Hungarian army proved it could

out due Habsburg troops. Hungarian wanted to sever all ties with

Austria. Hungary had lost independence in 1526 in the battle of

Mohacs.

y Revolution broke out in Vienna. Struggle between Liberals andConservatives. Revolutions broke out in other places includedCzechs.

o Liberals wanted inalienable freedom rights, limits onsovereign power and constitution. Wanted end of censorship,

secret police. Rid of absolute monarchy through constitutions.

Representative by the younger generation.

o Conservatives wanted no limits imposed on crown, absoluteleaders. Argued this would be first step towards disintegration

of law and order. Not representative of people but soldiers.Status quo being enforced by tool of the ruler, the soldiers.

o First waves of revolution had to do with ideology notnationalism (i.e.- conservative vs. liberal, constitution vs.

absolute rule)

y Imperial family in Vienna driven out of city


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y 1848: Foreign Minister was Metternich. Resigned after first wave ofrevolution.

Prussia: 2nd wave of revolution had to do with national identity

y Greatly reminded of national identity with Napoleon (Napoleon gavearmy nationalism)

y Czech vs. the Germans. In Prague there was a demonstration.General Windischgratz wife received a gun shot wound.

y 1848, Frankfurt: Rep. of German speaking Europe gathered todiscuss future of Germany

o First School of Thought- Grossdeutsch: Great Germany, 14different minorities existed therefore no way to put Habsburg

Empire into greater Germany. Agreed Germany should be

cultural union. Habsburg Empire advocated this thought.

Consisted of federalized cultural states (resurrection of HRE).

o Second School of Thought- Kleindeutchs: Small Germany,wanted to be well defined nation with borders, citizenship,

passport. People united by shared history and language. King

of Prussia advocated this thought because believed Prussia

would be leading force for creating this type of Germany.

y Palacky received letter from April 10, 1848 which was sent April 7.Purpose of the Committee of 50 to design a fair and equitablesystem which would allow for representatives of all of Germany with

the intention of composing a constitution for Germany.

y Palacky replied with a brilliant and far seeing political document.Wrote back to the organizers saying was unable to partake in the

proceedings because he believed that what they were doing would

ultimately weaken Austria. Then acknowledged that he was Czech

and had no vested interest in Austria, and yet he wanted Austria to

survive and be strong. If Austria was to collapse then a series of

tiny states and republics would emerge, and these successors

states would never be able to defend themselves to greatest threat

to European security- Russia.

y Committee of 50 at Frankfurt produced parliament. Parliamentproduced constitution. Offered German crown to King of Prussia.


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Prussia refused because did not want to receive crown from the

people.

y Revolution in Prague suppressed by Windischgratzy Revolution in Prussia frizzled because King of Prussia refused crowny Austria (Vienna) on the verge of collapse. Habsburg emperor flee.

o Revolution taking place in Vienna (radical). Countryside ofAustria was conservative and loyal to Empire

y Habsburgs next problem was Hungary. Hungarians outmaneuvered the Austrian battles in swift battles.

By early 1849 Habsburg lost control of Hungary. Austrian troops refused to

carry out orders (mutiny). It seemed Austria was going to collapse. Dawned

to delegates of Congress of Vienna that the very legitimacy of Habsburg

Empire was being threatened (Hungary was threat).Hungarian nobility

rebelled against legitimacy. Tsar of Russia fielded Russian army under

General ban Jelacic (Croat), knowing that he would not spare any Hungarian

because a matter of national identity. Russian army organized and equipped,

under agreement of 1815, and drowned Hungarian uprising. By suppressing

uprising in Hungary, the Habsburgs with aid of Russia was able to return to

Vienna and restore peace in Europe.

Map of Europe did not change after Revolutions.People gain more rights so by 1870s more countries in Europe would extend

the right to vote to the adult man. Last countries to extend vote was in

1905- 1907.

