Iridium and Radio AstronomyIridium and Radio Astronomy

R. J. Cohen R. J. Cohen

Jodrell Bank Observatory

University of Manchester

Jodrell Bank Observatory

University of Manchester

13th June 200213th June 2002

Potted History of Iridium in Europe

1991 August visit by Iridium to Jodrell Bank: downlink problem; beacon; go see CRAF

1991 October presentation to WP7D in Geneva:beacon; filters; -238 acheivable by high-tech?

1992 WARC-92 allocates Iridium downlink (secondary)

1994 June, Iridium-NRAO MOU signed; blanker

1995-7 Strong attempts to force an Iridium-UK MOU based on NRAO agreement; mitigation? factors;

1995-7 European discussions in SE28 (CEPT) but no technical solution; discussion with CRAF (& EC)

1998 July ESF-Iridium MOU signed (political)

Potted History of Iridium in Europe

1991 August visit by Iridium to Jodrell Bank: downlink problem; beacon; go see CRAF

1991 October presentation to WP7D in Geneva:beacon; filters; -238 acheivable by high-tech?

1992 WARC-92 allocates Iridium downlink (secondary)

1994 June, Iridium-NRAO MOU signed; blanker

1995-7 Strong attempts to force an Iridium-UK MOU based on NRAO agreement; mitigation? factors;

1995-7 European discussions in SE28 (CEPT) but no technical solution; discussion with CRAF (& EC)

1998 July ESF-Iridium MOU signed (political)

Technical Discussions in SE28

• Protection of GLONASS

• Protection of Inmarsat above 1626.5 MHz

• CDMA vs. TDMA for Geostar, Iridium, etc.

• MSS downlink and RAS: the “killer problem”

• RAS beacon (one is already one too many)

• MES coordination zones around observatories (Monte Carlo approach: now ITU-R Rec.M.1316)

• MES in aircraft

• 10% criterion for propagation is not 10% data loss for the RAS (now ITU-R Rec.RA.1513)

European Issues for RAS

Large European radio telescopes use 1612-MHz band heavily (30% of time at Nancay)

Nancay transit instrument: long-term monitoring programmes cannot survive 4-hr downtime daily

Unique imaging: MERLIN & EVN resolve OH shells

Regional agreement essential since 1612-MHz band is used in many small countries (< Iridium beam)

United we stand; divided …

RAS had recently survived Locstar

GLONASS “clean-up”, band partly ~usable again

European Issues for RAS

Large European radio telescopes use 1612-MHz band heavily (30% of time at Nancay)

Nancay transit instrument: long-term monitoring programmes cannot survive 4-hr downtime daily

Unique imaging: MERLIN & EVN resolve OH shells

Regional agreement essential since 1612-MHz band is used in many small countries (< Iridium beam)

United we stand; divided …

RAS had recently survived Locstar

GLONASS “clean-up”, band partly ~usable again

OH-IR Sources: an endangered species

Short-lived phase in late stellar evolution, only visible in IR and at 1612 MHz (OH maser transition).

Evolutionary sequency of mass-loss.

IRAS catalogue contains ~104 candidates.

Radio gives V* ,Vexp , shell-size, mass-loss, distance:

• OH maser shells: maps give angular diameter.

• Monitoring gives phase-lag = diameter.

• Hence get distance, scale size of Galaxy.

Orbital velocities give mass of GC black hole.

Polarization gives circumstellar magnetic field.

OH Maser pumped by IR from variable star

Phase-lag between two OH peaks

(near and far sides of shell)

OH 1612-MHz polarization traces magnetic field

Other European Science at 1612 MHz

OH 1612 MHz maser in star-forming regions

OH 1612 MHz thermal emission from dust clouds

OH 1612 MHz absorption from molecular clouds

Observations of 4 OH lines at 1.6 GHz give physical conditions

Red-shifted OH megamasers

Weak OH masers in comets

MERLIN continuum observations for multi-frequency synthesis (not “sanctioned” by Iridium, since band is mainly for spectral line observations)

Pulsar observations (can be done in another band)

Mitigation Factors for RAS?

Radio telescope sidelobe level –10dBi

Detector sensitivity (1-bit sampler at Jodrell)

Elevation angle: receiver noise, satellite visibility etc.

Baseline subtraction: leaves only differential power and may add noise through reference spectrum

Polarization discrimination

RAS need is not full time (Astronomers can wait)

Blanker will deal with RFI at peak traffic times (% loss)

Radio astronomers should try harder to subtract RFI

Mitigation Factors for RAS?

Radio telescope sidelobe level –10dBi

Detector sensitivity (1-bit sampler at Jodrell)

Elevation angle: receiver noise, satellite visibility etc.

Baseline subtraction: leaves only differential power and may add noise through reference spectrum

Polarization discrimination

RAS need is not full time (Astronomers can wait)

Blanker will deal with RFI at peak traffic times (% loss)

Radio astronomers should try harder to subtract RFI

Lovell Telescope

• 250 ft fully steerable• Prime focus• 150MHz – 5 GHz• Upgrade in progress

Adaptive Interference CancellingR. Fisher VU

• A Conceptual View of Adaptive Interference Cancelling

Adaptive Cancellation

Barnbaum & Bradley

1998 AJ, 115, 2598

Unforeseen Developments

Spikes in broadcast signal (not simulated or mentioned before tests)

Operation of 1616-1626.5 MHz over Europe, with no notice or permission

GSM growth, especially in Europe

Technical hitches (poor building penetration, heavy terminals, etc.)

Bankruptcy

Unforeseen Developments

Spikes in broadcast signal (not simulated or mentioned before tests)

Operation of 1616-1626.5 MHz over Europe, with no notice or permission

GSM growth, especially in Europe

Technical hitches (poor building penetration, heavy terminals, etc.)

Bankruptcy

Global Interferencefrom the sky

IRIDIUM satellite:measured 1998

ITU frequency allocation to Radio Astronomy

Signal levels of brightest*celestial radio sources

These peaks also change frequencyas the satellite moves across the sky

* Signals from early Universe are 100 billion times weaker

MHz

ITU permittedaverage levelS

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hwww.atnf.csiro.au/ska/intmit

GLONASS united astronomers; Iridium divided them.

Non-disclosure agreements = gagging.

Regulatory arguments did not help, nor did technical arguments: Iridium was always going to fly.

The publicity did us no harm.

In practice the MOUs have been of limited use to us.

Iridium were shameless: what right had they to tell RAS when and what they can observe?

Where was IUCAF? Iridium sidestepped IUCAF.

Iridium learned a lot about us: beware next time.

GLONASS united astronomers; Iridium divided them.

Non-disclosure agreements = gagging.

Regulatory arguments did not help, nor did technical arguments: Iridium was always going to fly.

The publicity did us no harm.

In practice the MOUs have been of limited use to us.

Iridium were shameless: what right had they to tell RAS when and what they can observe?

Where was IUCAF? Iridium sidestepped IUCAF.

Iridium learned a lot about us: beware next time.

Personal Observations