iris retina

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    IRIS/RETINA BIOMETRICS

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    RetinaThe retinais a thin layer of cells at the back of theeyeballof vertebrates.

    It is the part of the eye which converts lightintonervous signals.

    The retina contains photoreceptorcells (rodsandcones) which receive the light; the resulting neural

    signals then undergo complex processing by otherneuronsof the retina, and are transformed intoaction potentialsin retinal ganglion cells whoseaxonsform the optic nerve.

    The retina not only detects light, it also plays a

    significant part in visual perception.In embryonal development, the retina and theoptic nerve originate as outgrowths of the brain.

    The unique structure of the blood vesselsin the

    retina has been used for biometricidentification.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonal_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonal_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye
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    To brain

    The retina, in theback of your eye, has

    cells that aresensitive to light.

    They connect directly

    to your brain.

    Rods sensebrightness

    Conessense color

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    Biometrics which analyze thecomplex and unique characteristicsof the eye can be divided into twodifferent fields: iris biometrics - iris is the colored band

    of tissue that surrounds the pupil of theeye.

    retina biometrics - retina is the layer ofblood vessels at the back of the eye.

    An iris recognition system uses a

    video camera to capture the samplewhile the software compares theresulting data against storedtemplates.

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    Understanding Iris Recognition

    Iris scan biometrics employs the

    unique characteristics and featuresof the human iris in order to verifythe identity of an individual.

    The iris is the area of the eye wherethe pigmented or colored circle,usually brown or blue, rings the darkpupil of the eye.

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    Iris recognition systems use small, high-qualitycameras to capture a black and white high-resolution photograph of the iris.This process takes only one to two seconds and

    provides the details of the iris that are mapped,recorded and stored for futurematching/verificationOnce the image is captured, the iris elasticconnective tissuecalled the trabecular

    meshworkis analyzed, processed into an opticalfingerprint, and translated into a digital form.Given the stable physical traits of the iris, thistechnology is considered to be one of the safest,fastest, and most accurate, noninvasive biometric

    technologies.The iris is differentiated by several characteristicsincluding ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts,rings, corona, freckles, and a sigzag collarette.

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    An Iris Reader

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    Iris

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    An Iris Recognition Process

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    The inner edge of the iris is located by aniris-scan algorithm which maps the irisdistinct patterns and characteristics.

    Iris are composed before birth and,except in the event of an injury to theeyeball, remain unchanged throughout anindividuals lifetime.

    Iris patterns are extremely complex, carryan astonishing amount of information andhave over 200 unique spots.

    The fact that an individuals right and lefteyes are different and that patterns areeasy to capture, establishes iris-scantechnology as one of the biometrics that isvery resistant to false matching and fraud.

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    The false acceptance rate for irisrecognition systems is 1 in 1.2 million,

    statistically better than the averagefingerprint recognition system.

    The real benefit is in the false-rejection rate, a measure ofauthenticated users who are rejected.

    Fingerprint scanners have a 3 percentfalse-rejection rate, whereas irisscanning systems boast rates at the 0percent level

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    Eyeglasses and contact lensespresent no problems to the quality of

    the image and the iris-scan systemstest for a live eye by checking for thenormal continuous fluctuation inpupil size.

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    Spoofing the Iris

    The iris is extremely difficult trait to

    spoof, yet there have been attemptsto do just that

    Attacks on the iris fall into the

    following categories:Attacking the physical iris

    Using artfacts

    Attacking the communicationCompromising the teplate

    Attacking the fallback system

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    van ages o e r s orIdentification

    Highly protected, internal organ of the eye

    Externally visible; patterns imaged from adistance

    Iris patterns possess a high degree of

    randomnessChanging pupil size confirms naturalphysiology

    Limited genetic penetrance of iris patternsPatterns apparently stable throughout life

    Encoding and decision-making aretractable

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    Disadvantages of the Iris for

    Identification

    Small target (1 cm) to acquire from adistance (1 m)Moving target ...within anotherLocated behind a curved, wet, reflectingsurfaceObscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflectionsPartially occluded by eyelids, oftendrooping

    Deforms non-elastically as pupil changessizeIllumination should not be visible or brightSome negative (Orwellian) connotations

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    Retinal Recognition SystemRetina scans are performed by directing a low-intensity infraredlight to capture the unique retina characteristics.

    An area known as the face, situated at the center of the retina, isscanned and the unique pattern of the blood vessels is captured.Retina recognitiontechnology captures and analyzes thepatterns of blood vessels on the thin nerve on the back of theeyeball that processes light entering through the pupil. Retinalpatterns are highly distinctive traits.Every eye has its own totally unique pattern of blood vessels;

    even the eyes of identical twins are distinct. Although eachpattern normally remains stable over a persons lifetime, it can beaffected by disease such as glaucoma, diabetes, high bloodpressure, and autoimmune deficiency syndrome.Retina biometrics is considered to be the best biometricperformers.However, despite is accuracy, this technique is often thought tobe inconvenient and intrusive. And so, it is difficult to gain generalacceptance by the end user.Eye and retinal scanner are ineffectual with the blind and thosewho have cataracts.

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    The fact that the retina is small, internal, and difficult tomeasure makes capturing its image more difficult thanmost biometric technologies. An individual must positionthe eye very close to the lens of the retina-scan device,gaze directly into the lens, and remain perfectly still while

    focusing on a revolving light while a small camera scans theretina through the pupil.Any movement can interfere with the process and canrequire restarting. Enrollment can easily take more than aminute. The generated template is only 96 bytes, one ofthe smallest of the biometric technologies.

    It is one of the most accurate and most reliable of thebiometric technologies, and it is used for access control ingovernment and military environments that require veryhigh security, such as nuclear weapons and research sites.However, the great degree of effort and cooperationrequired of users has made it one of the least deployed of

    all the biometric technologies. Newer, faster, better retinarecognition technologies are being developed.