Only two countries who had been spared from rebellion, barricades and

shootings: Great Britain and Russia

Russia became defender of status quo in 1848/9

Recap:

What was at stake after first wave of revolution? Expression of a conflict

between two camps: Conservatives and Liberals

Revolution had two waves


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y 1st: Ideologyy 2nd: Nationalistic dimension


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Polish Uprisings 2/3/2011 11:27:00 AM

After 3rd Partition of1795

Growth of an underground state

y Best minds involved in conspiratorial activities. Talent inunderground world

y Whereas in England best minds in nation used to producetechnologies such as steam engine

y Later in 20th Cent. would set Poland backKosciusko

1st Uprising: November Uprising 1830

Organized by the whole nation

Poland was able to maintain a legitimate army openly, but size limited

(200,000 troops)

Poles decided to rise against 3 partitioning powers (Russia, Prussia and

Austria)

Although Poles fought with courage by 1831 the army was no longer to

function as an organized operation. Finally in fall of 1831, the uprising

collapsedReprisals were brutal. 254 military and political leaders of uprising were

hanged in Victoria Square, Warsaw. 18,000 were sentenced to exile in

Siberia (many had to cover distance by foot in chains)

Reaction of the West and U.S.

y Every U.S. remembered Kosciuszko. Pour out sympathy.2nd uprising: January Uprising of1863

Tsar had freed slaves (surfs) in 1861 and hailed as great liberator

President Lincoln emancipated slaved in January, 1863. In the minds of U.S

there was connection between President Lincoln and Tsar or Russia.

y Sense of poles were rebels as South in U.S. perceived as group ofrebels.

y Public opinion in U.S. was on the side of the Tsars


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y Reality: Poles were fighting to restore natural state of affairs-sovereign Poland

Washington scared that French and GB would intervene in U.S. affairs during

unstable time of Civil War. Russia seen as counter balance force in Europe

which would keep Great Britain and France in check. Concern that Russiannaval fleet would be blockaded by British. Naval fleet sailed to the Americas.

Lincoln support Russia in its efforts against the poles. At the end of the

century, Russian ban use of Polish language.

Very explicit hatred of American Catholics.

19th Cent. tragic time for Polish. The best minds of other European nations

develop technological innovations (industrial revolution). However, the best

minds of Poland was involved in developing conspiracies. The Polish efforts

were meant to be underground resistance and invisible.


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The Breakdown of the Concert & the Crimean 2/3/2011 11:27:

Timeline:

1850: Humiliation of Olmutz

1852: Ottomans give into French pressure in Bethlehem. R takes Moldavia

and Wallachia (cause of the Crimean war)

1853: Ottomans declare war on R. Great fear in GB1854: GB/ F declare ware on R, Raglan, Lucan, Cardigan. Balaklava (Oct.)

Causeway Heights vs. North Valley

1855: 4 Points of Vienna

Summary

1848: Hungarian events. The great year of revolution and Hungarian

revolution in 1849 demonstrated that the congressional system designed in

1814/ 1815 was stable.

Crimean war represented another challenge to the congressional system.

This time the system crumbled.

1850: Humiliation of Olmutz

Humiliation for the Prussians. Within the Germanic Confederation Prussia

accepted that Austria would be guaranteed leadership position.

Created background for more events in distant places

1852Middle East was under authority of Ottoman Empire. Conflict between

different religions did not manifest themselves because Ottoman ruled

everything. In Bethlehem, however, there was conflict between Catholics

and Orthodox in church of Nativity. 1840s the keys to the church of the

Nativity was held by Orthodox monks.

French the Emperor, Napoleon III, could rule over France only with strong

Catholic support. Pressure to give keys to church of Nativity to Catholics.

1852: Ottomans give into French pressure in Bethlehem.

Russia becomes powerfully offended because it was the defender of

Orthodox believers. When Russian protest ignored by sultan of Turkey

Ottoman Empire. Russia decide to occupy provinces Moldavia and Wallachia

(currently Moldova and Romania) in protest to what Ottomans had done in

Bethlehem.


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Russian Tsar Nicholas was famous because proclaimed Ottoman Empire was

the sick man of Europe. Russia saw weakness of Ottoman Empire as great

opportunity for Russia. If Empire was to dissolve Russia would gain territory

including possibly the Middle East. Tsar interested in the Turkish straights.

Access to Turkish Straight and ability to send Russian navy fromMediterranean Sea and the Atlantic. Access would allow Russia to emanate

power globally.

In 1853, Ottoman declare war on Russia. Russian victory following Ottoman

declaration.

Great Britain fear great growth of Russia.

y Intellectually understood that going to war over a theoretical event.It was the public who motivated war

y Jingoism- British public developed the view that Turkey was aliberal country and Russia was a bully. Time for Britain to act as

authority and set limits.

Government decided together with French to send 50,000 troops to Crimea

in order to take over the province. Was predicted to be an easy take over.

Energy of GB focus on who command troops.

y Lord Raglan: an administrator of Lord Wellington. Commander offorce.

y Earl of Lucan and Earl of Cardigan were brother-in- laws whodetested each other. Neither was a professional soldier. Purchased

military commission, and regiment.

y Lucan was commanding officer of the Light Brigade. Elite Brigade.Member had to be wealthy and aristocratic.

y Raglan incapable of issuing orders.British lack medical equipments and shelter

Sevastopol

Overall incompetence of military command became apparent ofBattle of

Balaklava (October, 1854). Lord Raglan concerned about losing cannons

(seen as greatest dishonor). Captain Nolan served in Light Brigade who

detested Lucan and Cardigan. Captain frustrated by commander

indecisiveness. Raglan dictated order, after Captain Nolan urging, that

cavalry advance to protect cannon (did not specify which cannons). Lord

Cardigan order cavalry to combat Russian cannon. There was a split in the


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valley, Causeway Heights (where Cannon) vs. North Alley (Russian position).

British pursue the Russian cannon rather than the British cannons.

500,000 soldiers died. 2/3 died as a result of infections rather than combat

wounds. Florence Nightingale was active in Crimean war as volunteer.

British discovered that war had no military solution. Political solution

necessary. British and French needed to employ Austria. Napoleon III ask

Austria for aid and threaten with North Italy uprising against Austria.

1855: Four Points of Vienna (developed by Austrians)

1. Russia had to withdraw from two provinces Moldavia and Wallachia.

2. Russia had to renounce its claim to have jurisdiction over all Orthodox

subjects in Europe (Especially Balkans, Serbia).

3.Russia accept British claim that Danube was international river and that all

countries (especially British) had the right to navigate the Danube river

because it was an international waterway

4. The Black Sea had to be completely neutralized. No military instillations in

the Straights

If Russian did not accept 4 points then Austria would declare war on Russia

Russia accepted Four Points. War was over. Seemed catastrophe was

avoided. However Russia changed from a status quo protector to arevolutionary force. Russia feels no obligation to allies but rather pay them

back for their ingratitude. Russia took stance of armed neutrality. Russia

surrendered to Austrians

Conclusion

Russia believed it had gained gratitude of Austria in 1849. In 1853-55,

Austria a pawn in the hands ofBritish and French and turning against

Russia. In 1849 Russia stabilized congressional system. In 1853 Russia is a

revisionist system which is against congressional system.


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Central Europe 2/3/2011 11:27:00 AM

Review

Powers pursued concrete self interest rather than religious purposes.

Religious dimension was vacant. Expedience dictate powers

Napoleon represent hope to the Poles because he was in a state of war with

partitioning powers.

Prince Poniatowski

Difference between 1st and 2nd Treaty of Paris

y 1st Treaty lenient with France- no territorial lossy 2nd Treaty impose penalties on France

Napoleon

y First: Island of Elbay 100 day return to power in Francey St. Helena

Germanic Confederation

Background

y Until 1806: HREy Napoleon dissolved HRE. Between 1806 and 1814 no HREy After Congress of Vienna formation of Germanic Confederation.

Much reduced continuation of HRE.

Consisted of on 35 monarchies and 4 free cities (39 entities)

y Leading power was Austria. Humiliation of Olmutz in 1850y Biggest monarchies: Austria, Prussia, Saxony, Wrttemberg,

Bavaria, Hannover

o Ethnic composition of Austria : presided over multi- religious and multi- ethnic empire

and took pride in shared values. To be Austrian was an

acquired quality.

Austria happy with the status quoo Ethnic composition Prussia (came into existence in 1700):

pursued dream of German unification. But no interest inexpanding into territories of non- German minorities.

Want to swallow up German minorities


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o German answer to acquire nationality: law of the blood (Ininternational law other way of acquiring nationality is law of

the land)

y 39 members were to come to each others assistance. King ofEnglish, Netherlands and Denmark not required to fight. Therefore,

y The diet, A parliament. In Frankfurt. Habsburg had presidency ofthe confederation

y 2 Objections from Russian perspectiveo Confederation represented obstacle to German unification

Under terms of confederation, The Prussians did nothave complete freedom in regard to foreign policy.

When Austria threatened to declare war on Russian at

the end of 1855, Prussians were petrified because

would be part of a cause that did not match self

interest.

Prussian Politics Leader- Biskmark A Junkers. God fearing, war fighting. Devise dream of unifying Germany under Prussian

command. Recreating a German Reich (Empire).

Needed to conduct own foreign policy.

Interested only in German speakers. Notinterested in other minorities. For example,Prussians had no interest in Balkans.

Clausewitz: Founder of geopolitical thinking in Prussia.Author of pamphlet, On War. In pamphlet stated that

war is a continuation of politics by other means,

diplomacy is a continuation of war. Until Clause,

traditional diplomat thought there was division between

diplomacy and military. Traditional role of war was that

military was used when diplomats failed.

Prussian strategist von Moltke- laid foundations for theBlitz Creek. First general to plan war with train

schedule, so soldiers not required to walk on foot to

battlefields of Europe. He developed military concepts

such as the strong points


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o 1701 Prussia became sovereign nation. Prior was a provinceof Poland. Able to gain independence because of military

prowess.

Bismarck unwilling to use military force Austrian powertoExercised patience.

Schleswig- Holstein (Currently Northern Germany). Hadan usual status it was a union. 1852: possession

between to duchies went to the King ofDenmark. The

King ofDenmark owned to duchies as personal

possessions and not part ofDanish sovereign provinces.

Lord Parmiston said only 3 people understood thisissue: 1 has died, 1 has gone mad and the last

one has chosen to forget.


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2/3/2011 11:27:00 AM

Timeline

1852: S-H belong to King ofDenmark

1862: Bismarck becomes chancellor

1863: Danish constitution turns S-H into Danish Sov. Territory WAR.

Gastein Convention1866: Bismarck excludes Austria from Germanic Confederation, takes

Holstein. Coniggratz (Sadowa), Benedeck/ Albrecht North Germanic

Confederation.

1867: Ausgleich A-H

Objective of Lecture: Bismarck used concept of war to achieve national

objectives of Prussia. This concept of war characterized 19th Century.

Treaty of London of 1852 stipulated that the provinces belonged to the King

ofDenmark

1862: New King.

1863: New constitution stipulated that the provinces are part of sovereign

Danish territory

y Bismarck always wanted to use war as an instrument. Careful notto be perceived to have started the war

y Bismarck sees as violation of international law, Treaty of London.Adamant of being defender of International law

1863: BM declares war on Denmark. Denmark defeated. Status of provinces

returned. Holstein become part of Austria.

y Bismarck posture turn Austria as ally of Prussia, when Austria wasan enemy

y Bismarck wanted German Unification1863: Gastein Convention signed by two victors, Austria and Prussia. Treaty

of Gastein: Two victors deal with problems on a bilateral basis. Issue would

not be brought before Germanic Confederation.

y Bismarck enemy Austria. Wanted to out due humiliation of Olmutzin 1850.


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Manipulated Prussian foreign policy

y 1. Prepared International Scene. Strongly adviseo Ally: advise not to interfere between Austria and Prussia

conflicto Austria minorities (Hungarians and Czech): Say that if there

is trouble between Austria and Prussia persuade minorities to

fight for Prussia

1866: Bismarck announce reorganize Germanic Confederation and Austria

excluded. Move Prussian troops into Holstein. Bismarck justifies action as

satisfying national desire. In contrast, Austrian Emperor felt compelled to

declare war on Prussia in July, 1866. Austria- Prussian War:

y Circular argument served Bismarcks interest ()y Prussian military strategist, von Moltke. Came up with idea to move

soldiers around on train.

y Turning point of modern European history because the war thatfollowed reversed relationship between German speaking Europe,

weakened Austria, empowered Prussia and set stage for WWI

y Austria was not prepared for war because came as unbelievabledevelopment.

y Austrian Emperor had choice between two General commanderso Benedeck: Sent to Bohemia even though little experienceo Prince Albrecht: Archduke of Habsburg House, family of

Emperor. Spent military career maneuvering in Bohemia. Bad

image to associate defeat with image of personality of

Emperor. Sent to Northern Italy.

Battle at city Coniggratz. Fighting took place in Sadowa

y Prussians won although not easy victory.y New technological development: Breech loaded rifle. Precision and

repeatedly of Prussian rifle was greater than Austrian weapon

y Battle not turned new Prussian rifles because the decisive fightingwas hand to hand combat in small community, Sadowa

y Example of Ferocity of Fighting. 27th Prussian regimen consisted of300,000 men and 90 officers. Engaged Austrians in wooded area.

At end of fight, there were 400 men and 2 officers.


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After victory King of Prussia and Bismarck move to center of Coniggratz. All

generals tried to persuade King to engage Benedeck (180,000 men in

vicinity). Wanted to maintain momentum to go to march into Vienna. At this

stage Bismarck threatened to jump from window ledge if pursued Vienna.

When King reluctantly gave in, Bismarck said your majesty you must notthink we have conquered the world. At a time of great victory, restrain

yourself.

Bismarck signed treaty with Austria, Treaty of Prague. Bismarck exclude

Austria from Germanic Confederation.

y Germanic Confederation ceased to existy Germanic Confederation became North Confederation. Only

difference is that Austria was mission. Austria signed its way out of

Germany

Prussia enlarged itself by expanding into small German territories but not

nearly into the German Reich that Bismarck wanted

Emperor Family History

y Emperor married to Bavarian princess, Elizabeth. Famous in Europefor beauty and rich long hair. Most accomplished horse woman in

Europe.y Although Marriage very intimate and good, progressively Elizabeth

developed mental dislike for Vienna. Mother- in- law was

domineering and arrogant that did not take princess as sovereign.

Took over job of raising Empresss children.

y Emperor unfaithful and infected wife with gonorrhea. Empresssuffered extreme swelling. Empress away for months at a time.

Would like to sail difficult seas.

y Emperor never forced her to stay in Vienna. Reveals emperorspowerful guilt.

y Empress decided to torture her husband through mechanisms- longabsences, unwillingness to play political role. Effective mechanism

was that she embraced everything Hungarian. She stopped

speaking German and only Hungarian and surrounded herself with

Hungarian ladies in waiting.


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y Very good friend of Empress was Andrassy. 1849: Sentenced todeath for committing treason by Emperor. Escaped and spent time

with Empress.

Leaders of Hungarian uprising had to escape abroad otherwise hung.y Hungarian rebel: Count Andrassy

o Survived during height of rebellion because sent on mission toOttoman Empire

o Embodied qualities that Empress admired (shared passion forhorses)

o Empress prepared to do many things. For instance, returnedto Vienna and pleaded with husband for Andrassy to return to

Hungary from exile. Emperor surrendered to wishes of wife.

Received Andrassy and Hungarian leaders who used

Hungarian defeat in 1866 as a good launching for demands

for Hungarian autonomy in Empire

o Emperor felt no ability to turn down Hungarian1867: Emperor granted Hungarians Ausgleich.

y Ausgleich means leveling off or equalization.y As of 1867, must speak as Austria as Austria- Hungarian Empire.y Redesigned distribution of empire. Divided empire into eastern

(Hungary) and western (Austria) halves. Hungary was a sovereign

country (educational institutions, parliament, etc.) except two

halves held together by personality of the emperor (and the armed

forces).

y Hungarian recognition was always tentative, but if demands notmet Hungary declare independence. Empire held hostage by

powerful minorities.

y Occasionally, emperor realized he needed to reform itself, butalways ran into Hungarian obstructionism

o 1848- 1849- Hungary spoke of liberty (spirit of the FrenchRevolution)

o 1867- Hungary moved from liberals to reactionaries. Madereform impossible in the entire empire.

o Emperor was leading empire to decline by playing along


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y Turning point in history of Europe. Weakened Austria. Made Austriadesirable as ally for Prussia. Austria would be doing bidding of

Prussia with disastrous consequences especially after 1914.

y1870: Bismarck turned sights to France. Needed to rearrange Germanic

Confederation. Wanted to swallow all German states in Germanic

Confederation. Bismarck knew France would be against because wanted a

disunited Germany.

y Bismarck used pretext: The Spanish Succession. Royal dynasty inFrance died out. The throne in Spain was empty and available.

Europeans were thinking who would take recently vacated throne of

Spain. One idea which was tested was to put Prussian prince on

throne of Spain. Idea horrified France (sandwiched between two

Prussian leaders). Idea was not taken seriously and abandoned.

Nevertheless, French ambassador spoke with King of Prussia and

asked for reassurances that candidacy for Prussian Prince taking

throne in Spain was abandoned. King agreed and two parted.

Bismarck wrote report summarizing conversation, wrote from

perspective which was offensive to France. Bismarck leaked false

summary of conversation to press. France respond with outrage

and declared war on Prussia.y Bismarck invaded France while France was poorly mobilizing.

Prussia with von Moltke wiped out French army at battle of Sudan

and seized Napoleon III as prisoner of war. Prussians marched

toward Paris. January, 1871 King of Prussia was declared in

Versailles to be Emperor of Germany. Against Bismarck principle

because does not want humiliate those defeated because needed

them in future as allies. Bismarck sets into great depression.

Bismarck aware French wounded.

y German Reich came from 3 warsoo War against Austriao War against France. Represented achievement of dreams it

also represent defeat ofBismarck's principle that one does

not humiliate the defeated party. French were defeated then


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humiliated when German Reich was declared in center of

French state, Versailles. This set stage for WWI.


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2/3/2011 11:27:00 AM

Timeline:

1806: Nap dissolves HRE

1815: Germanic Conf.

1848: Kleindeutsch vs. Grossd. (Meetings took place in St. Paul Church,

Frankfurt)1850: Olmutz

1854: Crimean War

1855: 4 points of Vienna

1864: S-H

1866: A- PW

1876: Ausgleich

1870/1: F-PW

1872: 3 Emperors League

1875: Uprising in Herz Bulgaria

1877: R declares W after a deal with A-H

1878: Sam Stefano (War), Congress ofBerlin (Italy)

1872: Bismarck created an instrument called the 3 Emperor League

y Used wars and violence with a well defined objectivey Embodiment ofBismarcky International agreement that involved Russia, Prussia (Germany)

and Austria- Hungary.y Purpose: maintain peace in Central Europe. Bismarck understood

main enemy was France (defeat but no friendship).

y If Russia join alliance makes it impossible for France to formalliance with Russia

y Bismarck realizes Russia and Austria- Hungary hate one anothery y Only country which profited from league was Germany. Russian

press questioning alliance.

Eastern Question: involves sick man of Europe (Turkey).

y Bosnia Herzegovinay y Before Russians go to war want to make sure they take care of

political background. If engage in war, then Austria- Hungarians will


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not attack Russians. Austrian- Hungarians does not want Russians

to reorganize Balkans and creating new state Bulgaria.

1877: Russia declares W after deal with A-H

y When Russia marches into Balkans and reaches town called Plevna,Bulgaria, Russian troops come to halt. The enemy has entrenched

themselves (first use in warfare)